From d2da853b9eb430679e7238b93996f8e4651a39c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: uakci Date: Sat, 19 Dec 2020 04:55:30 +0100 Subject: fixed encoding --- 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html | 178 ++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-) mode change 100755 => 100644 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html (limited to '2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html') diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html old mode 100755 new mode 100644 index 43b5631..c75356f --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html @@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ degrees. It is the combination of affix-type and degree which determines the vowel infix which accompanies each consonantal suffix. For example, the suffix -nt of Type 1 takes the following forms for its nine degrees: - -int, -ent, -nt, -nt, (a)nt, - -nt, -nt, -ont, -unt. Compare this to the same affix -nt - of Type 2, whose nine forms are: -nt, -nt, -nt, - -nt, -uint, -nt, -nt, -nt, -nt; and + -int, -ent, -änt, -önt, (a)nt, + -ünt, -ďnt, -ont, -unt. Compare this to the same affix -nt + of Type 2, whose nine forms are: -înt, -ęnt, -ânt, + -řnt, -uint, -˙nt, -ënt, -ônt, -űnt; and the suffix -nt of Type 3, whose nine forms are: -ient, - -int, -iunt, -iont, -int, -unt, -uont, -unt, -uent. + -iënt, -iunt, -iont, -iänt, -uänt, -uont, -uënt, -uent. These vowel infixes for suffixes are shown in Table 21 below (this table already appeared in Chapter 2 as Table 9; it is repeated here for convenience).

@@ -169,40 +169,40 @@ 1
-iC
-Cai
-
-C
-
-Ci
+
-îC
+
-Cëi
-ieC
-
-Ca
+
-Caď
Degree 2
-eC
-Cei
-
-C / -eiC
+
-ęC / -eiC
-Ceu
-
-iC
-
-Ce
+
-iëC
+
-Ceď
Degree 3 -
-C / -aeC
+
-äC / -aeC
-Cia
-
-C /-aiC
-
-C
+
-âC /-aiC
+
-Câ
-iuC
-
-Ci
+
-Ciď
Degree 4 -
-C
+
-öC
-Cua
-
-C / -euC
+
-řC / -euC
-Ciu
-ioC
-
-Co
+
-Coď
Degree @@ -211,52 +211,52 @@
-Ca
-uiC
-Cui
-
-iC
-
-Cu
+
-iäC
+
-Cuď
Degree 6 -
-C / -uC
-
-C
-
-C / -auC
+
-üC / -ëuC
+
-Cü
+
-˙C / -auC
-Cau
-
-uC
-
-Ci
+
-uäC
+
-Cäi
Degree 7 -
-C / -iC
-
-C
-
-C
-
-Cu
+
-ďC / -ëiC
+
-Cď
+
-ëC
+
-Cëu
-uoC
-
-Ci
+
-Cöi
Degree 8
-oC
-Coi
-
-C / -oiC / -ouC
+
-ôC / -oiC / -ouC
-Cou
-
-uC
-
-Cu
+
-uëC
+
-Cäu
Degree 9
-uC
-Cu
-
-C
-
-C
+
-űC
+
-Cű
-ueC
-
-Cu
+
-Cöu

-

NOTE: For convenience sake, when referring to a particular +

NOTE: For convenience’ sake, when referring to a particular affix of specific type and degree, we will use the notation in the paragraph above, followed by a slash and a number indicating the degree. Thus, the affix -nt of Type 1 and 4th degree will be written -V1nt/4, @@ -281,23 +281,23 @@ affix types but again convey a different overall connotation on the words to which they are affixed.

