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diff --git a/2004-en/ithkuil-ch4-case.htm b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch4-case.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d59cf75 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch4-case.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2518 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 4: Case Morphology</title> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +//--> onLoad="javascript:changenav4();" +</script> +</head> + +<body> +<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br> + <img src="Images/Title-Script5.gif"><br> + <br> +</div> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h2 align="center"> </h2> +<h2 align="center">Chapter 4: Case Morphology</h2> +<div align="center"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="252"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o1">4.1 Semantic Role Vs. Positional + Slot </a></font></td> + <td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o6">4.6 The Adverbial Cases</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o2">4.2 Morpho-Phonological Markers for + Case </a></font></td> + <td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o7">4.7 The Sub-Relative Cases</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o3">4.3 The Transrelative Cases</a></font></td> + <td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o8">4.8 The Spatial Cases</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o4">4.4 The Associative Cases</a></font></td> + <td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o9">4.9 The Temporal Cases</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="21"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o5">4.5 The Appositive Cases</a></font></td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">In this chapter, we analyze one additional morphological category: + Case. Like the eight categories analyzed in the previous chapter, and unlike + other languages, the category of Case applies to all formatives in Ithkuil, + i.e., to both nouns and verbs alike. However, the syntactical context in which + Case operates is sufficiently dissimilar for nouns and verbs to warrant separate + analysis. In this chapter, we will analyze the case morphology of nouns alone. + The use of Case with verbs will be analyzed in <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Section + 5.7</a>.</p> +<p align="justify">Anyone who has studied German, Latin, Russian, Classical Greek + or Sanskrit, is familiar with the concept of Case. Case generally refers to + a morphological scheme in which a noun, whether via internal mutation of its + phonemes or via affixes, shows what grammatical “role” it plays + in the phrase or sentence in which it appears. For example, in the English sentence + <em>It was me she saw</em>, the use of the word ‘she’ as opposed + to ‘her’ and the use of ‘me’ as opposed to ‘I’ + distinguishes the subject of the sentence (the person seeing) from the object + of the verb (the one being seen). Similarly, in the German sentence <em>Der + Bruder des Knaben sah den Mann</em> (= ‘The boy’s brother saw the + man’), the words ‘der’, ‘des’ and ‘den’ + distinguish the subject of the sentence ‘brother’ (nominative case) + from the possessor ‘boy’ (genitive case) from the object ‘man’ + (accusative case).</p> +<p align="justify">The concept of “case” can extend far beyond the + notions of subject, object and possessor. Depending on the particular language, + there may be noun cases which specify the location or position of a noun, whether + a noun accompanies another or derives from another or is the recipient of another. + In general, noun cases in those languages which rely upon them often substitute + for what in English is accomplished using prepositions or prepositional phrases. + The process of adding affixes or changing the phonetic structure of a word in + order to show a noun in a particular case is known as declining a noun, and + the various permutations of a noun into its cases are known as its declensions. +</p> +<p align="justify">There are 81 cases in Ithkuil, falling into seven categories: + Transrelative, Associative, Appositive, Adverbial, Subrelative, Spatial, and + Temporal. Case operates differently in Ithkuil than in most human languages, + being based in lexico-semantics as opposed to morpho-syntax. This is explained + below in Section 4.1.</p> +<p align="justify">Note that in regard to gender categories from other languages, + Ithkuil has no distinctions of gender (e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, etc.), + although word-roots do fall into one of 17 morpho-semantic classes (see <a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o2">Sec. + 10.2</a>). However, there is no “agreement” or morpho-phonological + concord of any kind between a noun and other words or morphological elements + in a sentence, i.e., there is none of the required matching of masculine or + feminine or singular/plural agreement between nouns, articles, and adjectives + as seen in most Western languages.</p> +<p align="justify"> +</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><a name="Sec4o1"></a><font size="4"><strong>4.1 + SEMANTIC ROLE VERSUS POSITIONAL SLOT</strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">In most languages, case operates at the surface structure level + of language to signify arbitrary grammatical relations such as subject, direct + object, indirect object. The deeper level of “semantic role” is + ignored in terms of morphological designations. The notion of semantic role + can be illustrated by the following set of sentences:</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify">(1a) <em>John opened the door with the key.</em><br> + (1b) <em>The key opened the door.</em><br> + (1c) <em>The wind opened the door.</em><br> + (1d) <em>The door opened.