From d2da853b9eb430679e7238b93996f8e4651a39c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: uakci Date: Sat, 19 Dec 2020 04:55:30 +0100 Subject: fixed encoding --- 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html | 230 +++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 115 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-) mode change 100755 => 100644 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html (limited to '2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html') diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html old mode 100755 new mode 100644 index 480bd6c..8f1b7a0 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html @@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating - to personal reference. By “personal reference” is meant the grammatical + to personal reference. By “personal reference” is meant the grammatical description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English he, she, it, I, you, him, her, mine, ours, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished - by “person” (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English + by “person” (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English we, us, and ours). Ithkuil accomplishes the equivalent function by means of personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and dual-referent.

@@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

8.1.1.1 Monadic vs. Unbounded. These terms were discussed in detail in Sec. - 3.3 on Perspective. For simplicity’s sake, the difference between + 3.3 on Perspective. For simplicity’s sake, the difference between a MONADIC third party versus an UNBOUNDED - third party can be thought of as the difference between ‘he/she/it’ - and ‘they.’

+ third party can be thought of as the difference between ‘he/she/it’ + and ‘they.’

8.1.1.2 Speaker and Addressee. These terms refer respectively to the party @@ -182,22 +182,22 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person). Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons divided into singular and plural), Ithkuil divides personal reference along - logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker’s utterance. + logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker’s utterance.

From the viewpoint of Ithkuil grammar, only a single individual can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is - one speaker. Therefore, the “first person” of Ithkuil, the speaker, + one speaker. Therefore, the “first person” of Ithkuil, the speaker, can be only MONADIC, never UNBOUNDED. - Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word “we,” - since inherent in the various categories which translate “we” is - the concept of “I plus some other entity or entities.” From this - we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker’s + Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word “we,” + since inherent in the various categories which translate “we” is + the concept of “I plus some other entity or entities.” From this + we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker’s utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.

-

The “second person” in Ithkuil is the addressee, +

The “second person” in Ithkuil is the addressee, the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more than one addressee, i.e., MONADIC or UNBOUNDED.

-

The “third person” in Ithkuil is where things get +

The “third person” in Ithkuil is where things get very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence of animacy, being MONADIC versus UNBOUNDED, @@ -213,18 +213,18 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does not exist in the Ithkuil personal reference system.

8.1.1.4 - “Mixed” Third-Party Reference. It is possible for the third + “Mixed” Third-Party Reference. It is possible for the third party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For - example a speaker could make reference to “I, you, and they” where - “they” consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic + example a speaker could make reference to “I, you, and they” where + “they” consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible - concept such as ‘happiness’ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such - cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such “mixed” + concept such as ‘happiness’ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such + cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such “mixed” parties to be included in a particular personal referent.

8.1.1.5 Collective Reference. This corresponds to the NOMIC Perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example, - the word ‘dog’ in the sentence The dog is a noble beast + the word ‘dog’ in the sentence The dog is a noble beast refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This COLLECTIVE category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ithkuil, depending on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

Abstract Reference. This corresponds to the ABSTRACT perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns ending with -hood, -ness, etc. In Ithkuil, all nouns can be - spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., “bookhood” = the + spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., “bookhood” = the sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.

@@ -241,9 +241,9 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages. It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises, - this category is usually termed the obviative or “fourth” person. + this category is usually termed the obviative or “fourth” person. For example, the English sentence He saw his book is ambiguous because - we are uncertain whether ‘he’ and ‘his’ refer to the + we are uncertain whether ‘he’ and ‘his’ refer to the same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another who owns the book). In Ithkuil, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent, @@ -256,32 +256,32 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

Indefinite Reference. This category indicates that the third party refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent - indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English ‘anyone’ or - ‘anybody,’ while the referent - indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English ‘anything.’ + indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English ‘anyone’ or + ‘anybody,’ while the referent + indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English ‘anything.’

8.1.1.9 Universal Reference. This category indicates that the third party refers to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent -l - indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English ‘everyone’ or - ‘everybody,’ while the referent -lŻ + indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English ‘everyone’ or + ‘everybody,’ while the referent -lĆ» - indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English ‘everything.’ + indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English ‘everything.’

