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diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html index 480bd6c..8f1b7a0 100755..100644 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html @@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> </TBODY></TABLE> </DIV> <P align="justify">The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating - to personal reference. By personal reference is meant the grammatical + to personal reference. By âpersonal referenceâ is meant the grammatical description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English he, she, it, I, you, him, her, mine, ours, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished - by person (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English + by âpersonâ (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English we, us, and ours). Ithkuil accomplishes the equivalent function by means of personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and dual-referent. </P> @@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.1 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-1a.gif" width="23" height="20" align="absbottom"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-1b.gif" width="19" height="20" align="absbottom"> Monadic vs. Unbounded</STRONG>. These terms were discussed in detail in <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3">Sec. - 3.3</A> on Perspective. For simplicitys sake, the difference between + 3.3</A> on Perspective. For simplicityâs sake, the difference between a <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> third party versus an <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT> - third party can be thought of as the difference between he/she/it - and they.</P> + third party can be thought of as the difference between âhe/she/itâ + and âthey.â</P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.2 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-2a.gif" width="16" height="19" align="absbottom"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-2b.gif" width="15" height="19" align="absbottom"> Speaker and Addressee</STRONG>. These terms refer respectively to the party @@ -182,22 +182,22 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person). Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons divided into singular and plural), Ithkuil divides personal reference along - logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speakers utterance. + logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speakerâs utterance. </P> <P align="justify">From the viewpoint of Ithkuil grammar, only a single individual can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is - one speaker. Therefore, the first person of Ithkuil, the speaker, + one speaker. Therefore, the âfirst personâ of Ithkuil, the speaker, can be only <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT>, never <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>. - Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word we, - since inherent in the various categories which translate we is - the concept of I plus some other entity or entities. From this - we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speakers + Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word âwe,â + since inherent in the various categories which translate âweâ is + the concept of âI plus some other entity or entities.â From this + we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speakerâs utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.</P> -<P align="justify">The second person in Ithkuil is the addressee, +<P align="justify">The âsecond personâ in Ithkuil is the addressee, the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more than one addressee, i.e., <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> or <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>.</P> -<P align="justify">The third person in Ithkuil is where things get +<P align="justify">The âthird personâ in Ithkuil is where things get very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence of animacy, being <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> versus <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>, @@ -213,18 +213,18 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does not exist in the Ithkuil personal reference system. </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.4 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-4.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom"> - Mixed Third-Party Reference</STRONG>. It is possible for the third + âMixedâ Third-Party Reference</STRONG>. It is possible for the third party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For - example a speaker could make reference to I, you, and they where - they consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic + example a speaker could make reference to âI, you, and theyâ where + âtheyâ consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible - concept such as happiness (i.e., an abstract entity). In such - cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such mixed + concept such as âhappinessâ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such + cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such âmixedâ parties to be included in a particular personal referent.</P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.5 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-5.gif" width="25" height="20" align="absbottom"> Collective Reference</STRONG>. This corresponds to the <FONT size="2">NOMIC</FONT> Perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example, - the word dog in the sentence <EM>The dog is a noble beast</EM> + the word âdogâ in the sentence <EM>The dog is a noble beast</EM> refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This <FONT size="2">COLLECTIVE</FONT> category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ithkuil, depending on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</P> @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> Abstract Reference</STRONG>. This corresponds to the <FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT> perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns ending with -<EM>hood</EM>, -<EM>ness</EM>, etc. In Ithkuil, all nouns can be - spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <EM>bookhood</EM> = the + spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <EM>âbookhoodâ</EM> = the sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</P> @@ -241,9 +241,9 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages. It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises, - this category is usually termed the obviative or fourth person. + this category is usually termed the obviative or âfourthâ person. For example, the English sentence <EM>He saw his book</EM> is ambiguous because - we are uncertain whether he and his refer to the + we are uncertain whether âheâ and âhisâ refer to the same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another who owns the book). In Ithkuil, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent, @@ -256,32 +256,32 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> Indefinite Reference</STRONG>. This category indicates that the third party refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent <EM></EM> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8b.gif" width="47" height="20" align="absbottom"> - indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English anyone or - anybody, while the referent <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8c.gif" width="48" height="20" align="absbottom"> - indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English anything. + indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English âanyoneâ or + âanybody,â while the referent <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8c.gif" width="48" height="20" align="absbottom"> + indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English âanything.