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">In each of these sentences case is assigned based on “slot”, + i.e., the position of the nouns relative to the verb, irrespective of their + semantic roles. Thus the “subjects” of the sentences are, respectively, + <em>John</em>, <em>the key</em>, <em>the wind</em>, and <em>the door</em>. Yet + it can be seen that, semantically speaking, these four sentences are interrelated + in a causal way. Specifically, Sentence (1b) results directly from sentence + (1a), and sentence (1d) results directly from either (1b) or (1c). We see that + the case of the noun ‘key’ in sentence (1a) is prepositional, while + in sentence (1b) it is the subject. Yet, the key plays the same semantic role + in both sentences: the physical instrument by which the act of opening is accomplished. + As for the noun ‘door,’ it is marked as a direct object in the first + three sentences and as a subject in the fourth, even though its semantic role + in all four sentences never changes, i.e., it is the noun which undergoes a + change in its state as a result of the act of opening. The noun ‘John’ + in sentence (1a) is marked as a subject, the same case as ‘key’ + in (1b), the ‘wind’ in (1c) and the ‘door’ in (1d), + yet the semantic role of ‘John’ is entirely different than the role + of ‘key’ in (1b) and different again from ‘door’ in + (1c), i.e., John is acting as the conscious, deliberate initiator of the act + of opening. Finally, the noun ‘wind’ in (1c), while marked as a + subject, operates in yet another semantic role distinct from the subjects of + the other sentences, i.e., an inanimate, blind force of nature which, while + being the underlying cause of the act of opening, can make no conscious or willed + choice to initiate such action.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + <a name="Sec4o1o1"></a>4.1.1 Case as Indicator of Semantic Role</h3> +<p align="justify">The case structures of Western languages mark positional slot + (i.e., grammatical relations) only, and have no overt way to indicate semantic + role, thus providing no way of showing the intuitive causal relationship between + sets of sentences like those above. In Ithkuil, however, the case of a noun + is based on its underlying semantic role, not its syntactic position in the + sentence relative to the verb. These semantic roles reflect a more fundamental + or primary level of language irrespective of the surface case marking of nouns + in other languages. Thus Ithkuil noun declension more accurately reflects the + underlying semantic function of nouns in sentences. Consequently, the Western + grammatical notions of “subject” and “object” have little + meaning or applicability in Ithkuil grammar.</p> +<p align="justify">The following semantic roles are marked by noun cases in Ithkuil. + They correspond roughly to the “subjects” and “objects” + of Western languages:</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>AGENT</strong>: The animate, (and usually conscious + and deliberate) initiator of an act which results in another noun undergoing + a consequent change in state or behavior, e.g., ‘John’ in Sentence + (1a) above.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>FORCE</strong>: An inanimate, unwilled cause of an + act such as a force of nature like ‘wind’ in Sentence (1c) above.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>INSTRUMENT</strong>: The noun which functions as the + physical means or tool by which an act is initiated or performed, e.g., ‘key’ + in Sentences (1a) and (1b) above.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>PATIENT</strong>: The noun which undergoes a change + in state or behavior as a result of an act initiated or caused by itself or + by another noun, e.g., ‘door’ in all four sentences above.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + <a name="Sec4o1o2"></a> 4.1.2 Additional Semantic Roles</h3> +<p align="justify">Additional semantic roles corresponding to subjects and objects + in Western languages exist in Ithkuil as overt noun cases. These include the + roles of ENABLER, EXPERIENCER, STIMULUS, RECIPIENT, and CONTENT, and are explained + below using the following set of sentences as illustrations.</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify">(2a) <em>Mary hits the children.</em><br> + (2b) <em>Mary entertains the children.</em><br> + (2c) <em>Mary sees the children.</em><br> + (2d) <em>Mary tells the children a story.</em><br> + (2e) <em>Mary wants children.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Examining these five sentences, we notice that the noun Mary + is in the subject slot in all of them and the children is the direct object + (except in the fourth sentence), even though the semantic roles of both nouns + are entirely different in each of these five sentences. Beginning with Sentence + (2a) we see that Mary is an AGENT which tangibly causes injury or pain to the + children who obviously function in the role of PATIENT. Thus (2a) is identical + to sentence (1a) in terms of the roles portrayed by the subject and direct object. +</p> +<p align="justify">In Sentence (2b)<em> </em>however, <em>Mary entertains the + children</em>, there is a subtle distinction. At first we might consider Mary + an agent who initiates a change in the children (i.e., the fact that they become + entertained). But, in fact, the act of entertainment is not one whose result + (enjoyment by the audience) can be guaranteed by the party doing the entertaining. + In fact, the result of the act of entertainment is not Mary’s to determine, + but rather the children’s, based on whether they “feel” a + sense of enjoyment at experiencing Mary’s act. And so, Mary is more like + a patient here, not an agent, as she is undergoing a change in her state or + behavior (she is performing an attempt to entertain) which she herself has chosen + to initiate and undergo, yet the act has the potential to cause a resulting + change in the children, the success of this motivation to be determined by the + children, however, not Mary. Such a semantic role as Mary here is termed an + ENABLER. And how do the children make the decision as to whether they are entertained + or not (i.e., what is their semantic role?). Can the children deliberately or + consciously choose to feel a sense of enjoyment, or are they not themselves + unwilling “patients” to their own emotional reactions? In case grammar, + a party such as the children who undergo an unwilled experience are termed EXPERIENCERS. + Besides emotional reactions, such unwilled experiences include autonomic sensory + perceptions (e.g., parties that see or hear because their eyes were open and + pointed in a particular direction or who were within earshot of a sound), and + autonomic bodily reactions or responses as well as proprioceptive sensations + (e.g., coughing, sneezing, perspiring, feeling hot or cold, feeling pain, etc.).