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<DIV align="center"><FONT color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ithkuil:
A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</STRONG></FONT><BR>
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<TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a
Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1
Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6
More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11
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<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2
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Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The
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<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4
Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8
Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
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<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<H2 align="center">Chapter 8: Adjuncts</H2>
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<TD width="209"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">8.1 Personal Reference
Adjuncts </A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="267"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o4">8.4 Affixual Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o2">8.2 Subsidiary Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="267"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o5">8.5 Alternate Indicators
for Vocalic Mutation</A></FONT></TD>
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<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o3">8.3 Combination Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="267"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o6">8.6 Additional Information
on Bias</A></FONT></TD>
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<P align="justify"><BR>
The notion of adjuncts was introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o6o2">Section
2.6.2</A>. We have already discussed some details of various kinds of adjuncts:
valence adjuncts and conflation adjuncts were introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2">Secs.
5.2</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">5.4</A>, modality
adjuncts were mentioned in <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</A>,
and aspectual adjuncts were described in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">Chapter
6</A>. In this chapter, more information is given about these adjuncts and several
additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P>
<P> </P>
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<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.1 PERSONAL REFERENCE ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o1"></A></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating
to personal reference. By “personal reference” is meant the grammatical
description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this
is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English he, she, it, I,
you, him, her, mine, ours, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished
by “person” (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English
we, us, and ours). Ithkuil accomplishes the equivalent function by means of
personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and
dual-referent. </P>
<P align="justify">Like all adjuncts in Ithkuil, personal reference adjuncts are
highly synthetic in their structure, comprised of at least two morphemes and
usually more. Before we examine the componential structure of personal reference
adjuncts themselves, we must first introduce the personal reference categories
they refer to. </P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.1.1 Personal Reference Categories<A name="Sec8o1o1"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">The morpho-semantic delineations of Ithkuil personal reference
categorization are based on inclusion or exclusion in relation to an utterance.
These delineations begin with identifying whether or not the party speaking
is included or excluded in relation to the utterance. The next delineation made
is whether the party being addressed (i.e., the audience/listener) is included
or excluded, then finally whether any third party (i.e., a party other than
the speaker and the addressee) is included or excluded.</P>
<P align="justify">There are 46 personal reference categories in Ithkuil, each
of which is represented by a single consonant affix plus a corresponding falling
or high tone as shown in Table 22 below. The various terms and abbreviations
used in the table are explained following the table.<BR>
</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 22(a)
and (b): Personal Reference Categories<A name="Table22"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
<DIV align="justify">
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<TD width="50%"><IMG src="assets/8-1-1a.gif" width="371" height="655"></TD>
<TD width="50%"><IMG src="assets/8-1-1b.gif" width="378" height="655"></TD>
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</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>1
</STRONG> = Inclusion of speaker <BR>
<STRONG>2</STRONG> = Inclusion of addressee <BR>
<STRONG>m</STRONG> = monadic (single party) <BR>
<STRONG>u</STRONG> = unbounded (more than one party) <BR>
<STRONG>a</STRONG> = animate 3rd party <BR>
<STRONG> i</STRONG> = inanimate 3rd party<BR>
</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>E</STRONG>
= universal ('everyone/everything')<BR>
<STRONG>M</STRONG> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate
or <FONT size="1">MONADIC</FONT>+<FONT size="1">UNBOUNDED</FONT>)<BR>
<STRONG>IP</STRONG> = Impersonal ('one')<BR>
<STRONG>ID</STRONG> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<BR>
<STRONG>Obv</STRONG> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<BR>
<STRONG>Col</STRONG> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<BR>
<STRONG>Abt</STRONG> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)<BR>
</FONT></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">The following sections explain the terminology in the above
table.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.1 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-1a.gif" width="23" height="20" align="absbottom">
<IMG src="assets/8-1-1-1b.gif" width="19" height="20" align="absbottom">
Monadic vs. Unbounded</STRONG>. These terms were discussed in detail in <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3">Sec.
3.3</A> on Perspective. For simplicity’s sake, the difference between
a <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> third party versus an <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>
third party can be thought of as the difference between ‘he/she/it’
and ‘they.’</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.2 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-2a.gif" width="16" height="19" align="absbottom">
<IMG src="assets/8-1-1-2b.gif" width="15" height="19" align="absbottom">
Speaker and Addressee</STRONG>. These terms refer respectively to the party
speaking (in Western grammar the first person), the party being spoken to (the
second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person).
Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons
divided into singular and plural), Ithkuil divides personal reference along
logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker’s utterance.
</P>
<P align="justify">From the viewpoint of Ithkuil grammar, only a single individual
can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance
simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is
one speaker. Therefore, the “first person” of Ithkuil, the speaker,
can be only <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT>, never <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>.
Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word “we,”
since inherent in the various categories which translate “we” is
the concept of “I plus some other entity or entities.” From this
we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker’s
utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.</P>
<P align="justify">The “second person” in Ithkuil is the addressee,
the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more
than one addressee, i.e., <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> or <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>.</P>
<P align="justify">The “third person” in Ithkuil is where things get
very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or
the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence
of animacy, being <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> versus <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>,
being referred to as a collective entity, being an intangible abstraction, being
indefinite, being an impersonal generic reference, or being a combination of
two or more of these categories. These distinctions are explained below.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.3 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-3a.gif" width="18" height="20" align="absbottom">
<IMG src="assets/8-1-1-3b.gif" width="14" height="20" align="absbottom">
Animate vs. Inanimate</STRONG>. This is as it sounds. As we saw in earlier chapters,
particularly <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1">Sec. 4.1</A>, several
important morphological categories in Ithkuil are dependent on whether the party
to the act, condition, or event is a living entity or inanimate. Note that the
distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does
not exist in the Ithkuil personal reference system. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.4 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-4.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom">
“Mixed” Third-Party Reference</STRONG>. It is possible for the third
party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For
example a speaker could make reference to “I, you, and they” where
“they” consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic
animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible
concept such as ‘happiness’ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such
cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such “mixed”
parties to be included in a particular personal referent.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.5 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-5.gif" width="25" height="20" align="absbottom">
Collective Reference</STRONG>. This corresponds to the <FONT size="2">NOMIC</FONT>
Perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example,
the word ‘dog’ in the sentence <EM>The dog is a noble beast</EM>
refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This <FONT size="2">COLLECTIVE</FONT>
category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ithkuil, depending
on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.6 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-6.gif" width="27" height="20" align="absbottom">
Abstract Reference</STRONG>. This corresponds to the <FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT>
perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns
ending with -<EM>hood</EM>, -<EM>ness</EM>, etc. In Ithkuil, all nouns can be
spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <EM>“bookhood”</EM> = the
sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system
provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities
are included in the context of the utterance.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><A name="Sec8o1o1o7"></A>8.1.1.7 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-7.gif" width="31" height="20" align="absbottom">
Obviative (4th Person) Reference</STRONG>. This category has no equivalent in
Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages.
It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which
would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises,
this category is usually termed the obviative or “fourth” person.
For example, the English sentence <EM>He saw his book</EM> is ambiguous because
we are uncertain whether ‘he’ and ‘his’ refer to the
same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another
who owns the book). In Ithkuil, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter
third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent,
would be marked using the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT>, not the third person.
This disambiguation of third person referents is the purpose of the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT>.
Its translation into English is therefore dependent on a preceding personal
referent. (See <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o4">Sec. 8.1.4</A> below for more information
about the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT>).</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.8 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8a.gif" width="28" height="20" align="absbottom">
Indefinite Reference</STRONG>. This category indicates that the third party
refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the
referent <EM></EM> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8b.gif" width="47" height="20" align="absbottom">
indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English ‘anyone’ or
‘anybody,’ while the referent <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8c.gif" width="48" height="20" align="absbottom">
indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English ‘anything.’
</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.9 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9a.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom">
Universal Reference</STRONG>. This category indicates that the third party refers
to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent
<STRONG> <EM>-l</EM></STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9b.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom">
indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English ‘everyone’ or
‘everybody,’ while the referent <EM><STRONG>-lŻ</STRONG></EM>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9c.gif" width="16" height="20" align="absbottom">
indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English ‘everything.’
</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.10 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-10.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom">
Impersonal Reference</STRONG>. This category corresponds to the German pronoun
<EM>man</EM> or French pronoun <EM>on</EM>, as well as the various circumlocutions
used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., ‘one,’ ‘you,’
‘they,’ the passive voice, and certain usages of ‘someone’).
Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><EM><STRONG>·</STRONG> <STRONG>One</STRONG> should
never speak to clowns alone.<BR>
<STRONG>·</STRONG> To dance the tango <STRONG>you</STRONG> need a partner.<BR>
<STRONG>·</STRONG> <STRONG>They</STRONG> say it never rains in August.<BR>
<STRONG>·</STRONG> That town <STRONG>is said</STRONG> to be haunted.<BR>
<STRONG>·</STRONG> She just wants to talk to <STRONG>someone</STRONG>
without being criticized.</EM></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity</STRONG>. Since
Ithkuil personal reference adjuncts are designed to specify who among the speaker,
addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of
the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible
in Ithkuil for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions
would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying ‘we,’
the speaker would have to specify ‘the two of us,’ or ‘I and
he but not you,’ or ‘I, you, and they.’ Similarly, the English
word ‘you’ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to ‘you
(singular),’ ‘you (plural),’ ‘you (singular) and it,’
‘you and those people,’ ‘you and those things,’ etc.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o1o2"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent
adjuncts and have three forms: (1) a short form, (2) a long form, and (3) a
conjunct form, as shown in Table 23 below. <BR>
</P>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 23:
Morphological Structure of a Single-R<IMG src="assets/8-1-2b.gif" width="155" height="23" align="absbottom">eferent Personal Reference Adjunct<A name="Table23"></A></STRONG></FONT>
<TABLE width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR valign="top">
<TD width="46%" height="41" valign="middle"><STRONG>Form 1:</STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2a.gif" width="54" height="18" align="absbottom"></TD>
<TD>Example: </TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="53" valign="middle"><STRONG>Form 2:</STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2c.gif" width="139" height="18" align="absbottom"></TD>
<TD>Examples: <IMG src="assets/8-1-2d.gif" width="183" height="18" align="absbottom"><BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2e.gif" width="357" height="19"></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="55" valign="middle"><STRONG>Form 3:</STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2f.gif" width="260" height="20"></TD>
<TD>Example: <IMG src="assets/8-1-2g.gif" width="374" height="21"></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD colspan="2"><TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="12%"><STRONG>Where:</STRONG></TD>
<TD width="88%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant indicating
Referent 1 [from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table22">Table 22</A> above]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2i.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">short form of
vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1[see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table
24</A> below]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix
showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation & Focus of Referent
1 <BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Table 25</A>
below)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of
vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table
24</A> below]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix
(+ stress) showing Context: <BR>
<STRONG><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT>-a</STRONG> = EXS; <STRONG>-u</STRONG>
= FNC; <STRONG>-a</STRONG> + ultimate stress = SYM; <STRONG>-u</STRONG>
+ ultimate stress = AMG</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix
showing degree of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">(see
<A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table26">Table 26</A> below)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix
for Referent 1 from standard suffix tables</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix
showing Context for Referent 1: <STRONG>-a</STRONG> = EXS; <STRONG>-u</STRONG>
= FNC; <STRONG>-ű</STRONG> = SYM; <STRONG>-â</STRONG>
= AMG</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="38">
<DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias
suffix (see Table 20 in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec.