â </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.9 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9a.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom"> Universal Reference</STRONG>. This category indicates that the third party refers to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent <STRONG> <EM>-l</EM></STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9b.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom"> - indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English everyone or - everybody, while the referent <EM><STRONG>-lŻ</STRONG></EM> + indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English âeveryoneâ or + âeverybody,â while the referent <EM><STRONG>-lĆ»</STRONG></EM> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9c.gif" width="16" height="20" align="absbottom"> - indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English everything. + indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English âeverything.â </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.10 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-10.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom"> Impersonal Reference</STRONG>. This category corresponds to the German pronoun <EM>man</EM> or French pronoun <EM>on</EM>, as well as the various circumlocutions - used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., one, you, - they, the passive voice, and certain usages of someone). + used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., âone,â âyou,â + âthey,â the passive voice, and certain usages of âsomeoneâ). Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:</P> <BLOCKQUOTE> -<P align="justify"><EM><STRONG>·</STRONG> <STRONG>One</STRONG> should +<P align="justify"><EM><STRONG>·</STRONG> <STRONG>One</STRONG> should never speak to clowns alone.<BR> - <STRONG>·</STRONG> To dance the tango <STRONG>you</STRONG> need a partner.<BR> - <STRONG>·</STRONG> <STRONG>They</STRONG> say it never rains in August.<BR> - <STRONG>·</STRONG> That town <STRONG>is said</STRONG> to be haunted.<BR> - <STRONG>·</STRONG> She just wants to talk to <STRONG>someone</STRONG> + <STRONG>·</STRONG> To dance the tango <STRONG>you</STRONG> need a partner.<BR> + <STRONG>·</STRONG> <STRONG>They</STRONG> say it never rains in August.<BR> + <STRONG>·</STRONG> That town <STRONG>is said</STRONG> to be haunted.<BR> + <STRONG>·</STRONG> She just wants to talk to <STRONG>someone</STRONG> without being criticized.</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity</STRONG>. Since @@ -289,12 +289,12 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible in Ithkuil for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions - would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying we, - the speaker would have to specify the two of us, or I and - he but not you, or I, you, and they. Similarly, the English - word you breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to you - (singular), you (plural), you (singular) and it, - you and those people, you and those things, etc.</P> + would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying âwe,â + the speaker would have to specify âthe two of us,â or âI and + he but not you,â or âI, you, and they.â Similarly, the English + word âyouâ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to âyou + (singular),â âyou (plural),â âyou (singular) and it,â + âyou and those people,â âyou and those things,â etc.</P> <H3 align="justify"><BR> 8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o1o2"></A></H3> <P align="justify">Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P> =</DIV></TD> <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix showing Context for Referent 1: <STRONG>-a</STRONG> = EXS; <STRONG>-u</STRONG> - = FNC; <STRONG>-û</STRONG> = SYM; <STRONG>-â</STRONG> + = FNC; <STRONG>-Ʊ</STRONG> = SYM; <STRONG>-Ăą</STRONG> = AMG</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> which indicates the degree of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">. The values of <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG> are shown in Table 26 below. The affix-type <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"> - of is shown by the adjuncts stress pattern. Optional terms are <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">, + of is shown by the adjunctâs stress pattern. Optional terms are <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">, one of four vocalic suffixes showing the Context of the personal referent, and <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">, a consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. @@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> <TD width="85%"><TABLE width="82%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> <TBODY><TR> <TD width="54%">Degree 1</TD> - <TD width="46%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="46%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ä</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 2</TD> @@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 3</TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă«</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 4</TD> @@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 6 </TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ö</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ö</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 7</TD> @@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 8</TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă€</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Degree 9 </TD> @@ -565,10 +565,10 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> a personal referent, just as an affix category would normally apply to the formative to which it is affixed. This allows personal referents to be spoken of in contexts created by affix categories, such as when combining -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">/7</STRONG> - there (by addressee) with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">paw(a)</FONT></STRONG> + âthere (by addressee)â with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">paw(a)</FONT></STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2-3.gif" width="49" height="18" align="absbottom"> to give the form <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">pawo<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"></FONT></STRONG> - meaning you people there. </P> + meaning âyou people there.