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<TITLE>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 7: Using Affixes</TITLE>
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<DIV align="center"><FONT color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ithkuil:
A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</STRONG></FONT><BR>
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<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a
Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9
Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10
Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1
Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6
More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11
The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2
Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html">7a
Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12
The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3
Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The
Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4
Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8
Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
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<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<H2 align="center">Chapter 7: Using Affixes</H2>
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<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="257"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o1">7.1 Distinction in Suffixes
by Affix-Type</A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5">7.5 Morpho-Phonological
Rules for Suffixation</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o2">7.2 Suffixes Modifying Other Suffixes</A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o6">7.6 Rules for Optional
Prefixation </A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o3">7.3 The Five Affix Classes</A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">7.7 List of Affixes</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o4">7.4 Personal Reference Suffixes</A></FONT></TD>
<TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="Ch-7%20Using%20Affixes%20Contd.html">Sec.
7.7 Continued</A></FONT></TD>
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<P align="justify"><BR>
All Ithkuil formatives are capable of taking various consonant-based
affixes. Like affixes in other languages, these are used to modify the stem
in a variety of ways and to derive new concepts. In Ithkuil, such affixes usually
appear as suffixes (i.e., are added sequentially following the stem), however,
it is possible for Ithkuil affixes to optionally appear as prefixes (i.e., added
on to the front of a stem) under certain circumstances. It is for this reason
these morphological elements are referred to as affixes and not more specifically
as prefixes or suffixes. Nevertheless, the rules for prefixation of Ithkuil
affixes are subordinate and secondary to the rules for suffixation. Therefore,
in the following discussion I will first describe the rules for using Ithkuil
affixes as suffixes, followed by a section on the options for prefixation.</P>
<P align="justify">The morpho-phonological structure of suffixes (how they are
formed from consonants and vowels) has already been briefly discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7">Section
2.7</A>. This chapter will describe the actual function of the particular affixes
themselves.</P>
<P align="justify">There are 153 different consonantal suffix categories, each
of which divides into the nine degrees previously discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Section
2.7.2</A> giving a total of 1377 distinct suffixes. As described in that section,
each degree of a suffix has a distinct meaning, often representing a point along
a continuum in terms of how much or how little the underlying semantic sense
of the affix category is being manifested by the particular formative. </P>
<P align="justify">It is important to remember that, since all morpho-semantic
stems are both nominal and verbal in meaning, all suffixes to a stem have both
a nominal and a verbal meaning. Therefore, the choice whether to translate the
suffixes below into their nominal or verbal meaning is entirely dependent on
the morpho-syntactical structure of the word within the context of its use in
a phrase or sentence as a whole. </P>
<P align="justify">We have seen in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7">Section
2.7</A> that consonantal suffixes fall into three affix-types, each having nine
degrees. It is the combination of affix-type and degree which determines the
vowel infix which accompanies each consonantal suffix. For example, the suffix
-<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 1 takes the following forms for its nine degrees:
<STRONG>-int, -ent, -änt, -önt, </STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>nt,
-ünt, -ďnt, -ont, -unt</STRONG>. Compare this to the same affix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG>
of Type 2, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-înt, -ęnt, -ânt,
-řnt, -uint, -˙nt, -ënt, -ônt, -űnt</STRONG>; and
the suffix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 3, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-ient,
-iënt, -iunt, -iont, -iänt, -uänt, -uont, -uënt, -uent</STRONG>.