6.6</A>))</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form
3: </FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress pattern
shows affix-type: penultimate = <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG>,
ultimate = <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG>, antepenultimate
= <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DIV align="right"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Forms
<BR>
1, 2, & 3:</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="bottom"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone
shift shows RPV essence for Referent 1: falling<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
broken, high <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
rising</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE></P>
<P align="justify">The short form of the adjunct consists of a single consonant
(labeled <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">R</FONT></STRONG> in the diagram) plus tone,
corresponding to one of the 46 particular referents (as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o1">Sec.
8.1.1</A> above). This is followed by a single vocalic suffix <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">C</FONT></STRONG>
indicating the case of the personal referent (see Chapter 4 on Case). The 81
possible values for this suffix are shown in Table 24 below. <BR>
</P>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 24: Case Suffixes/Infixes
for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR>
</FONT></STRONG>
<TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="14%"> </TD>
<TD width="86%"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2r.gif" width="359" height="554"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD><IMG src="assets/8-1-2s.gif" width="359" height="525"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD><IMG src="assets/8-1-2t.gif" width="359" height="551"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD><IMG src="assets/8-1-2u.gif" width="359" height="525"></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify">As for the long form of the adjunct, the first part is an optional
vocalic prefix<STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
which indicates the Configuration, Affiliation, and Designation of the personal
referent (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">Chapter 3</A>
for a discussion of these morphological categories). The possible values for
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
are shown in Tables 25(a) and (b) below.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
Table 25(a) and (b): <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">Prefixes
for Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Table25"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>25(a) Designation
of Referent 1 = INFORMAL<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2v.gif" width="594" height="202"><BR>
</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>25(b) Designation
of Referent 1 = FORMAL<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2w.gif" width="594" height="203"> </STRONG></FONT></P>
<P align="justify"><BR>
The second part of the long form of the adjunct is the single consonant (<IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">)
plus tone shown previously in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table22">Table 22</A>, corresponding
to the personal referent. The third part of the long form of the adjunct is
a syllabic infix (<IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">)
which shows the case of the personal referent; it is a combination of a vowel
or diphthong followed by the consonant <STRONG>y</STRONG> or <STRONG>w</STRONG>.
The 81 possible values for this <IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">
infix are shown in the last column of <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 24</A> above.
The final term of the long form of the adjunct is a single vowel suffix -<IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom">
which, in conjunction with syllabic stress, indicates the Context of the personal
referenct (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o6">Sec.
3.6</A> on Context). The four values for this -<IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom">
suffix are shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table23">Table 23</A> above. </P>
<P align="justify">As for the third type, or conjunct form of the adjunct, the
first three terms of are identical to those of the long-form. The new terms
are <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">,
which is merely a standard suffix used with formatives, as analyzed in <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec.
7.7</A>, and a vocalic infix, <IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">,
which indicates the degree of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">.
The values of <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>
are shown in Table 26 below. The affix-type <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">
of is shown by the adjunct’s stress pattern. Optional terms are <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">,
one of four vocalic suffixes showing the Context of the personal referent, and
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">,
a consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec.