8.1.1.10 Impersonal Reference. This category corresponds to the German pronoun man or French pronoun on, as well as the various circumlocutions - used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., ‘one,’ ‘you,’ - ‘they,’ the passive voice, and certain usages of ‘someone’). + used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., ‘one,’ ‘you,’ + ‘they,’ the passive voice, and certain usages of ‘someone’). Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:

-

· One should +

· One should never speak to clowns alone.
- · To dance the tango you need a partner.
- · They say it never rains in August.
- · That town is said to be haunted.
- · She just wants to talk to someone + · To dance the tango you need a partner.
+ · They say it never rains in August.
+ · That town is said to be haunted.
+ · She just wants to talk to someone without being criticized.

8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity. Since @@ -289,12 +289,12 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible in Ithkuil for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions - would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying ‘we,’ - the speaker would have to specify ‘the two of us,’ or ‘I and - he but not you,’ or ‘I, you, and they.’ Similarly, the English - word ‘you’ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to ‘you - (singular),’ ‘you (plural),’ ‘you (singular) and it,’ - ‘you and those people,’ ‘you and those things,’ etc.

+ would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying ‘we,’ + the speaker would have to specify ‘the two of us,’ or ‘I and + he but not you,’ or ‘I, you, and they.’ Similarly, the English + word ‘you’ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to ‘you + (singular),’ ‘you (plural),’ ‘you (singular) and it,’ + ‘you and those people,’ ‘you and those things,’ etc.


8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts

Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ additional types of adjuncts are introduced.

= vocalic suffix showing Context for Referent 1: -a = EXS; -u - = FNC; -û = SYM; -â + = FNC; -Ʊ = SYM; -Ăą = AMG @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
which indicates the degree of . The values of are shown in Table 26 below. The affix-type - of is shown by the adjunct’s stress pattern. Optional terms are , + of is shown by the adjunct’s stress pattern. Optional terms are , one of four vocalic suffixes showing the Context of the personal referent, and , a consonantal bias affix previously introduced in Sec. @@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- + @@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- + @@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- + @@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- + @@ -565,10 +565,10 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
a personal referent, just as an affix category would normally apply to the formative to which it is affixed. This allows personal referents to be spoken of in contexts created by affix categories, such as when combining -V1/7 - ‘there (by addressee)’ with paw(a) + ‘there (by addressee)’ with paw(a) to give the form pawo - meaning ‘you people there.’

+ meaning ‘you people there.’

8.1.2.4 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts in Use

@@ -592,9 +592,9 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- @@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
= @@ -722,13 +722,13 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- + - + @@ -736,11 +736,11 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
- + - +
Degree 1
ï
ď
Degree 2
Degree 3
ë
Ă«
Degree 4
Degree 6
ö
ö
Degree 7
Degree 8
ä
Ă€
Degree 9
Form 3:

Examples: p’awik
- Examples: ûksaiwénz
- Examples: ççäyokluss

+

Examples: p’awik
+ Examples: Ʊksaiwénz
+ Examples: ççÀyokluss
vocalic suffix showing Affiliation of Referent 2: -a = CSD, -u - = ASO, -û = VAR, -â + = ASO, -Ʊ = VAR, -Ăą = COA
AMG
ä
Ă€
+FR
FORMAL
EXS
ï
ď
FNC
RPS
ë
Ă«
AMG
ü
ĂŒ

@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
renders the composite prefix sf-, while the combination of the prefix t- with the prefix q- - gives the composite t’-. + gives the composite t’-. Table 30 below illustrates how the 23 single-consonant prefixes combine with each other.

Table 30: Personal Reference @@ -852,16 +852,16 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
composite prefixes from Table 30 under the following circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns - in English by ‘and’ as in He and I went to the store or - The man looked at them and me. Examples: ksauŻ, - xnû, + in English by ‘and’ as in He and I went to the store or + The man looked at them and me. Examples: ksauĆ», + xnƱ, hhea. Note in the last example hhea how the combination of a low-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines to give a rising-toned adjunct.