For example, the Type 1 suffix -ej (or -jei), - i.e., -V1j/2, means hardly any - (of) as in the word qumji hardly - any persons, while its Type 2 counterpart -j + i.e., -V1j/2, means ‘hardly any + (of)…’ as in the word qumjéi ‘hardly + any persons,’ while its Type 2 counterpart -ęj (or -jeu), i.e., -V2j/2, - has the completely different meaning of somewhat like/sort of like - as in qumju sort of like some persons. + has the completely different meaning of ‘somewhat like/sort of like…’ + as in qumjéu ‘sort of like some persons.’ Compare this, however, to the Type 1 suffix -up (or -pu), i.e., -V1p/9, and its Type 2 counterpart - -p (or -p), i.e., -V2p/9, - which both mean exactly similar to/identical, the + -űp (or -pű), i.e., -V2p/9, + which both mean ‘exactly similar to…/identical…,’ the difference in usage being that the Type 1 affix conveys merely a circumstantial or incidental similarity, while the Type 2 suffix implies that the similarity is an integral aspect of the word. In English, such a distinction would most likely be conveyed by using a different word. For example, note the difference - when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word qum person: - qumpu means identical-looking person, whereas - qump means twin. In this way, we can say + when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word qum ‘person’: + qumpu means ‘identical-looking person,’ whereas + qumpű means ‘twin.’ In this way, we can say that the suffix -Vp with Type 1 vocalic infixes conveys a circumstantial application of its meaning to a stem, while with Type 2 vocalic infixes, it conveys a derivational application of its meaning (i.e., wholly new concepts @@ -321,17 +321,17 @@ can be used to modify another suffix (usually the one following, unless there are only two affixes on the stem, in which case the suffix order is irrelevant); this is done by using Type 3 vocalic infixes. For example, the suffix -Vd/5, - which means enough / sufficient(ly), can be used both circumstantially + which means ‘enough / sufficient(ly),’ can be used both circumstantially (using Type 1 infixes) and derivationally (using Type 2 infixes) to modify a stem, or can be used to modify only the adjacent suffix (using Type 3 infixes). This is illustrated below:

-

qumad (or qumda): a - sufficient person (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)
- qumuid (or qumdui): a recruit +

qumad (or qumda): ‘a + sufficient person’ (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)
+ qumuid (or qumdui): ‘a recruit’ (i.e., one able to meet performance or entry requirements)
- qumxdu (or qumidx): - a sufficiently large person (where suffix -V1x/6 - = large)

+ qumüxduď (or qumiädüx): + ‘a sufficiently large person’ (where suffix -V1x/6 + = ‘large’)

 

@@ -343,12 +343,12 @@

All in all, there are five different patterns in which the meanings/functions of affixes are distributed. There are those like -ej - and -j above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely + and -ęj above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely different than that of Type 2. We will label these classes of affixes V1C affixes and V2C affixes respectively, as they represent two totally independent affixes.

Additionally there are those like -up and - -p which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function + -űp which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function that alternates between Type 1 and Type 2 infixes to distinguish a circumstantial versus a derivational aspect in the stem to which they are affixed. We will label such affixes V0C suffixes.

@@ -444,20 +444,20 @@ its optional vowel component, giving rukas, or the suffix can be reversed to give ruksa. Such reversals are permitted under certain circumstances such as when the suffix is word-final, as is the case - here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldnt the -ks- + here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldn’t the -ks- conjunct in ruksa once again be mistaken for the Grade 4 mutation of s as it was in ruks? In this case, the answer is no because there is no other reason for the final -a to be there. In words where a final vowel appears for no possible reason, then - it means it is the vocalic portion of a reversed suffix. However, + it means it is the vocalic portion of a “reversed” suffix. However, one must be certain there is not another reason for the final vowel. For example, - in the word ruks, one might be tempted to interpret + in the word ďruksá, one might be tempted to interpret the final vowel as being the vocalic portion of a reversed -(a)s suffix, however, in fact this word represents the word rus with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical s, declined into the ABSTRACT perspective, a morphological category shown by - ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., extra) - vowel, in this case, the word-initial - (see Secs. + ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., “extra”) + vowel, in this case, the word-initial ď- (see Secs. 2.7.3.3 and 3.3.4).