6.6</A>. The use of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">
is optional if the context of the referent is already known (or can be inferred)
from the utterance. The appearance of the <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">,
i.e., <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">
must appear if <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
is to appear, although <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">
can appear in word-final position without any <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
bias suffix.<BR>
</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 26:
Values for <IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"><A name="Table26"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
<TABLE width="29%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="15%"> </TD>
<TD width="85%"><TABLE width="82%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="54%">Degree 1</TD>
<TD width="46%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ď</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 2</TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">u</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 3</TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 4</TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 5 </TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 6 </TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ö</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 7</TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 8</TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Degree 9 </TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify">For all three forms of the adjunct, shift from falling to broken
tone, or from high to rising, indicates the <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT>
essence of the personal referent. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.1 Use of the Short Form</STRONG>. The short form
of a single-referent personal reference adjunct is used when it is clear from
the surrounding context of the utterance which previously identified noun participant
is being referred to, so that it is unnecessary to indicate the Configuration,
Affiliation, Designation, Focus, and Context of the referent. The short form
of the adjunct merely indicates the party itself and its case. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.2 Use of the Long Form</STRONG>: The long form
of the adjunct is used when necessary to indicate the context and/or the Configuration,
Affiliation, Designation, and Focus of the referent when the surrounding sentences
do not provide or make clear this information. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.3 Use of the Conjunct Form</STRONG>: Form 3 of
the adjunct, the conjunct form, is a single-referent adjunct which combines
with a standard formative affix, allowing an affix category to be applied to
a personal referent, just as an affix category would normally apply to the formative
to which it is affixed. This allows personal referents to be spoken of in contexts
created by affix categories, such as when combining -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">/7</STRONG>
‘there (by addressee)’ with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">paw(a)</FONT></STRONG>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2-3.gif" width="49" height="18" align="absbottom">
to give the form <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">pawo<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"></FONT></STRONG>
meaning ‘you people there.’ </P>
<DIV align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.4 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference
Adjuncts in Use </STRONG>
<BLOCKQUOTE> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2-4a.gif" width="433" height="682"><BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT>
<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2-4b.gif" width="281" height="296"><BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</DIV>
<H3 align="justify">8.1.3 Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Sec8o1o3"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">Ithkuil allows a personal reference adjunct to show the personal
reference category and associated case for two separate parties all in one adjunct.
This is called a dual-referent adjunct and serves to combine two unrelated personal
referents into one adjunct, no matter what their associated cases may be. There
is only one form of a dual-referent adjunct, shown in Table 27 below.</P>
<P align="justify"><BR>
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 27: Morphological Structure
of a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct<A name="Table27" id="Table27"></A></STRONG></FONT>
</P>
<TABLE width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR valign="top">
<TD width="46%" height="55" valign="top"><STRONG>Form 3:</STRONG> <BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3a.gif" width="331" height="19"> </TD>
<TD><P>Examples: <STRONG>p’awik</STRONG><BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>űksaiwénz</STRONG><BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>ççäyokluss</STRONG></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="369" colspan="2">
<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="12%"><STRONG>Where:</STRONG></TD>
<TD width="88%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix
showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation & Focus of Referent
1 <BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Table 25</A>
above and <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table28">Table 28</A> below)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant(s)
indicating Referent 1 and Referent 2 [see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table30">Table
30</A>]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of
vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table
24</A> above]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix
showing Context & Designation of Referent 2 (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table29">Table
29</A> below)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix
showing Case and Configuration of Referent 2 (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table31">Table
31</A>; 9 degrees of case suffix correspond to the 9 configurations)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">
=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix
showing Affiliation of Referent 2: -<STRONG>a</STRONG> = CSD, -<STRONG>u</STRONG>
= ASO, -<STRONG>ű</STRONG> = VAR, -<STRONG>â</STRONG>
= COA</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="42">
<DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias
suffix (see Table 20 in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec.
6.6</A>)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="42"> <DIV align="right"> <FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone
</FONT>=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Combinations
of Ref. 1& 2: <BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> falling + falling = falling, high
+ high = high, falling + high = rising, <BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> high + falling = broken</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right"> <FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress
</FONT>=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shows Ref. 2
Essence & Focus: penultimate = -RPV/-FC, ultimate = -RPV/+FC,
antepenult = +RPV/-FC, preantepenult = +RPV/+FC</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
represents the same optional vocalic prefix as used with single-referent adjuncts
(see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Section 8.1.2</A>) and is used to give Configuration,
Affiliation, Focus, and Designation information about the first referent, Referent-1;
the values for <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
when Referent-1 is in the NORMAL essence are as shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Tables
25(a) and (b)</A>. For dual-referent adjuncts where the essence of Referent-1
is the REPRESENTATIVE, the values for <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
are given in the Tables 28(a) and (b)below.</P>
<P><BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 28(a) - (b): <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
Prefixes for Dual-Referent Pers. Ref. Adjuncts<A name="Table28"></A><BR>
<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_______________</FONT>( <FONT size="2">Where Essence of
Referent-1 = RPV)</FONT></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P> <STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">28(a) Designation
of Referent 1 = INFORMAL<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3g.gif" width="574" height="202"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">28(b) Designation
of Referent 1 = FORMAL<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3h.gif" width="573" height="203"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P> </P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 29: Values for</STRONG></FONT>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"><A name="Table29"></A></P>
<TABLE width="50%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TD width="31%">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2">DESIGNATION</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="32%">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2">CONTEXT</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="37%">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="4"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-FR<BR>
INFORMAL</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">EXS</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center">FNC</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center">RPS</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center">AMG</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="4"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+FR<BR>
FORMAL</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">EXS</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ď</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center">FNC</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i/u</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center">RPS</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center">AMG</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom">
is a vocalic suffix indicating the Context and Designation of Referent-2; its
values are shown in Table 29 immediately above. The composite prefix (labeled
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">)
is a synthetic consonantal prefix formed from the combination of the Referent-1
prefix and the Referent-2 prefix. For example, the combination of the prefix
<STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">s</FONT></STRONG>- with the
prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>f</STRONG></FONT>-
renders the composite prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>sf</STRONG></FONT>-,
while the combination of the prefix <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</FONT></STRONG>-
with the prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>q</STRONG></FONT>-
gives the composite <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>t’</STRONG></FONT>-.