These vowel infixes for suffixes are shown in Table 21 below (this table already
appeared in Chapter 2 as Table 9; it is repeated here for convenience).</P>
<P></P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 21:
Vocalic Infixes for Consonantal Suffixes by Affix Type </FONT></STRONG></P>
<TABLE width="80%" border="1" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="12%" rowspan="2"> </TD>
<TD colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix
Type 1: -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix
Type 2: -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix
Type 3: -V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="18%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard
form </FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional
reversed form</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="21%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard
form </FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional
reversed form</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="13%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard
form </FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional
reversed form</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
1</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-iC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cai</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-îC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cëi</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ieC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Caď</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
2</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-eC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cei</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ęC / -eiC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ceu </DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-iëC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ceď</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
3</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-äC / -aeC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cia</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-âC /-aiC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Câ</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-iuC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ciď</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
4</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-öC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cua</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-řC / -euC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ciu</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ioC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Coď</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
5</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-(a)C</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ca</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-uiC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cui</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-iäC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cuď</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
6</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-üC / -ëuC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cü</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-˙C / -auC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cau</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-uäC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cäi</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
7</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ďC / -ëiC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cď</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ëC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cëu</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-uoC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cöi</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
8</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-oC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Coi</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ôC / -oiC / -ouC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cou</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-uëC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cäu</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree
9</FONT></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-uC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-űC</DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cű</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center">-ueC </DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cöu</DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"></P>
<P align="justify">NOTE: For convenience’ sake, when referring to a particular
affix of specific type and degree, we will use the notation in the paragraph
above, followed by a slash and a number indicating the degree. Thus, the affix
-<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 1 and 4th degree will be written <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>nt/4</STRONG>,
while the affix -<STRONG>r</STRONG> of Type 3 and 8th degree would be written
<STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>r/8</STRONG>, and so forth.</P>
<P> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD height="26"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.1 DISTINCTION IN SUFFIXES BY
AFFIX-TYPE<A name="Sec7o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">The meaning and usage of each affix by type is particular to
each individual affix. For example, some affixes of Type 1 have a completely
different meaning than their Type 2 or Type 3 counterparts, while other affixes
can be used as both Type 1 or Type 2 with the affix having the same meaning
but conveying a different effect on the overall connotation of the word to which
they are affixed. Still other affixes retain their meaning across all three
affix types but again convey a different overall connotation on the words to
which they are affixed. </P>
<P align="justify">For example, the Type 1 suffix -<STRONG>ej</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>jei</STRONG>),
i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>j/2</STRONG>, means ‘hardly any
(of)…’ as in the word <STRONG>qumjéi</STRONG> ‘hardly
any persons,’ while its Type 2 counterpart -<STRONG>ęj</STRONG>
(or -<STRONG>jeu</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>j/2</STRONG>,
has the completely different meaning of ‘somewhat like/sort of like…’
as in <STRONG>qumjéu</STRONG> ‘sort of like some persons.’
Compare this, however, to the Type 1 suffix -<STRONG>up</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>pu</STRONG>),
i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>p/9</STRONG>, and its Type 2 counterpart
-<STRONG>űp</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>pű</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>p/9</STRONG>,
which both mean ‘exactly similar to…/identical…,’ the
difference in usage being that the Type 1 affix conveys merely a circumstantial
or incidental similarity, while the Type 2 suffix implies that the similarity
is an integral aspect of the word. In English, such a distinction would most
likely be conveyed by using a different word. For example, note the difference
when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word <STRONG>qum</STRONG> ‘person’:
<STRONG>qumpu</STRONG> means ‘identical-looking person,’ whereas
<STRONG>qumpű</STRONG> means ‘twin.’ In this way, we can say
that the suffix -<STRONG>Vp</STRONG> with Type 1 vocalic infixes conveys a circumstantial
application of its meaning to a stem, while with Type 2 vocalic infixes, it
conveys a derivational application of its meaning (i.e., wholly new concepts
or words are derived from the stem).</P>
<P> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.2 SUFFIXES MODIFYING OTHER SUFFIXES<A name="Sec7o2"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">In addition to the patterns of suffix usage described above,
there is another class of suffixes which not only can be used to distinguish
a circumstantial versus derivational aspect like -<STRONG>Vp</STRONG> above,
but can also be used to modify an adjacent suffix rather than the stem. This
is somewhat analogous to the way that adverbs can be used to modify descriptive
adjectives in English. For example, in the phrase <EM>suddenly blue sky</EM>,
it is the blueness that is sudden, not the sky. In Ithkuil, certain suffixes
can be used to modify another suffix (usually the one following, unless there
are only two affixes on the stem, in which case the suffix order is irrelevant);
this is done by using Type 3 vocalic infixes. For example, the suffix -<STRONG>Vd/5</STRONG>,
which means ‘enough / sufficient(ly),’ can be used both circumstantially
(using Type 1 infixes) and derivationally (using Type 2 infixes) to modify a
stem, or can be used to modify only the adjacent suffix (using Type 3 infixes).