</p> +<p align="justify">This notion of EXPERIENCER is likewise illustrated by Sentence + (2c) <em>Mary sees the children</em>, in which the verb ‘see’ denotes + an automatic sensory experience, not a deliberately initiated action. In other + words, it is the nature of the sense of sight to function automatically whenever + a person is conscious and his/her eyes are open. The verb ‘see’ + does not necessarily imply a conscious or deliberately willed action of “seeing” + (as would be implied by the verb ‘to look [at]’). Therefore, the + “action” is automatic and uninitiated; it is, in fact, not an action + at all, but rather an experiential state which the person doing the seeing undergoes. + In other words, the person seeing is actually a kind of “patient,” + as it is he/she who undergoes the experience of (and physical or emotional reaction + to) the particular sight. Such undergoers of sensory verbs and other unwilled + states (e.g., emotional states or reactions, autonomic bodily reactions such + as sneezing, physical states of sensation such as being hot or cold, etc.) are + categorized in the role of EXPERIENCERS. And what of the children’s role + in sentence (2c)? Unlike the first three sentences, the children do not undergo + any action. Certainly the process of “being seen” by Mary does not + in itself cause a physical change or reaction of any kind in the entity being + seen. Nor can the children be analyzed as “initiating” the act of + sight, as they may be completely unaware that Mary is seeing them. As a result, + the children’s semantic role is merely that of STIMULUS, a neutral, unwitting + originating reason for the experiential state being undergone by the other noun + participant.</p> +<p align="justify">In Sentence (2d) <em>Mary tells the children a story</em>, + Mary is a patient who initiates the action which she herself undergoes, the + telling of a story. The children do not undergo an unwilled emotional, sensory, + or bodily reaction here, but rather are the passive and more or less willing + RECIPIENT of information, the role of an “indirect object” in Western + languages. The story, on the other hand, is merely a non-participatory abstract + referent, whose role is termed CONTENT.</p> +<p align="justify">The role of CONTENT also applies to the children in Sentence + (2e) <em>Mary wants children</em>, where they function as the “object” + of Mary’s desire. Since no tangible action is occurring, nor are the children + undergoing any result of change of state, nor need they be even aware of Mary’s + desire, they are, like the story in sentence (2d), merely non-participatory + referents. As for Mary’s role in (2e), the emotional state of desire, + being unwilled, self-activating, and subjectively internal, creates a situation + similar to an automatic sensory perception or autonomic body response; thus, + Mary’s role is again that of EXPERIENCER.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><p><font size="4"><strong>4.2 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL + MARKERS FOR CASE<a name="Sec4o2"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Case is shown in many different ways in Ithkuil depending on + whether the case is being shown in conjunction with a formative or a personal + reference adjunct (explained in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec. + 8.1</a>). For nouns, case is shown via a combination of vocalic mutation of + the stem-vowel and mutation of the second consonantal radical, C<font size="1">2</font>. + The permutations of the nine series of vocalic mutation, along with the nine + grades of C<font size="2">2</font> consonantal mutation, combine to correspond + to the 81 cases. The particular mutational patterns are given in the sections + below as each case is described. Case markers for personal reference adjuncts + will be shown later in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Section + 8.1</a>.</p> +<p align="justify">We are now in a position to examine the different noun cases + in detail. We will start with the group of cases which correspond to “subjects” + and “objects” in Western languages.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="97%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><font size="4"><strong>4.3 THE TRANSRELATIVE CASES<a name="Sec4o3"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The Transrelative cases refer to eleven cases used to identify + nouns functioning as participants to a verb, what in Western grammatical terms + would be referred to as “subjects” and “objects” and + most likely marked as either nominative, accusative, or dative. It is these + cases which more or less correspond to the semantic roles identified in <a href="#Sec4o1">Sec. + 4.1</a> above. The eleven transrelative cases are the <font size="2">OBLIQUE, + ABSOLUTIVE, DATIVE, ERGATIVE, EFFECTUATIVE, INDUCIVE, AFFECTIVE, INSTRUMENTAL, + ACTIVATIVE, DERIVATIVE, </font>and<font size="2"> SITUATIVE</font>. Following + are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples + of these cases in use are provided in <a href="#Sec4o3o12">Section 4.3.12</a>.