Table 30 below illustrates how the 23 single-consonant prefixes combine with
each other.</P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 30: Personal Reference
Adjunct Prefixes</FONT></STRONG><A name="Table30"></A><BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3n.gif" width="771" height="594"></P>
<P align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>1
</STRONG> = Inclusion of speaker <BR>
<STRONG>2</STRONG> = Inclusion of addressee <BR>
<STRONG>m</STRONG> = monadic (single party) <BR>
<STRONG>u</STRONG> = unbounded (more than one party) <BR>
<STRONG>a</STRONG> = animate 3rd party <BR>
<STRONG> i</STRONG> = inanimate 3rd party<BR>
</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>E</STRONG>
= universal ('everyone/everything')<BR>
<STRONG>M</STRONG> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate
or <FONT size="1">MONADIC</FONT>+<FONT size="1">UNBOUNDED</FONT>)<BR>
<STRONG>IP</STRONG> = Impersonal ('one')<BR>
<STRONG>ID</STRONG> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<BR>
<STRONG>Obv</STRONG> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<BR>
<STRONG>Col</STRONG> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<BR>
<STRONG>Abt</STRONG> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)</FONT></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">Note that when combining two referent prefixes to form the
composite <IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">
prefix the tones associated with each referent must also be combined (remember
it is the distinction between low and high tone that expands the 23 single-consonant
referents into 46). Since all single-referent adjuncts are either of falling
or high tone, their combination proceeds as follows:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">falling</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
+ falling<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
falling<BR>
high + high <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> high <BR>
falling + high <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> rising <BR>
high + falling<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> broken</FONT></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">As for the Referent-1 case infix, this is the same vocalic
case-affix (VC1) we saw for single-referent adjuncts in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec.
8.1.2</A> above (with the vocalic increment ending in -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">y</FONT></STRONG>-
or -<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>w</STRONG></FONT>-). The
forms for these case infixes were given in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 24</A>.</P>
<P align="justify">Deferring for a moment the explanation of the Referent-2 consonantal
case suffix (<IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">),
the last two terms of the dual-referent adjunct are <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">
and <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">.
The former is one of four vocalic affixes representing the affiliation of Referent-2,
while the latter is the consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec.
6.6</A>. The use of <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">
is optional if the affiliation of the referent is already known (or can be inferred)
from the context of the utterance. The appearance of the <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">,
i.e., <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">
must appear if <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
is to appear, although <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">
can appear in word-final position without any <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
bias suffix. </P>
<P align="justify">The four-way combination of Essence and Focus for Referent-2
is shown by the four available stress patterns: penultimate stress indicates
<FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> + <FONT size="2">UNFOCUSED</FONT>, ultimate stress
indicates <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> + <FONT size="2">FOCUSED</FONT>, antepenultimate
indicates <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> + <FONT size="2">UNFOCUSED</FONT>,
and preantepenultimate indicates <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> + <FONT size="2">FOCUSED</FONT>.
(See <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o8">Sec. 3.8</A> on
Essence, and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o5">Sec. 3.5</A>
on Focus.)</P>
<P align="justify">The Referent-2 consonantal case suffix (<IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">)
is a consonantal suffix associated with each of the 81 noun cases. Note that
each of these case-frame adjunct markers has nine forms (a default form and
eight mutations). These nine variants are used to indicate the configuration
of Referent-2 (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o1">Sec.
3.1</A> on Configuration). The values for are shown in Tables 31 below.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
Table 31: <IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">
Suffixes for Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Table31"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
<TABLE width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD valign="top"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3i.gif" width="635" height="700"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD valign="top"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3j.gif" width="635" height="671"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD valign="top"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3k.gif" width="635" height="599"></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"><BR>
<STRONG>8.1.3.1 Special Use of Short Adjunct Form.</STRONG> The short form of
the single-referent adjunct discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>
above (utilizing the abbreviated <STRONG></STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2i.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">
suffix from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 24</A>) can be used with the special dual-referent
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">
composite prefixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table30">Table 30</A> under the following
circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case
and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns
in English by ‘and’ as in <EM>He and I went to the store</EM> or
<EM>The man looked at them and me</EM>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksauŻ</FONT></STRONG>,
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>xnű</STRONG></FONT>,
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>hhea<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>.