8.1.3.2 Illustration of a Dual-Referent Adjunct: Based on the above information, we can now analyze an example dual-referent - adjunct — diawàsmûç:

+ adjunct — diawƕsmƱç:

- + @@ -900,12 +900,12 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
configuration for Referent No. 2 - + - + @@ -920,8 +920,8 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
[= along my body] + what belongs to a rag-tag amalgamation of you (singular) and all those things + [sense of surprise].

While such a word might seem contrived at first, it nevertheless - proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek© - character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an “assimilated” + proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek© + character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an “assimilated” spider from its pocket and let it loose during the night):


@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned.

( @@ -877,15 +877,15 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
=
 combination of Referent No. 1, t- , - plus Referent No. 2, Ż- + plus Referent No. 2, Ć»-
-iaw-
=
PROLATIVE case infix (meaning “along [the - surface of] X”) for Referent No. 1PROLATIVE case infix (meaning “along [the + surface of] X”) for Referent No. 1
-a-
-û-
-Ʊ-
=
 VARIATIVE affiliation for Referent No. 2
-ç
-ç
=
 REACTIVE bias
- + @@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
for these 23 consonants (from which the 46 categories are derived) is shown by distinguishing between the V+C standard form of the suffix and its reversed C+V form (see Sec. 7.5.2 on - the “reversed” form of suffixes). Unlike other -V3C + the “reversed” form of suffixes). Unlike other -V3C suffixes, there are no -V1C or -V2C counterparts to these suffixes (or rather, the -V1C or -V2C counterparts have completely different meanings and @@ -1086,20 +1086,20 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
-V2_’-V2_’
SWR
 Switch Reference & Obviative Specification

Subsidiary adjuncts refer to adjuncts which are essentially - subsets or “pieces” of the conflation adjunct first introduced in + subsets or “pieces” of the conflation adjunct first introduced in Chapter 5. Conflation adjuncts comprise the morphological categories of Derivation, Valence, Version, Format, Modality and Level, and are of the form CN - + VV + CK + Vm [+ tone], exemplified by the word t’uilliaŻ - = t’+ui+ll+ia+Ż.
+ + VV + CK + Vm [+ tone], exemplified by the word t’uilliaĆ» + = t’+ui+ll+ia+Ć».
However, it is possible to take this same adjunct and present only select portions of it. We already saw this in Sec. 5.2 when we were introduced to valence adjuncts, - which are essentially composed of the VV + CK “subset” of a conflation + which are essentially composed of the VV + CK “subset” of a conflation adjunct. Similarly we can have simple modality adjuncts of the form Vm - [+ tone] as in the word iaŻ which also shows + [+ tone] as in the word iaĆ» which also shows the category of Level (via the tone indication). A simple format adjunct is possible by simply using CK by itself as a word, e.g., ll. To this can be added the Vm [+ tone] increment to provide a - subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in lliaŻ.

+ subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in lliaĆ».

 

@@ -1125,13 +1125,13 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
or y- plus tone (the tone pattern is shown in Table 32 below). This is followed by one of the 32 aspect suffixes from Table - 19 in Sec. 6.4.1. Examples: weaŻ, - yaï. + 19 in Sec. 6.4.1. Examples: weaĆ», + yaď. Note that, in the absence of an aspectual adjunct (which normally shows mood), this simple element can function by itself as a mood adjunct by simply using the neutral -VS suffix, e.g., wa, - yaŻ.

+ yaĆ».


Table 32: Consonant + Tone Values for Mood Adjuncts and Mood+Aspect Adjuncts

@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
in Section 6.5

-

Example: oweiç.

+

Example: oweiç.


Table 33: Vj Format + Level Vocalic Infixes for Combination Adjuncts
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
forms of the Format/Focus infix from Table 33 above are now used to indicate affix-type instead of Level. Examples: psiyoul, - juwä’mm. + juwÀ’mm.

 

@@ -1202,36 +1202,36 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes of euphony. Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used - as a “short cut” method of conveying a notion, essentially as an + as a “short cut” method of conveying a notion, essentially as an abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the affix -V1/7 - connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, ï.’a, + connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, ď.’a, it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English phrase How typical!


