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| author | uakci <uakci@uakci.eu> | 2020-12-19 04:55:30 +0100 |
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| committer | uakci <uakci@uakci.eu> | 2020-12-19 04:55:30 +0100 |
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diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html index 43b5631..c75356f 100755..100644 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html @@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ degrees. It is the combination of affix-type and degree which determines the vowel infix which accompanies each consonantal suffix. For example, the suffix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 1 takes the following forms for its nine degrees: - <STRONG>-int, -ent, -nt, -nt, </STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>nt, - -nt, -nt, -ont, -unt</STRONG>. Compare this to the same affix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> - of Type 2, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-nt, -nt, -nt, - -nt, -uint, -nt, -nt, -nt, -nt</STRONG>; and + <STRONG>-int, -ent, -änt, -önt, </STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>nt, + -ünt, -ďnt, -ont, -unt</STRONG>. Compare this to the same affix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> + of Type 2, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-înt, -ęnt, -ânt, + -řnt, -uint, -˙nt, -ënt, -ônt, -űnt</STRONG>; and the suffix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 3, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-ient, - -int, -iunt, -iont, -int, -unt, -uont, -unt, -uent</STRONG>. + -iënt, -iunt, -iont, -iänt, -uänt, -uont, -uënt, -uent</STRONG>. These vowel infixes for suffixes are shown in Table 21 below (this table already appeared in Chapter 2 as Table 9; it is repeated here for convenience).</P> <P></P> @@ -169,40 +169,40 @@ 1</FONT></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-iC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cai</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ci</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-îC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cëi</DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-ieC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ca</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Caď</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 2</FONT></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-eC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cei</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -eiC</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ęC / -eiC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ceu </DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-iC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ce</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-iëC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ceď</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 3</FONT></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -aeC</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-äC / -aeC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cia</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C /-aiC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-âC /-aiC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Câ</DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-iuC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ci</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ciď</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 4</FONT></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-öC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cua</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -euC</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-řC / -euC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ciu</DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-ioC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Co</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Coď</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree @@ -211,52 +211,52 @@ <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ca</DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-uiC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cui</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-iC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-iäC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cuď</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 6</FONT></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -uC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -auC</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-üC / -ëuC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cü</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-˙C / -auC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cau</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-uC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ci</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uäC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cäi</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 7</FONT></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -iC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ďC / -ëiC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cď</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ëC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cëu</DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-uoC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ci</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cöi</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 8</FONT></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-oC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Coi</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C / -oiC / -ouC</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ôC / -oiC / -ouC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cou</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-uC</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uëC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cäu</DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree 9</FONT></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-uC</DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-C</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-űC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cű</DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center">-ueC </DIV></TD> - <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cöu</DIV></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify"></P> -<P align="justify">NOTE: For convenience sake, when referring to a particular +<P align="justify">NOTE: For convenience’ sake, when referring to a particular affix of specific type and degree, we will use the notation in the paragraph above, followed by a slash and a number indicating the degree. Thus, the affix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 1 and 4th degree will be written <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>nt/4</STRONG>, @@ -281,23 +281,23 @@ affix types but again convey a different overall connotation on the words to which they are affixed. </P> <P align="justify">For example, the Type 1 suffix -<STRONG>ej</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>jei</STRONG>), - i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>j/2</STRONG>, means hardly any - (of) as in the word <STRONG>qumji</STRONG> hardly - any persons, while its Type 2 counterpart -<STRONG>j</STRONG> + i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>j/2</STRONG>, means ‘hardly any + (of)…’ as in the word <STRONG>qumjéi</STRONG> ‘hardly + any persons,’ while its Type 2 counterpart -<STRONG>ęj</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>jeu</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>j/2</STRONG>, - has the completely different meaning of somewhat like/sort of like - as in <STRONG>qumju</STRONG> sort of like some persons. + has the completely different meaning of ‘somewhat like/sort of like…’ + as in <STRONG>qumjéu</STRONG> ‘sort of like some persons.’ Compare this, however, to the Type 1 suffix -<STRONG>up</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>pu</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>p/9</STRONG>, and its Type 2 counterpart - -<STRONG>p</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>p</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>p/9</STRONG>, - which both mean exactly similar to/identical, the + -<STRONG>űp</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>pű</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>p/9</STRONG>, + which both mean ‘exactly similar to…/identical…,’ the difference in usage being that the Type 1 affix conveys merely a circumstantial or incidental similarity, while the Type 2 suffix implies that the similarity is an integral aspect of the word. In English, such a distinction would most likely be conveyed by using a different word. For example, note the difference - when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word <STRONG>qum</STRONG> person: - <STRONG>qumpu</STRONG> means identical-looking person, whereas - <STRONG>qump</STRONG> means twin. In this way, we can say + when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word <STRONG>qum</STRONG> ‘person’: + <STRONG>qumpu</STRONG> means ‘identical-looking person,’ whereas + <STRONG>qumpű</STRONG> means ‘twin.’ In this way, we can say that the suffix -<STRONG>Vp</STRONG> with Type 1 vocalic infixes conveys a circumstantial application of its meaning to a stem, while with Type 2 vocalic infixes, it conveys a derivational application of its meaning (i.e., wholly new concepts @@ -321,17 +321,17 @@ can be used to modify another suffix (usually the one following, unless there are only two affixes on the stem, in which case the suffix order is irrelevant); this is done by using Type 3 vocalic infixes. For example, the suffix -<STRONG>Vd/5</STRONG>, - which means enough / sufficient(ly), can be used both circumstantially + which means ‘enough / sufficient(ly),’ can be used both circumstantially (using Type 1 infixes) and derivationally (using Type 2 infixes) to modify a stem, or can be used to modify only the adjacent suffix (using Type 3 infixes). This is illustrated below:</P> -<P align="justify"><STRONG>qumad</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumda</STRONG>): a - sufficient person (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)<BR> - <STRONG>qumuid</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumdui</STRONG>): a recruit +<P align="justify"><STRONG>qumad</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumda</STRONG>): ‘a + sufficient person’ (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)<BR> + <STRONG>qumuid</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumdui</STRONG>): ‘a recruit’ (i.e., one able to meet performance or entry requirements)<BR> - <STRONG>qumxdu</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumidx</STRONG>): - a sufficiently large person (where suffix <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>x/6</STRONG> - = large)</P> + <STRONG>qumüxduď</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumiädüx</STRONG>): + ‘a sufficiently large person’ (where suffix <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>x/6</STRONG> + = ‘large’)</P> <P> </P> <DIV align="justify"> @@ -343,12 +343,12 @@ </DIV> <P align="justify">All in all, there are five different patterns in which the meanings/functions of affixes are distributed. There are those like -<STRONG>ej</STRONG> - and -<STRONG>j</STRONG> above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely + and -<STRONG>ęj</STRONG> above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely different than that of Type 2. We will label these classes of affixes <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG> affixes and <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG> affixes respectively, as they represent two totally independent affixes. </P> <P align="justify">Additionally there are those like -<STRONG>up</STRONG> and - -<STRONG>p</STRONG> which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function + -<STRONG>űp</STRONG> which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function that alternates between Type 1 and Type 2 infixes to distinguish a circumstantial versus a derivational aspect in the stem to which they are affixed. We will label such affixes <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG> suffixes. </P> @@ -444,20 +444,20 @@ its optional vowel component, giving <STRONG>rukas</STRONG>, or the suffix can be reversed to give <STRONG>ruksa</STRONG>. Such reversals are permitted under certain circumstances such as when the suffix is word-final, as is the case - here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldnt the -<STRONG>ks</STRONG>- + here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldn’t the -<STRONG>ks</STRONG>- conjunct in <STRONG>ruksa</STRONG> once again be mistaken for the Grade 4 mutation of <STRONG>s</STRONG> as it was in <STRONG>ruks</STRONG>? In this case, the answer is no because there is no other reason for the final -<STRONG>a</STRONG> to be there. In words where a final vowel appears for no possible reason, then - it means it is the vocalic portion of a reversed suffix. However, + it means it is the vocalic portion of a “reversed” suffix. However, one must be certain there is not another reason for the final vowel. For example, - in the word <STRONG>ruks</STRONG>, one might be tempted to interpret + in the word <STRONG>ďruksá</STRONG>, one might be tempted to interpret the final vowel as being the vocalic portion of a reversed -<STRONG>(a)s</STRONG> suffix, however, in fact this word represents the word <STRONG>rus</STRONG> with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical <STRONG>s</STRONG>, declined into the <FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT> perspective, a morphological category shown by - ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., extra) - vowel, in this case, the word-initial <STRONG>- </STRONG>(see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o3o3">Secs. + ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., “extra”) + vowel, in this case, the word-initial <STRONG>ď- </STRONG>(see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o3o3">Secs. 2.7.3.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</A>).