Note in the last example <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>hhea<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>
how the combination of a low-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines
to give a rising-toned adjunct.</P>
<P align="justify"> <STRONG>8.1.3.2 Illustration of a Dual-Referent Adjunct</STRONG>:
Based on the above information, we can now analyze an example dual-referent
adjunct — <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><EM>diawŕsműç</EM></FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">:</P>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR valign="top">
<TD width="8%" height="39"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>(
)-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="7%"> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD width="85%"><FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT> designation, <FONT size="2">UNIPLEX</FONT>
configuration, <FONT size="2">CONSOLIDATIVE</FONT> affiliation, <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT>
essence and negative <FONT size="2">FOCUS</FONT> for Referent No. 1</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-d<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">
-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD>combination of Referent No. 1, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</FONT></STRONG>-
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2a.gif" width="24" height="21" align="absbottom">,
plus Referent No. 2, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">Ż</STRONG></FONT>-
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2b.gif" width="46" height="21" align="absbottom">
</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-iaw-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> case infix (meaning “along [the
surface of] X”) for Referent No. 1</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-a-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT> designation and <FONT size="2">EXISTENTIAL</FONT>
context for Referent No. 2</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-sm-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2">POSSESSIVE</FONT> case and <FONT size="2">MULTIFORM</FONT>
configuration for Referent No. 2</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-ű-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2">VARIATIVE</FONT> affiliation for Referent No. 2</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-ç</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2">REACTIVE</FONT> bias</TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD><DIV align="right"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[stress]</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD>ultimate stress indicating <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> essence and positive
<FONT size="2">FOCUS</FONT> for Referent No. 2</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"> <STRONG>Approximate translation</STRONG>: <EM>over me</EM>
[= along my body] + <EM>what belongs to a rag-tag amalgamation of you</EM> (singular)
<EM>and all those things</EM> + [sense of surprise].</P>
<P align="justify">While such a word might seem contrived at first, it nevertheless
proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek<FONT size="2">©</FONT>
character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an “assimilated”
spider from its pocket and let it loose during the night):</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2d.gif" width="136" height="25"><BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2c.gif" width="622" height="69"><BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Intro-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Intro-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT>
</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P> </P>
<P>Other examples of the use of dual-referent personal reference adjuncts are
given below.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-3o.gif" width="605" height="695"><BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-1.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-1.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT>
</STRONG></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3><BR>
8.1.4 Use of the Switch Reference Suffix<A name="Sec8o1o4"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">In <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o13">Section
7.7.13</A>, the <FONT size="2">SWR</FONT> switch reference suffix was introduced.
This affix works with the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT> personal referent
(see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o1o7">Sec. 8.1.1.7</A>) to specifically indicate which
party is being referred to. The following is a review of this affix for all
nine degrees. By use of this affix, reference can be made immediately to any
party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned.</P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%" height="29">-V<FONT size="1">2<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT></FONT><FONT size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>’</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SWR</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Switch Reference & Obviative Specification </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearest
preceding referent</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd to
nearest preceding referent</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party
not previously mentioned</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring
to sentence focus</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first referent
mentioned</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring
to sentence topic</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party
non-transrelative referent</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd order
transrelative referent</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">higher
order transrelative referent</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The following example illustrates the use of the switch reference suffix:</P>
<P><IMG src="assets/Clown4.GIF" width="93" height="70" border="0" align="top"></A><BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></P>
<P> </P>
<H3 align="justify">8.1.5 Details of Personal Reference Suffixes<A name="Sec8o1o5"></A></H3>
<P align="justify"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o4">Sec. 7.4</A> described
the existence of a special group of specialized suffixes derived from personal
reference adjunct consonantal infixes. As previously discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o1">Sec.
8.1.1</A>, there are 23 single consonants associated with 46 single-referent
personal reference categories (based on a distinction between low and high tone).
These 23 consonants can be combined with Type 3 vocalic infix patterns (see
<A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Sec. 2.7.2</A>) to correspond
to certain Associative and Appositive noun cases. The low versus high tone distinction
for these 23 consonants (from which the 46 categories are derived) is shown
by distinguishing between the V+C standard form of the suffix and its reversed
C+V form (see <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">Sec. 7.5.2</A> on
the “reversed” form of suffixes). Unlike other -V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C
suffixes, there are no -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C or -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C
counterparts to these suffixes (or rather, the -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C or
-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C counterparts have completely different meanings and
uses). The use of these suffixes is optional, since they are merely substitutes
for single-referent personal reference adjuncts. The noun cases associated with
the nine suffix degrees are as follows:</P>
<TABLE width="54%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="21%"><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD width="79%" colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o1">POSSESSIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o2">PROPRIETIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o3">GENITIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o4">ATTRIBUTIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o5">ORIGINATIVE</A></FONT>
Case </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o6">PRODUCTIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o7">INTERPRETATIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o3">INHERENT</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o4">CONDUCTIVE</A></FONT>
Case</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Examples of Use: </P>
<P align="left"><FONT color="#FF0000"><IMG src="assets/8-1-5a.gif" width="429" height="132">
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Clown3.GIF" width="86" height="99" border="0" align="top"></A><BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT>
<BR>
</FONT></P>
<P align="left"><FONT color="#FF0000"><IMG src="assets/8-1-5b.gif" width="476" height="388"></FONT></P>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.2 SUBSIDIARY ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o2"></A></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"> Subsidiary adjuncts refer to adjuncts which are essentially
subsets or “pieces” of the conflation adjunct first introduced in
Chapter 5. Conflation adjuncts comprise the morphological categories of Derivation,
Valence, Version, Format, Modality and Level, and are of the form <STRONG>CN
+ VV + CK + Vm [+ tone]</STRONG>, exemplified by the word <STRONG>t’uilliaŻ
= t’+ui+ll+ia+Ż</STRONG>.<BR>
However, it is possible to take this same adjunct and present only select portions
of it. We already saw this in Sec. 5.2 when we were introduced to valence adjuncts,
which are essentially composed of the VV + CK “subset” of a conflation
adjunct. Similarly we can have simple modality adjuncts of the form <STRONG>Vm
[+ tone]</STRONG> as in the word <STRONG>iaŻ</STRONG> which also shows
the category of Level (via the tone indication). A simple format adjunct is
possible by simply using CK by itself as a word, e.g., <STRONG>ll</STRONG>.