This is illustrated below:</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>qumad</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumda</STRONG>): ‘a
sufficient person’ (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)<BR>
<STRONG>qumuid</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumdui</STRONG>): ‘a recruit’
(i.e., one able to meet performance or entry requirements)<BR>
<STRONG>qumüxduď</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumiädüx</STRONG>):
‘a sufficiently large person’ (where suffix <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>x/6</STRONG>
= ‘large’)</P>
<P> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.3 THE FIVE AFFIX CLASSES<A name="Sec7o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">All in all, there are five different patterns in which the
meanings/functions of affixes are distributed. There are those like -<STRONG>ej</STRONG>
and -<STRONG>ęj</STRONG> above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely
different than that of Type 2. We will label these classes of affixes <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG>
affixes and <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG> affixes respectively,
as they represent two totally independent affixes. </P>
<P align="justify">Additionally there are those like -<STRONG>up</STRONG> and
-<STRONG>űp</STRONG> which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function
that alternates between Type 1 and Type 2 infixes to distinguish a circumstantial
versus a derivational aspect in the stem to which they are affixed. We will
label such affixes <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG> suffixes. </P>
<P align="justify">Then there are suffixes like -<STRONG>(a)d/-uid/-iad</STRONG>
shown above which alternate the circumstantial/derivational distinction using
Type 1 versus Type 2 infixes, but then go a step further by using Type 3 vocalic
infixes to indicate modification of an adjacent suffix; we will label these
<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG> suffixes. </P>
<P align="justify">Lastly there is a class of suffixes labeled <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG>
suffixes; this class of suffix operates like a <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG>
suffix (i.e., an independent affix which modifies the stem circumstantially,
but not derivationally) but then also uses Type 2 infixes to apply the same
meaning to the adjacent affix, similarly to the use of Type 3 infixes for <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG>
suffixes.</P>
<P align="justify">These five classes of affixes are summarized below:</P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="79%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="12%"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="88%"><DIV align="justify">Takes Type 1 vocalic infixes only.
Can be either circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both),
depending on the particular affix.</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">Takes Type 2 vocalic infixes only. Can be either
circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), depending
on the particular affix.</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes. Use
of Type 1 infix means affix applies circumstantially to the particular
instance of the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix is derivational
and generates an emergent concept for the stem constituting a new semantic
whole.</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes, but
use is circumstantial only, not derivational. Use of Type 1 infix means
affix aplies the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix applies to
the adjacent affix only.</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="31"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="justify">Same as <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG>
affixes where Type 1 infix operates circumstantially and Type 2 infix
operates derivationally; but also takes Type 3 vocalic infixes which
function to modify an adjacent affix (as with <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG>
suffixes when using Type 2 infixes)</DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.4 PERSONAL REFERENCE SUFFIXES<A name="Sec7o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">There is one additional class of suffixes which must await
analysis until the next chapter on adjuncts. In <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec.
8.1</A> we will encounter a type of adjunct known as a personal reference adjunct
which roughly corresponds to the function of personal pronouns in Western languages.
These adjuncts come in two types: single-referent and dual-referent. We will
see that the 46 single-referent adjuncts have corresponding suffix forms which
utilize Type 3 vocalic infix patterns, and that the nine degrees associated
with each suffix correspond to nine specific nominal cases (specifically the
seven Associative cases described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4">Sec.
4.4</A> and two of the Appositive cases described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5">Sec.
4.5</A>). These suffixes will be discussed in detail in <A href="ithkuil-intro.htm#Sec8o1o5">Sec.