â </P> <DIV align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.4 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts in Use </STRONG> <BLOCKQUOTE> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2-4a.gif" width="433" height="682"><BR> @@ -592,9 +592,9 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> <TBODY><TR valign="top"> <TD width="46%" height="55" valign="top"><STRONG>Form 3:</STRONG> <BR> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3a.gif" width="331" height="19"> </TD> - <TD><P>Examples: <STRONG>pawik</STRONG><BR> - <FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>ûksaiwénz</STRONG><BR> - <FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>ççäyokluss</STRONG></P> + <TD><P>Examples: <STRONG>pâawik</STRONG><BR> + <FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>ƱksaiwĂ©nz</STRONG><BR> + <FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>ççÀyokluss</STRONG></P> </TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> @@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> =</DIV></TD> <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix showing Affiliation of Referent 2: -<STRONG>a</STRONG> = CSD, -<STRONG>u</STRONG> - = ASO, -<STRONG>û</STRONG> = VAR, -<STRONG>â</STRONG> + = ASO, -<STRONG>Ʊ</STRONG> = VAR, -<STRONG>Ăą</STRONG> = COA</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> @@ -722,13 +722,13 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> </TR> <TR> <TD><DIV align="center">AMG</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă€</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD rowspan="4"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+FR<BR> FORMAL</FONT></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">EXS</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ä</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><DIV align="center">FNC</DIV></TD> @@ -736,11 +736,11 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> </TR> <TR> <TD><DIV align="center">RPS</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă«</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><DIV align="center">AMG</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ĂŒ</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"> @@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> renders the composite prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>sf</STRONG></FONT>-, while the combination of the prefix <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</FONT></STRONG>- with the prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>q</STRONG></FONT>- - gives the composite <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>t</STRONG></FONT>-. + gives the composite <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>tâ</STRONG></FONT>-. Table 30 below illustrates how the 23 single-consonant prefixes combine with each other.</P> <P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 30: Personal Reference @@ -852,16 +852,16 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> composite prefixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table30">Table 30</A> under the following circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns - in English by and as in <EM>He and I went to the store</EM> or - <EM>The man looked at them and me</EM>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksauŻ</FONT></STRONG>, - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>xnû</STRONG></FONT>, + in English by âandâ as in <EM>He and I went to the store</EM> or + <EM>The man looked at them and me</EM>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksauĆ»</FONT></STRONG>, + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>xnƱ</STRONG></FONT>, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>hhea<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>. Note in the last example <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>hhea<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT> how the combination of a low-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines to give a rising-toned adjunct.</P> <P align="justify"> <STRONG>8.1.3.2 Illustration of a Dual-Referent Adjunct</STRONG>: Based on the above information, we can now analyze an example dual-referent - adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><EM>diawàsmûç</EM></FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">:</P> + adjunct â <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><EM>diawĆsmƱç</EM></FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">:</P> <TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <TBODY><TR valign="top"> <TD width="8%" height="39"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>( @@ -877,15 +877,15 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD> <TD>combination of Referent No. 1, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</FONT></STRONG>- <IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2a.gif" width="24" height="21" align="absbottom">, - plus Referent No. 2, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">Ż</STRONG></FONT>- + plus Referent No. 2, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">Ć»</STRONG></FONT>- <IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2b.gif" width="46" height="21" align="absbottom"> </TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-iaw-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD> - <TD><FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> case infix (meaning along [the - surface of] X) for Referent No. 1</TD> + <TD><FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> case infix (meaning âalong [the + surface of] Xâ) for Referent No. 1</TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-a-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> @@ -900,12 +900,12 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> configuration for Referent No. 2</TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> - <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-û-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-Ʊ-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD> <TD><FONT size="2">VARIATIVE</FONT> affiliation for Referent No. 2</TD> </TR> <TR valign="top"> - <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-ç</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-ç</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD> <TD><FONT size="2">REACTIVE</FONT> bias</TD> </TR> @@ -920,8 +920,8 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> [= along my body] + <EM>what belongs to a rag-tag amalgamation of you</EM> (singular) <EM>and all those things</EM> + [sense of surprise].</P> <P align="justify">While such a word might seem contrived at first, it nevertheless - proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek<FONT size="2">©</FONT> - character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an assimilated + proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek<FONT size="2">©</FONT> + character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an âassimilatedâ spider from its pocket and let it loose during the night):</P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P><IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2d.gif" width="136" height="25"><BR> @@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned.</P> <TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD width="11%" height="29">-V<FONT size="1">2<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT></FONT><FONT size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="11%" height="29">-V<FONT size="1">2<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT></FONT><FONT size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>â</STRONG></FONT></TD> <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SWR</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="82%">Switch Reference & Obviative Specification </TD> </TR> @@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> for these 23 consonants (from which the 46 categories are derived) is shown by distinguishing between the V+C standard form of the suffix and its reversed C+V form (see <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">Sec. 7.5.2</A> on - the reversed form of suffixes). Unlike other -V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C + the âreversedâ form of suffixes). Unlike other -V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C suffixes, there are no -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C or -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C counterparts to these suffixes (or rather, the -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C or -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C counterparts have completely different meanings and @@ -1086,20 +1086,20 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify"> Subsidiary adjuncts refer to adjuncts which are essentially - subsets or pieces of the conflation adjunct first introduced in + subsets or âpiecesâ of the conflation adjunct first introduced in Chapter 5. Conflation adjuncts comprise the morphological categories of Derivation, Valence, Version, Format, Modality and Level, and are of the form <STRONG>CN - + VV + CK + Vm [+ tone]</STRONG>, exemplified by the word <STRONG>tuilliaŻ - = t+ui+ll+ia+Ż</STRONG>.<BR> + + VV + CK + Vm [+ tone]</STRONG>, exemplified by the word <STRONG>tâuilliaĆ» + = tâ+ui+ll+ia+Ć»</STRONG>.<BR> However, it is possible to take this same adjunct and present only select portions of it. We already saw this in Sec. 5.2 when we were introduced to valence adjuncts, - which are essentially composed of the VV + CK subset of a conflation + which are essentially composed of the VV + CK âsubsetâ of a conflation adjunct. Similarly we can have simple modality adjuncts of the form <STRONG>Vm - [+ tone]</STRONG> as in the word <STRONG>iaŻ</STRONG> which also shows + [+ tone]</STRONG> as in the word <STRONG>iaĆ»</STRONG> which also shows the category of Level (via the tone indication). A simple format adjunct is possible by simply using CK by itself as a word, e.g., <STRONG>ll</STRONG>. To this can be added the <STRONG>Vm [+ tone]</STRONG> increment to provide a - subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in <STRONG>lliaŻ</STRONG>.</P> + subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in <STRONG>lliaĆ»</STRONG>.</P> <P align="justify"> </P> <DIV align="justify"> @@ -1125,13 +1125,13 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> or <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>y</STRONG></FONT>- plus tone (the tone pattern is shown in Table 32 below). This is followed by one of the 32 aspect suffixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Table19">Table - 19 in Sec. 6.4.1</A>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wea</FONT></STRONG>Ż, - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>yaï</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/tone-broken.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">. + 19 in Sec. 6.4.1</A>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wea</FONT></STRONG>Ć», + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>yaÄ</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/tone-broken.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">. Note that, in the absence of an aspectual adjunct (which normally shows mood), this simple element can function by itself as a <STRONG>mood adjunct</STRONG> by simply using the neutral -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT></STRONG> suffix, e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wa</FONT></STRONG>, - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>ya</STRONG></FONT>Ż.</P> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>ya</STRONG></FONT>Ć».</P> <H3 align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><BR> Table 32: Consonant + Tone Values for Mood Adjuncts and Mood+Aspect Adjuncts</STRONG></FONT><BR> <BR> @@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> in Section 6.5</DIV></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -<P> Example: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>oweiç<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>.</P> +<P> Example: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>oweiç<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>.</P> <P><BR> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 33: V<FONT size="2">j</FONT> Format + Level Vocalic Infixes for Combination Adjuncts</FONT></STRONG><BR> @@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> forms of the Format/Focus infix from Table 33 above are now used to indicate <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o1">affix-type</A> instead of Level. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">psiyoul</FONT></STRONG>, - <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">juwämm</FONT></STRONG>. + <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">juwĂ€âmm</FONT></STRONG>. </P><P> </P> <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <TBODY><TR> @@ -1202,36 +1202,36 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes of euphony. Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used - as a short cut method of conveying a notion, essentially as an + as a âshort cutâ method of conveying a notion, essentially as an abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the affix -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">/7</STRONG> - connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">ï<FONT color="#FFFFFF" size="1">.</FONT>a</STRONG></FONT>, + connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">Ä<FONT color="#FFFFFF" size="1">.</FONT>âa</STRONG></FONT>, it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English phrase <EM>How typical!</EM></P> <H3 align="justify"><BR> 8.4.1 Forms for Single- and Dual-Affix Adjuncts </H3> -<P align="justify">The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CVa</STRONG></FONT>, +<P align="justify">The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CVâa</STRONG></FONT>, where <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</FONT> represents the word-final - reversed form of a standard suffix for formatives from <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. + âreversedâ form of a standard suffix for formatives from <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. 7.7</A> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Secs. 2.7.2</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">7.5.2</A> on the alternate - reversed forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eu</FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>/<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT>iu - </STRONG></FONT>(i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT>/4</STRONG>) - becomes the autonomous word <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>iua</STRONG></FONT>, - meaning scattered all around here.</P> -<P align="justify">The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CVVC</STRONG></FONT>, + âreversedâ forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eu</FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>â/<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>â</STRONG></FONT>iu + </STRONG></FONT>(i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">â</FONT></FONT>/4</STRONG>) + becomes the autonomous word <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>âiuâa</STRONG></FONT>, + meaning âscattered all around here.