To this can be added the <STRONG>Vm [+ tone]</STRONG> increment to provide a
subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in <STRONG>lliaŻ</STRONG>.</P>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.3 COMBINATION ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o3"></A></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">Combination adjuncts refer to adjuncts which start with an
autonomous consonantal form indicating Mood (see <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o5">Sec.
6.5</A>), then add on various morphological categories other than those combinations
seen in conflation, subsidiary, and aspectual adjuncts. The use combination
adjuncts is optional, determined primarily by euphonic (i.e., phonotactical
and phonaesthetic) concerns in order to decrease the number of syllables which
a formative might otherwise have due to multiple affixation and mutation of
its phonemes. The various combination adjunct structures are de-tailed in the
sections below.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.3.1 Mood + Aspect Adjuncts</H3>
<P align="justify">The most basic combination adjunct combines Aspect with Mood.
In this adjunct, Mood is indicated by an initial <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>w</STRONG></FONT>-
or <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>y</STRONG></FONT>- plus
tone (the tone pattern is shown in Table 32 below). This is followed by one
of the 32 aspect suffixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Table19">Table
19 in Sec. 6.4.1</A>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wea</FONT></STRONG>Ż,
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>yaď</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/tone-broken.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">.
Note that, in the absence of an aspectual adjunct (which normally shows mood),
this simple element can function by itself as a <STRONG>mood adjunct</STRONG>
by simply using the neutral -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT></STRONG> suffix,
e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wa</FONT></STRONG>,
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>ya</STRONG></FONT>Ż.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><BR>
Table 32: Consonant + Tone Values for Mood Adjuncts and Mood+Aspect Adjuncts</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-3-1.gif" width="319" height="212"><BR>
<BR>
<BR>
8.3.2 Phase/Validation + Format + Level + Mood + Bias Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o3o2"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">This combination adjunct has the form <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="2">j
</FONT>+ w/y + V<FONT size="1">F </FONT>(+C<FONT size="2">b</FONT>) + [tone
& stress]</STRONG></FONT>, where:</P>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR valign="top">
<TD width="6%" height="68"> <DIV align="right"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="2">j</FONT></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="5%"> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD width="89%"><DIV align="justify">an initial vowel indicating either one
of the nine phases or one of the nine validations, as shown in Table 33
below; a following -<STRONG>w</STRONG>- infix indicates that <STRONG>V<FONT size="2">j</FONT></STRONG>
shows Phase, while a following -<STRONG>y</STRONG>- infix indicates <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">j</FONT></STRONG>
shows Validation</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="29"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">F</FONT></STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">a vowel form indicating one of eight Formats and
four Levels (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o6">Sec. 5.6</A>),
as shown in Table 34 below</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD height="31"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="2">b</FONT></STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">one of the 48 optional Bias affixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Table
20 in Sec. 6.6</A></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR valign="top">
<TD> <DIV align="right">t<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one+
stress</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">The combination of four tones with ultimate versus
antepenultimate stress signifies one of the eight moods, consistent with
the tone/stress pattern for mood used with aspectual adjuncts, as described
in Section 6.5</DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> Example: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>oweiç<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>.</P>
<P><BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 33: V<FONT size="2">j</FONT>
Format + Level Vocalic Infixes for Combination Adjuncts</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-3-2.gif" width="560" height="259"></P>
<P> </P>
<H3>8.3.3 Affix + Format + Mood + Bias Adjuncts</H3>
<P align="justify">This combination adjunct is structured identically to the immediately
preceding adjunct form except that the adjunct adds a word-initial affix (one
of the consonantal affix forms from <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec.
7.7</A>) and <STRONG>V<FONT size="2">j</FONT></STRONG> now indicates one of
the nine affix-degrees associated with this affix. Additionally, the first three
forms of the Format/Focus infix from Table 33 above are now used to indicate
<A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o1">affix-type</A> instead of Level.
Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">psiyoul</FONT></STRONG>,
<STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">juwä’mm</FONT></STRONG>.
</P><P> </P>
<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.4 AFFIXUAL ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o4"></A></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify">Any single formative affix, or any two such affixes, may be
removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes
of euphony. Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally
applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used
as a “short cut” method of conveying a notion, essentially as an
abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in
English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the
affix -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">/7</STRONG>
connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">ď<FONT color="#FFFFFF" size="1">.</FONT>’a</STRONG></FONT>,
it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English
phrase <EM>How typical!</EM></P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.4.1 Forms for Single- and Dual-Affix Adjuncts </H3>
<P align="justify">The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CV’a</STRONG></FONT>,
where <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</FONT> represents the word-final
“reversed” form of a standard suffix for formatives from <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec.
7.7</A> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Secs. 2.7.2</A>
and <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">7.5.2</A> on the alternate
“reversed” forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eu</FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>’/<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>’</STRONG></FONT>iu
</STRONG></FONT>(i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></FONT>/4</STRONG>)
becomes the autonomous word <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>’iu’a</STRONG></FONT>,
meaning ‘scattered all around here.’</P>
<P align="justify">The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CV’’VC</STRONG></FONT>,
where the first part, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</FONT>, is
the same reversed form of a standard suffix as for the single-affix adjunct
above. The second part, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">VC</FONT>,
represents the “normal,” unreversed form of a standard suffix. When
pronouncing such an adjunct, it is important to geminate (i.e., double) the
glottal stop, so as not to confuse the word with a simple formative in Secondary
Mode, Series B vowel mutation (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec.