8.1.5</A>.</P>
<P> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD height="26"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.5 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL RULES
FOR SUFFIXATION<A name="Sec7o5"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">When adding suffixes to a stem, several factors affect how
suffixation takes place. For example, when adding the 5th degree suffix -<STRONG>(a)s</STRONG>
to the stem <STRONG>ruk</STRONG>, one cannot simply append the suffix directly
as in <STRONG>ruks</STRONG> because the resulting final consonant combination
of -<STRONG>ks</STRONG> would be misinterpreted as the Grade 4 mutation of the
C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical <STRONG>s</STRONG> (i.e., the reader would
misinterpret the word to be based on the stem <STRONG>rus</STRONG> instead of
<STRONG>ruk</STRONG>). In this case, there are two options. The suffix can take
its optional vowel component, giving <STRONG>rukas</STRONG>, or the suffix can
be reversed to give <STRONG>ruksa</STRONG>. Such reversals are permitted under
certain circumstances such as when the suffix is word-final, as is the case
here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldn’t the -<STRONG>ks</STRONG>-
conjunct in <STRONG>ruksa</STRONG> once again be mistaken for the Grade 4 mutation
of <STRONG>s</STRONG> as it was in <STRONG>ruks</STRONG>? In this case, the
answer is no because there is no other reason for the final -<STRONG>a</STRONG>
to be there. In words where a final vowel appears for no possible reason, then
it means it is the vocalic portion of a “reversed” suffix. However,
one must be certain there is not another reason for the final vowel. For example,
in the word <STRONG>ďruksá</STRONG>, one might be tempted to interpret
the final vowel as being the vocalic portion of a reversed -<STRONG>(a)s</STRONG>
suffix, however, in fact this word represents the word <STRONG>rus</STRONG>
with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical <STRONG>s</STRONG>, declined into the
<FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT> perspective, a morphological category shown by
ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., “extra”)
vowel, in this case, the word-initial <STRONG>ď- </STRONG>(see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o3o3">Secs.
2.7.3.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</A>).</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
7.5.1 Multiple Affixation</H3>
<P align="justify">When adding two or more suffixes to a stem, the suffixes generally
can be added to the stem in any order desired, with the exception of suffixes
which modify an adjacent suffix (i.e., <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG>
suffixes utilizing Type 2 vocalic infixes and <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG>
suffixes utilizing Type 3 vocalic infixes). Such suffixes must immediately precede
the suffix they are modifying, unless they are in word-final position, in which
case they modify the immediately preceding suffix. </P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
7.5.2 Reversal of Suffixes<A name="Sec7o5o2"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">As mentioned above, the form of a suffix can be optionally
reversed from vowel+consonant to consonant+vowel under certain circumstances.
The main reason for reversing suffixes is for euphonic purposes to preserve
a CVC format for the stressed syllable whenever possible (see <A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec.
1.4.5</A>). We have seen in the example ruksa above, that such reversals are
possible when a suffix is in word-final position if it will not cause confusion
regarding interpretation of any resulting consonantal conjunct. The same is
true of suffix reversals within a word as well, i.e., the reversal is permissible
as long as the reversal does not cause ambiguity in interpreting which vowels
go with which consonant, or that a resulting consonant conjunct is misinterpreted
as a biconsonantal suffix form or C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. For example,
the stem <STRONG>peix</STRONG> plus the two suffixes -<STRONG>(a)r</STRONG>
(-<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>r/5</STRONG>) and -<STRONG>uic</STRONG> (-<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>c/5</STRONG>)
can be realized either as <STRONG>peixruic, peixarcui, peixuicra, peixcuira,
peixracui</STRONG> or <STRONG>peixuicar</STRONG> . However, the stem <STRONG>stis</STRONG>
plus the two suffixes -<STRONG>(a)k</STRONG> and -<STRONG>(a)t</STRONG> (-<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>k/5</STRONG>
and -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>t/5</STRONG>) can only be realized as <STRONG>stisatka,
stisatak</STRONG> or <STRONG>stisakat</STRONG>, since the forms <STRONG>stiskat</STRONG>,
<STRONG>stistak</STRONG>, or <STRONG>stisakt</STRONG> could be respectively
misinterpreted as <STRONG>stisk+at</STRONG>, <STRONG>stist+ak</STRONG>, and
<STRONG>stis+akt</STRONG>.</P>
<P> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="97%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD height="26"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.6 RULES FOR OPTIONAL PREFIXATION<A name="Sec7o6"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">Under a certain narrow range of circumstances, a formative
may have one consonantal affix appear as a prefix to the stem rather than being
suffixed. The sole reason for doing so is for euphonic purposes, either to decrease
the number of syllables or to avoid euphonically awkward combinations of consonants
and vowels among the suffixes to the stem. Because of the morpho-phonological
restrictions on consonantal prefixation as described below, prefixes are uncommon.