â</P> +<P align="justify">The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CVââVC</STRONG></FONT>, where the first part, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</FONT>, is the same reversed form of a standard suffix as for the single-affix adjunct above. The second part, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">VC</FONT>, - represents the normal, unreversed form of a standard suffix. When + represents the ânormal,â unreversed form of a standard suffix. When pronouncing such an adjunct, it is important to geminate (i.e., double) the glottal stop, so as not to confuse the word with a simple formative in Secondary Mode, Series B vowel mutation (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. 2.5</A>). So, combining the two suffixes -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">v</FONT>/7</STRONG> and -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</FONT>/9</STRONG> - would give the adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vëukt</FONT></STRONG>, - meaning probably this one.</P> + would give the adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vĂ«ââukt</FONT></STRONG>, + meaning âprobably this one.â</P> <H3 align="justify"><BR> 8.4.2 Combining Mood with Affixual Adjuncts</H3> <P align="justify">Using stress and tone, it becomes possible to combine Mood @@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> <P align="justify">In looking at the tables in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. 2.5</A>, one can see that several vocalic mutational series cause an additional syllable to be added to a formative (e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kad</FONT></STRONG> - <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kawed</STRONG></FONT>). + <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kaâwed</STRONG></FONT>). For phonaesthetic purposes (see <A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec. 1.4.5</A>), it may become desirable to eliminate this extra syllable in the formative by indicating the vocalic mutation series elsewhere. Ithkuil allows @@ -1287,25 +1287,25 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series J</FONT></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> - <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>â</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>i-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>e-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>u-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>o-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ö-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ë-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ä-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ö-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ă«-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ă€-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify"><FONT size="2"> </FONT> To illustrate this process for the - two example adjuncts <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>iua - </STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vëukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>, - adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>iua + two example adjuncts <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>âiuâa + </STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vĂ«ââukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>, + adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>âiuâa </STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> - övëukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>. Illustrating the process - for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>puim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">û</STRONG></FONT> - plus Series C mutation becomes <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>puim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">û</STRONG></FONT>.</P> + övĂ«ââukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>. Illustrating the process + for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>pâuim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">Ʊ</STRONG></FONT> + plus Series C mutation becomes <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>pâuim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">Ʊ</STRONG></FONT>.</P> <P> </P> <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <TBODY><TR> @@ -1337,24 +1337,24 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR> 8.6.2 Informal Bias Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o6o2"></A></H3> <P align="justify">Just as affixual adjuncts can stand on their own as informal expressions, so can the consonantal Bias affixes (shown Table 20 of <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec. - 6.6.1</A>) be used autonomously to informally convey ones attitude toward + 6.6.1</A>) be used autonomously to informally convey oneâs attitude toward a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could state the Ithkuil equivalent to the sentence, <EM>I feel a sense of awe!</EM> - or one can simply hiss out a long <STRONG>s</STRONG>-sound, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ss</STRONG></FONT>, + or one can simply hiss out a long <STRONG>s</STRONG>-sound, â<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ss</STRONG></FONT>,â which is the intensive form of the affix for the <FONT size="2">STUPEFACTIVE</FONT> bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions - Well, Ill be! or Who wouldve thought?!</P> + âWell, Iâll be!â or âWho wouldâve thought?!â</P> <P align="justify">Other examples would be the expression <IMG src="assets/r-cedilla geminate.gif" width="16" height="12" align="absbottom"> to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction - ahhh in English; or the expression <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>k</STRONG></FONT> - to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English Poppycock! - or What bullshit!</P> + âahhhâ in English; or the expression <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kĆĄĆĄ</STRONG></FONT> + to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English âPoppycock!â + or âWhat bullshit!â</P> <P align="justify">It is even possible to combine two biases into a single bias - adjunct, using the form <STRONG>C+ï+C</STRONG>, where each <STRONG>C</STRONG> + adjunct, using the form <STRONG>C+Ä+C</STRONG>, where each <STRONG>C</STRONG> represents a single consonantal bias affix. For example, combining the intensive forms of the <FONT size="2">REVELATIVE</FONT> and the <FONT size="2">ASSURATIVE</FONT> - biases gives the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>llïnn</STRONG></FONT>, - translatable as Aha! I told you so!</P> + biases gives the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>llÄnn</STRONG></FONT>, + translatable as âAha! I told you so!â</P> <P align="justify"> </P> <P align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">Proceed to Chapter 9: Syntax >></A></STRONG></FONT></P> @@ -1413,7 +1413,7 @@ to Chapter 9: Syntax >></A></STRONG></FONT></P> <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -<P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +<P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </FONT></P> |