2.5</A>). So, combining the two suffixes -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">v</FONT>/7</STRONG>
and -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</FONT>/9</STRONG>
would give the adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vë’’ukt</FONT></STRONG>,
meaning ‘probably this one.’</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.4.2 Combining Mood with Affixual Adjuncts</H3>
<P align="justify">Using stress and tone, it becomes possible to combine Mood
with both single- and dual-affix affixual adjuncts (with the exception of the
default FACTUAL mood which is unmarked). Because the standard forms for both
types of affixual adjuncts have at least two syllables, the regular indicators
for Mood used with aspectual adjuncts as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o5">Sec.
6.5</A> (four tones + two stress patterns = 8 moods) can be applied to affixual
adjuncts as well.</P>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.5 ALTERNATE INDICATORS FOR VOCALIC MUTATION<A name="Sec8o5"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">In looking at the tables in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec.
2.5</A>, one can see that several vocalic mutational series cause an additional
syllable to be added to a formative (e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kad</FONT></STRONG>
<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ka’wed</STRONG></FONT>).
For phonaesthetic purposes (see <A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec.
1.4.5</A>), it may become desirable to eliminate this extra syllable in the
formative by indicating the vocalic mutation series elsewhere. Ithkuil allows
this to be done by using word-initial vocalic prefixes to certain adjuncts as
an alternate way of indicating the vocalic mutation series of an adjacent formative.
As a result, the formative itself displays the default Series A form. The two
types of adjuncts which can take such prefixes are affixual adjuncts (both single-
and dual-affix types) and conflation adjuncts. The specific prefixes used with
the adjunct are shown in Table 34 below. </P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
Table 34: Alternate Vocalic Mutation Prefixes For Affixual Adjuncts</FONT></STRONG></P>
<TABLE width="65%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series A</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series B</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series C</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series D</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series E</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series F</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series G</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series H</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD>
<DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series J</FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>—</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>i-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>e-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>u-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>o-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ö-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ë-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ä-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"><FONT size="2"> </FONT> To illustrate this process for the
two example adjuncts <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>’iu’a
</STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vë’’ukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>,
adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>’iu’a
</STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
övë’’ukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>. Illustrating the process
for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p’uim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">ű</STRONG></FONT>
plus Series C mutation becomes <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p’uim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">ű</STRONG></FONT>.</P>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON BIAS<A name="Sec8o6"></A>
</STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Section
6.6.1</A> describes the standard ways in which Bias is shown on aspectual adjuncts
and on formatives. In <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>, we saw how the conjunct
form of a single-referent personal reference adjunct can take an optional affix,
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="2">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG>,
to indicate Bias. And in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o3o2">Sec. 8.3.2</A>, we saw how a Bias
suffix can be added to a Mood-based combination adjunct. In the absence of these
possibilities, the following sections offer additional ways to display Bias.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.6.1 Adding Bias to Valence, Conflation or Subsidiary Adjuncts</H3>
<P align="justify">Both valence and conflation adjuncts (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2">Secs.
5.2</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">5.4</A>), as well
as their subsidiary adjuncts (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o2">Sec. 8.2</A>) can take a
word-final Bias suffix if needed, as long as there is a vocalic Modality suffix
present as part of the adjunct. The Bias suffix is the same consonantal form
shown in Table 20 of <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec.
6.6.1</A>. As an example, adding the <FONT size="2">SUGGESTIVE</FONT> bias suffix
-<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ps</STRONG></FONT> to the
valence adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oi<IMG src="assets/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">iu</FONT></STRONG>
gives the resulting forms <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oi<IMG src="assets/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">iups</FONT></STRONG>.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
8.6.2 Informal Bias Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o6o2"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">Just as affixual adjuncts can stand on their own as informal
expressions, so can the consonantal Bias affixes (shown Table 20 of <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec.
6.6.1</A>) be used autonomously to informally convey one’s attitude toward
a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could
state the Ithkuil equivalent to the sentence, <EM>I feel a sense of awe!</EM>
or one can simply hiss out a long <STRONG>s</STRONG>-sound, ‘<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ss</STRONG></FONT>,’
which is the intensive form of the affix for the <FONT size="2">STUPEFACTIVE</FONT>
bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions
‘Well, I’ll be!’ or ‘Who would’ve thought?!’</P>
<P align="justify">Other examples would be the expression <IMG src="assets/r-cedilla geminate.gif" width="16" height="12" align="absbottom">
to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction
‘ahhh’ in English; or the expression <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kšš</STRONG></FONT>
to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English ‘Poppycock!’
or ‘What bullshit!’</P>
<P align="justify">It is even possible to combine two biases into a single bias
adjunct, using the form <STRONG>C+ď+C</STRONG>, where each <STRONG>C</STRONG>
represents a single consonantal bias affix. For example, combining the intensive
forms of the <FONT size="2">REVELATIVE</FONT> and the <FONT size="2">ASSURATIVE</FONT>
biases gives the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>llďnn</STRONG></FONT>,
translatable as ‘Aha! I told you so!’</P>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<P align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">Proceed
to Chapter 9: Syntax >></A></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P align="right"><BR>
</P>
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<TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a
Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9
Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
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<TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10
Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1
Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6
More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11
The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2
Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a
Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12
The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
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<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3
Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The
Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4
Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8
Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
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