</P>
<P align="justify">The rules for optional prefixation depend on whether or not
the formative has a word-initial vocalic prefix (i.e., the Affiliation/Extension
[+ Conflation] prefix as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o2">Sections
3.2</A>, <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">3.4</A>, and
<A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o3">5.3</A>. These two possibilities
are each detailed in the sections which follow.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
7.6.1 Prefixation Rules for Formatives Without Vocalic Prefixes</H3>
<P align="justify">If the formative is a noun with no word-initial vocalic Affiliation/Extension
prefix, then the consonant is placed in word-initial position before the C1
radical. If the resulting consonantal conjunct (with the C1 consonantal form)
is phonaesthetically impermissible or it causes ambiguity over the interpretation
of C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> (i.e., the prefix + C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> conjunct
could be misinterpreted as one of the mutational grades of that or a different
C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -<STRONG>ď</STRONG>-
must be inserted between the prefixed consonant and the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
consonant. For example <STRONG>s</STRONG> + <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>sďkuil</STRONG>,
not <STRONG>skuil</STRONG>, since the <STRONG>sk</STRONG>- initial conjunct
of the latter would be misinterpreted as the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical
of an entirely different stem. </P>
<P align="justify">As for the vocalic portion of the affix (the portion which
indicates which of nine degrees is to be associated with the affix), the vocalic
portion is suffixed to the stem in word-final position (and therefore its word-final
form) in a manner so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted as being associated
with another suffix. Thus <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>es</STRONG>, if prefixed,
becomes <STRONG>sďkuilei</STRONG>. For prefixed consonants which do not
cause confusion over the interpretation of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical,
these can be directly adjoined to the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical, preceded
by a word-initial <STRONG>ď</STRONG>- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g.,
<STRONG>guil</STRONG> + <STRONG>uj</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>jguilu</STRONG>,
while <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>up</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>ďpkuilu</STRONG>.
</P>
<P align="justify">Note that forms such as <STRONG>sďkuilei</STRONG> and
<STRONG>ďpkuilu</STRONG> above are considered highly affected morphological
forms, since their “standard” forms are far more euphonically desirable
(i.e., <STRONG>kuiles</STRONG> and <STRONG>kuilpu</STRONG>). In such cases,
these “affected” prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing
or highlighting the affix as having exaggerated significance.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
7.6.2 Rules for Formatives With Vocalic Prefixes</H3>
<P align="justify">For formatives that are either verbs or nouns with a vocalic
Affiliation/Extension prefix, the rules for consonantal prefixation are more
constrained, as no forms using an anaptyctic vowel are permitted. The consonantal
affix is infixed between the word-initial vocalic prefix of the formative and
the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical. This is only permissible if the infix
does not cause ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting consonant conjunct,
i.e., it will not be confused with either a different radical or an Illocution
affix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o1">Sec. 5.1</A>). The
vocalic portion of the consonantal affix which indicates the degree of the affix
is suffixed in word-final position so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted
as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, <STRONG>woikâl</STRONG>
+ <STRONG>uc</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>woickâlu</STRONG>. If placement
of the vocalic suffix indicating degree results in ambiguity as to which consonantal
affix it applies to, then prefixation of the consonantal affix is not permitted.
For example, the form <STRONG>ébdortui</STRONG> would be impermissible
because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to <STRONG>édorta+bui</STRONG>,
<STRONG>édora+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>t+bui</STRONG>, or
<STRONG>édora+tui+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>b</STRONG>.</P>
<P> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD height="26">
<P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.7 LIST OF AFFIXES</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec7o7"></A></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">The 153 affix categories are given in the sections which follow.