7.5.1 Multiple Affixation

@@ -521,9 +521,9 @@ is phonaesthetically impermissible or it causes ambiguity over the interpretation of C1 (i.e., the prefix + C1 conjunct could be misinterpreted as one of the mutational grades of that or a different - C1 radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -- + C1 radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -ď- must be inserted between the prefixed consonant and the C1 - consonant. For example s + kuil becomes skuil, + consonant. For example s + kuil becomes sďkuil, not skuil, since the sk- initial conjunct of the latter would be misinterpreted as the C1 radical of an entirely different stem.

@@ -532,18 +532,18 @@ portion is suffixed to the stem in word-final position (and therefore its word-final form) in a manner so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted as being associated with another suffix. Thus kuil + es, if prefixed, - becomes skuilei. For prefixed consonants which do not + becomes sďkuilei. For prefixed consonants which do not cause confusion over the interpretation of the C1 radical, these can be directly adjoined to the C1 radical, preceded - by a word-initial - if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., + by a word-initial ď- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., guil + uj becomes jguilu, - while kuil + up becomes pkuilu. + while kuil + up becomes ďpkuilu.

-

Note that forms such as skuilei and - pkuilu above are considered highly affected morphological - forms, since their standard forms are far more euphonically desirable +

Note that forms such as sďkuilei and + ďpkuilu above are considered highly affected morphological + forms, since their “standard” forms are far more euphonically desirable (i.e., kuiles and kuilpu). In such cases, - these affected prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing + these “affected” prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing or highlighting the affix as having exaggerated significance.


7.6.2 Rules for Formatives With Vocalic Prefixes

@@ -557,14 +557,14 @@ affix (see Sec. 5.1). The vocalic portion of the consonantal affix which indicates the degree of the affix is suffixed in word-final position so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted - as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, woikl - + uc becomes woicklu. If placement + as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, woikâl + + uc becomes woickâlu. If placement of the vocalic suffix indicating degree results in ambiguity as to which consonantal affix it applies to, then prefixation of the consonantal affix is not permitted. - For example, the form bdortui would be impermissible - because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to dorta+bui, - dora+(a)t+bui, or - dora+tui+(a)b.

+ For example, the form ébdortui would be impermissible + because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to édorta+bui, + édora+(a)t+bui, or + édora+tui+(a)b.

 

@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ Degree 1 any (number - of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive any]; in + of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive “any”]; in any manner @@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ Degree 5 this X or that; a certain X or more; in this way or that [identity almost known - choices limited] + – choices limited] Degree 6 @@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ Degree 3 some few/a - few certain ; in a few certain ways + few certain … ; in a few certain ways Degree 4 @@ -913,7 +913,7 @@

7.7.2 Deictic Affixes

Deictic affixes refer to the grammatical process of deixis, the act of pointing to or pointing out. The affixes correspond to the different - variants of the concepts of here and there. In Ithkuil, + variants of the concepts of ‘here’ and ‘there.’ In Ithkuil, distinctions are made in these affixes as to whether a referent is near the speaker, near the listener, distant from both, whether it is observable or accessible, and in some case, whether it is alienable or inalienable (i.e., whether the @@ -921,7 +921,7 @@

- + @@ -975,7 +975,7 @@

 

-V1-V1’
DEX
 Deixis Categories
- + @@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@

 

-V2-V2’
DXX
 More Deixis Categories
- + @@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ + / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more @@ -1261,17 +1261,17 @@ + nevertheless / however — (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction) + / not just . . . but also / in addition to X… also + or even / … still [e.g., thicker still] @@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ @@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@
-V0c-V0c’
SQC
 Sequence of Cause and Effect
Degree 2 and / also - / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ whats more
Degree 3
Degree 1 still / - nevertheless / however (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)
Degree 2 besides - / not just . . . but also / in addition to X also
Degree 3 even / - or even / still [e.g., thicker still]
Degree 4
Degree 7 however - / on the other hand (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent + / on the other hand — (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent conflict)
Revised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
-

2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt +

©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website.

 

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