8.4.1 Forms for Single- and Dual-Affix Adjuncts

-

The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is CV’a, +

The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is CV’a, where CV represents the word-final - “reversed” form of a standard suffix for formatives from Sec. + “reversed” form of a standard suffix for formatives from Sec. 7.7 (see Secs. 2.7.2 and 7.5.2 on the alternate - “reversed” forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -eu’/’iu - (i.e., -V2’/4) - becomes the autonomous word ’iu’a, - meaning ‘scattered all around here.’

-

The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is CV’’VC, + “reversed” forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -eu’/’iu + (i.e., -V2’/4) + becomes the autonomous word ’iu’a, + meaning ‘scattered all around here.’

+

The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is CV’’VC, where the first part, CV, is the same reversed form of a standard suffix as for the single-affix adjunct above. The second part, VC, - represents the “normal,” unreversed form of a standard suffix. When + represents the “normal,” unreversed form of a standard suffix. When pronouncing such an adjunct, it is important to geminate (i.e., double) the glottal stop, so as not to confuse the word with a simple formative in Secondary Mode, Series B vowel mutation (see Sec. 2.5). So, combining the two suffixes -V2v/7 and -V1kt/9 - would give the adjunct v뒒ukt, - meaning ‘probably this one.’

+ would give the adjunct vë’’ukt, + meaning ‘probably this one.’


8.4.2 Combining Mood with Affixual Adjuncts

Using stress and tone, it becomes possible to combine Mood @@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts

In looking at the tables in Sec. 2.5, one can see that several vocalic mutational series cause an additional syllable to be added to a formative (e.g., kad - ka’wed). + ka’wed). For phonaesthetic purposes (see Sec. 1.4.5), it may become desirable to eliminate this extra syllable in the formative by indicating the vocalic mutation series elsewhere. Ithkuil allows @@ -1287,25 +1287,25 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts

Series J
- + - - - + + +
—
—
a-
i-
e-
u-
o-
ö-
ë-
ä-
ö-
Ă«-
Ă€-

To illustrate this process for the - two example adjuncts ’iu’a - and v뒒ukt, - adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms a’iu’a + two example adjuncts ’iu’a + and vë’’ukt, + adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms a’iu’a and - öv뒒ukt. Illustrating the process - for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct p’uimû - plus Series C mutation becomes ip’uimû.

+ övë’’ukt. Illustrating the process + for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct p’uimƱ + plus Series C mutation becomes ip’uimƱ.

 

@@ -1337,24 +1337,24 @@ for Personal Reference Adjuncts
8.6.2 Informal Bias Adjuncts

Just as affixual adjuncts can stand on their own as informal expressions, so can the consonantal Bias affixes (shown Table 20 of Sec. - 6.6.1) be used autonomously to informally convey one’s attitude toward + 6.6.1) be used autonomously to informally convey one’s attitude toward a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could state the Ithkuil equivalent to the sentence, I feel a sense of awe! - or one can simply hiss out a long s-sound, ‘ss,’ + or one can simply hiss out a long s-sound, ‘ss,’ which is the intensive form of the affix for the STUPEFACTIVE bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions - ‘Well, I’ll be!’ or ‘Who would’ve thought?!’

+ ‘Well, I’ll be!’ or ‘Who would’ve thought?!’

Other examples would be the expression to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction - ‘ahhh’ in English; or the expression kšš - to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English ‘Poppycock!’ - or ‘What bullshit!’

+ ‘ahhh’ in English; or the expression kơơ + to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English ‘Poppycock!’ + or ‘What bullshit!’

It is even possible to combine two biases into a single bias - adjunct, using the form C+ï+C, where each C + adjunct, using the form C+ď+C, where each C represents a single consonantal bias affix. For example, combining the intensive forms of the REVELATIVE and the ASSURATIVE - biases gives the adjunct llïnn, - translatable as ‘Aha! I told you so!’

+ biases gives the adjunct llďnn, + translatable as ‘Aha! I told you so!’

 

Proceed to Chapter 9: Syntax >>

@@ -1413,7 +1413,7 @@ to Chapter 9: Syntax >>

Revised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
-

©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +

©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website.

-- cgit v1.2.3