Each affix indicates which of the five classes of affixes it belongs (<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C,
V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C, V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C, V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C,
</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or<STRONG> V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT>),
the consonant-form associated with it, its overall function, its three-letter
label used in morphological analysis, and the meaning or translation of each
of its nine degrees. For most degrees, a nominal and verbal meaning is given.
</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
7.7.1 Demonstrative Affixes</H3>
<P align="justify">These affixes correspond to various determiners and modifying
adjectives in English having to do with denoting or identifying a noun within
a larger context or discourse.</P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kt</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DEF</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Degree Of Definiteness</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">any (number
of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive “any”]; in
any manner</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">almost
any; in almost any (number of) way(s)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some X
or other; in some way or other</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some certain
X ; in some certain way [identity unknown]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this X
or that; a certain X or more; in this way or that [identity almost known
– choices limited]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a certain
/ a particular; in a certain or particular way [identity ascertainable]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">presumably
this/that; apparently this X ; in that way presumably [tentatively identified]
</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this/that/said;
in said manner/(in) that way [identity known]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">at hand/under
discussion/this one now/instant; in this manner [identity = present context]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P><TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kt</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>INL</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Degree Of Discretion</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">announced/advertised/heralded;
w/ public disclosure</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">open &
well-known; with full public knowledge</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">open/public;
for all to see/publicly/openly </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shown,
open, or available by request/ by request</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">semi-public(ly),
exclusive(ly)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">own/personal;
personally</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">own private;
privately </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">secret;
secretly</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">confidential/classified</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle"></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>INL</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Degree Of Inclusion</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">not a(ny),
not one, no X whatsoever, none of X; in no such manner </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">hardly
any, barely any X; in hardly any such manner</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some few/a
few certain … ; in a few certain ways</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some (of)/certain
. . .; in certain ways</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">several
/ more than a few / various / in various ways / in several different ways</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a significant
portion of/a fair number of; in a fair number of ways</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">most/in
most ways</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">almost
every; in almost every way</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">each/every;
in each way</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle"></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>EXT</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Exactness of Identity / Identity As a Referent Or Standard</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nothing
like that X; nothing like that ; in no way similar</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat
like that X; somewhat so</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearly
or almost that X; nearly or almost so</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just about
. . . / for all intents and purposes</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kind of
/ type of / this sort of; typically</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">such (a);
in such a manner </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">clear (case
of); clearly / certainly / indeed[in negative sentences = no way / at all]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just like
that; just so, thus(ly)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the exact
X / the very (one); exactly thus / exactly so</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"><STRONG>s</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>FAM</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Degree Of Familiarity</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unknowable
/ alien; unable to even try X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">totally
unfamiliar; totally unaccustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unfamiliar;
unaccustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat
unfamiliar; somewhat unaccustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">only just
(recently) familiar; only just recently familiar to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat
familiar; somewhat accustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">familiar/known;
accustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">well-known
/ utterly familiar with / ingrained; inherently accustomed or used to X-ing</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">intimate
with; intimately involved with / intimately accustomed to</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SIM</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Degree Of Similarity</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">opposite;
as different as possible / at the other extreme</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">completely
different/dissimilar; in a totally different or dissimilar way</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">rather
different / barely similar / almost completely different or dissimilar;
in an almost completely different way</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">other [=different];
in another [=different] way</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat
different, only superficially similar; somewhat differently</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">similar
in the ways that count/similar down deep, some sort of X; similarly at deep
level</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">(somewhat)
similar, only superficially different, sort of like, something like, X-like;
similarly</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">very similar;
very similarly</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[exactly
the] same, indistinguishable from; in the [exactly] same way</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<H3> 7.7.2 Deictic Affixes</H3>
<P align="justify">Deictic affixes refer to the grammatical process of <STRONG>deixis</STRONG>,
the act of pointing to or pointing out. The affixes correspond to the different
variants of the concepts of ‘here’ and ‘there.’ In Ithkuil,
distinctions are made in these affixes as to whether a referent is near the
speaker, near the listener, distant from both, whether it is observable or accessible,
and in some case, whether it is alienable or inalienable (i.e., whether the
entity can be separated from the associated person).<BR>
</P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG>’</STRONG></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DEX</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Deixis Categories</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yonder
/ way over there somewhere / a long way away (not near anyone) [inaccessible
or unobservable] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">over there
somewhere (by third party) [inaccessible or observable]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there somewhere
(by listener) [inaccessible or observable] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here somewhere
(by speaker] [inaccessible or observable]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here (by
speaker and accessible] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here with