</P> <H3 align="justify"><BR> 7.5.1 Multiple Affixation</H3> @@ -521,9 +521,9 @@ is phonaesthetically impermissible or it causes ambiguity over the interpretation of C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> (i.e., the prefix + C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> conjunct could be misinterpreted as one of the mutational grades of that or a different - C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -<STRONG></STRONG>- + C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -<STRONG>ď</STRONG>- must be inserted between the prefixed consonant and the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> - consonant. For example <STRONG>s</STRONG> + <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>skuil</STRONG>, + consonant. For example <STRONG>s</STRONG> + <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>sďkuil</STRONG>, not <STRONG>skuil</STRONG>, since the <STRONG>sk</STRONG>- initial conjunct of the latter would be misinterpreted as the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical of an entirely different stem. </P> @@ -532,18 +532,18 @@ portion is suffixed to the stem in word-final position (and therefore its word-final form) in a manner so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted as being associated with another suffix. Thus <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>es</STRONG>, if prefixed, - becomes <STRONG>skuilei</STRONG>. For prefixed consonants which do not + becomes <STRONG>sďkuilei</STRONG>. For prefixed consonants which do not cause confusion over the interpretation of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical, these can be directly adjoined to the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical, preceded - by a word-initial <STRONG></STRONG>- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., + by a word-initial <STRONG>ď</STRONG>- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., <STRONG>guil</STRONG> + <STRONG>uj</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>jguilu</STRONG>, - while <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>up</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>pkuilu</STRONG>. + while <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>up</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>ďpkuilu</STRONG>. </P> -<P align="justify">Note that forms such as <STRONG>skuilei</STRONG> and - <STRONG>pkuilu</STRONG> above are considered highly affected morphological - forms, since their standard forms are far more euphonically desirable +<P align="justify">Note that forms such as <STRONG>sďkuilei</STRONG> and + <STRONG>ďpkuilu</STRONG> above are considered highly affected morphological + forms, since their “standard” forms are far more euphonically desirable (i.e., <STRONG>kuiles</STRONG> and <STRONG>kuilpu</STRONG>). In such cases, - these affected prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing + these “affected” prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing or highlighting the affix as having exaggerated significance.</P> <H3 align="justify"><BR> 7.6.2 Rules for Formatives With Vocalic Prefixes</H3> @@ -557,14 +557,14 @@ affix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o1">Sec. 5.1</A>). The vocalic portion of the consonantal affix which indicates the degree of the affix is suffixed in word-final position so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted - as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, <STRONG>woikl</STRONG> - + <STRONG>uc</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>woicklu</STRONG>. If placement + as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, <STRONG>woikâl</STRONG> + + <STRONG>uc</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>woickâlu</STRONG>. If placement of the vocalic suffix indicating degree results in ambiguity as to which consonantal affix it applies to, then prefixation of the consonantal affix is not permitted. - For example, the form <STRONG>bdortui</STRONG> would be impermissible - because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to <STRONG>dorta+bui</STRONG>, - <STRONG>dora+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>t+bui</STRONG>, or - <STRONG>dora+tui+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>b</STRONG>.</P> + For example, the form <STRONG>ébdortui</STRONG> would be impermissible + because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to <STRONG>édorta+bui</STRONG>, + <STRONG>édora+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>t+bui</STRONG>, or + <STRONG>édora+tui+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>b</STRONG>.</P> <P> </P> <DIV align="justify"> @@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">any (number - of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive any]; in + of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive “any”]; in any manner</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> @@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this X or that; a certain X or more; in this way or that [identity almost known - choices limited]</FONT></TD> + – choices limited]</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> @@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some few/a - few certain ; in a few certain ways</FONT></TD> + few certain … ; in a few certain ways</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> @@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ <H3> 7.7.2 Deictic Affixes</H3> <P align="justify">Deictic affixes refer to the grammatical process of <STRONG>deixis</STRONG>, the act of pointing to or pointing out. The affixes correspond to the different - variants of the concepts of here and there. In Ithkuil, + variants of the concepts of ‘here’ and ‘there.’ In Ithkuil, distinctions are made in these affixes as to whether a referent is near the speaker, near the listener, distant from both, whether it is observable or accessible, and in some case, whether it is alienable or inalienable (i.e., whether the @@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ </P> <TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG></STRONG></TD> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG>’</STRONG></TD> <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DEX</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="82%">Deixis Categories</TD> </TR> @@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ <P> </P> <TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG></STRONG></TD> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG>’</STRONG></TD> <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DXX</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="82%">More Deixis Categories</TD> </TR> @@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ <P> </P> <TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>c</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>c’</STRONG></FONT></TD> <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SQC</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="82%">Sequence of Cause and Effect</TD> </TR> @@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and / also - / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ whats more</FONT></TD> + / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> @@ -1261,17 +1261,17 @@ <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still / - nevertheless / however (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)</FONT></TD> + nevertheless / however — (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">besides - / not just . . . but also / in addition to X also </FONT></TD> + / not just . . . but also / in addition to X… also </FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">even / - or even / still [e.g., thicker still]</FONT></TD> + or even / … still [e.g., thicker still]</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> @@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ <TR> <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">however - / on the other hand (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent + / on the other hand — (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent conflict)</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> @@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -<P align="left"><FONT size="-1">2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt +<P align="left"><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </FONT></P> <P align="left"> </P> |