us (by speaker and listener and accessible] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there [by
listener and accessible] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there (by
third party, but accessible to speaker and listener) </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yonder
/ way over there [not near any party but accessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG>’</STRONG></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DXX</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">More Deixis Categories</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [inaccessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around
listener [inaccessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over the place / here
and there [inaccessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over / here & there
[observable but inaccessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker
[inalienable]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker
[alienable]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker/all over the place / here
and there [accessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around
listener [accessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread
out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [accessible]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="left"> </P>
<H3>7.7.3 Sequential Affixes<A name="Sec7o7o3"></A></H3>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nn</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SEQ</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Numerical Sequence</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first /
initial; first(ly) / first of all</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">second;
secondly</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">third;
thirdly </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still near
the beginning / not yet halfway</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the middle
one, in between (sequentially)/ just about halfway there</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearing
the end</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">third from
last; antepenultimately</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">next to
last; penultimately</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">last /
final; last(ly) / finally (in terms of sequence)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nn</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SQT</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Sequence Relative to Present Context</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">immediately
beforehand / first</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one before
preceding</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the former;
primarily</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">two before
preceding </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">current/at
hand; now/currently / at the moment [in sequence of events]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">second
one after next</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the latter;
secondarily </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one after
next</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">next /
following; then / next</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>c’</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SQC</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Sequence of Cause and Effect</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">originating;
originally / in the first place / initially / at the outset</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">preliminary;
preliminarily</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">preparatory
/ in preparation for / getting ready to</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">awaited;
waiting to/ waiting for [focus on imminency or sequential position, NOT
on anticipation] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">precursor
to; but just beforehand</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">based on
the preceding and setting the stage for what follows</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eventual
/ at last; at last / finally (result) </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">following
/...which follows; then subsequent to that / following that... </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">subsequent
/ consequent; then / so / thus / therefore </FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<H3> 7.7.4 Coordinative Affixes<A name="Sec7o7o4"></A></H3>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>w<BR>
</STRONG></FONT>or -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>y</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>COO</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Adjunctive Coordination</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">in conjunction
with / combined with / including X</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and / also
/ additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> . . .
and so forth / and so on / and all that/ and whatever else</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and at
the same time / and simultaneously</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and [all
in a series]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or [potentially
inclusive] = and/or</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">either
. . . or [exclusive or] / or else</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">. . . or
something else / or whatever / or whatever else</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">either
. . . or [exclusive or in a series] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify"> Degree 2 of this affix is used with FOCUS (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o5">Sec.
3.5</A>) to disambiguate a sentence like <EM>Our team defeated their team, too</EM>
[is our team on a winning streak or is their team on a losing streak?]<BR>
</P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>rr</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>CTR</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Contrastive Coordination</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still /
nevertheless / however — (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">besides
/ not just . . . but also / in addition to X… also </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">even /
or even / … still [e.g., thicker still]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or [= otherwise]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">as opposed
to / but not</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">but [qualifying]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">however
/ on the other hand — (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent
conflict)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">but (rather)
[= substitute]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just in
case / should the need arise</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>rr</STRONG></FONT></TD>
<TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DST</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="82%">Distributive Coordination</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applying
to each equally [unfairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applied
selectively by decision/preference [unfairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively
(=to each) but in differing amounts [unfairly] </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">selectively
at random [unfairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively
[= applied in the sequentially spoken order]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">selectively
at random [fairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively
(=to each) but in differing amounts [fairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applied
selectively by decision/calculation [fairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
<TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applying
to each equally [fairly]</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<P align="right"> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">Chapter
7 continued >></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P align="left"> </P>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a
Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9
Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10
Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1
Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6
More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11
The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2
Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html">7a
Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12
The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3
Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The
Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4
Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8
Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
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