<br> +</p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>OBL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Oblique Case<a name="Sec4o3o1"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. As described above in Section 4.1.2, the <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font> + identifies the semantic role of CONTENT, whether it is something given to a + RECIPIENT, or the non-causal abstract content of an experiential state, e.g., + a memory recalled, something desired, something feared. It would thus be used + in translating sentences such as <em>Sam gave me <strong>a book</strong>, The + child likes <strong>cereal</strong></em>. It is also the case associated with + existential identification, what in English would be the subject of the verb + ‘to be’ when referring to the intrinsic identity or static description + of a noun as in the English sentences <em><strong>That boy</strong> is blind</em> + or <em><strong>The house</strong> was built of wood</em>. The <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font>, + being the semantically most neutral case, is also the citation form of a noun + (i.e., the form in which the noun would be listed in a dictionary). </p> +<p align="justify"></p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="52%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ABS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Absolutive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. As described in Section 4.1.1 above, the <font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font> + identifies the semantic role of PATIENT of an agential action, where the agent-initiator + is a different party than the patient who undergoes the resulting action. Note + that in sentences with patient subjects, the agent or instrument of agency need + not be overtly expressed. Examples of English sentences translatable using the + <font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font> would be <em>The boy hit <strong>the girl</strong>, + She forced <strong>him</strong> to do it, <strong>The bird</strong> fell from + the sky, <strong>The prisoner</strong> died during the gun battle</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DAT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Dative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DATIVE</font> case is marked by Series C + vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">DATIVE</font> has two functions in Ithkuil. + Similarly to Western languages, it marks indirect objects of verbs of giving + and telling, i.e., the semantic role of RECIPIENT of a noun transferred via + an act of giving, donation, lending, or other transference of possession, or + the hearer to who something is said, told, recounted, etc, as described in <a href="#Sec4o1o2">Section + 4.1.2</a> above. Secondly, like some Western languages (e.g., Russian), Ithkuil + uses a dative construction in lieu of any verb ‘to have’ in reference + to possession or attribution. It would therefore be used in translating sentences + such as <em>We're giving <strong>you</strong> a present, Jason lent a dollar + <strong>to his sister</strong>, Please grant <strong>me</strong> a wish, <strong>The + student</strong> has three books, <strong>Those mountains</strong> have a mysterious + quality</em>. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ERG</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ergative Case<a name="Sec4o3o4"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> identifies the semantic + role of AGENT, i.e., a noun which initiates a tangible action undergone by another + party (the PATIENT), as described in <a href="#Sec4o1o1">Section 4.1.1</a>. + Note that sentences involving an <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> agent need not + overtly express the patient noun. Examples of English sentences translatable + using the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> would be <em><strong>The bo</strong>y + hit the girl, <strong>She</strong> forced him to do it, <strong>That murderer</strong> + kills for fun</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EFF</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Effectuative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> identifies the noun + acting in the semantic role of ENABLER, as described in <a href="#Sec4o1o2">Section + 4.1.2</a> above. This is the noun which initiates a causal chain of events, + ultimately resulting in a final event. An example would be pulling out the plug + of a filled bathtub thereby causing it to empty. This case should therefore + be carefully distinguished from the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> case. Ergatively + marked nouns imply that the action undergone by the patient is the same action + directly initiated by the agent, whereas <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> + nouns imply a chain or series of cause-and-effect actions. For example, in the + Ithkuil translation of the sentence <em>The clown emptied the blood from the + tub</em>, the clown could be marked either as an AGENT by means of the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> + case, or as an ENABLER using the <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> case. The + former would mean the clown poured out the blood himself, while the latter would + mean he let it drain (i.e., by pulling the plug). Such case distinctions eliminate + the need for Ithkuil to have separate verbs for ‘to drain,’ ‘to + pour’ or ‘to empty.’ The Ithkuil verb used in translating + the sentence would simply mean ‘to remove.’</p> +<p align="justify">Note that the EFFECTUATIVE case is commonly used with the affix + -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font><font color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">.</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong> + to show the degree or nature of the enabling cause. With this affix, sentences + can be produced which specify whether the enablement is via giving of consent + or permission, by persuasion, by subtle indirect influence, by removal of a + hindrance, or even by inaction. This affix is explored fully in <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o12">Sec. + 7.7.12</a>. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IND</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Inducive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font> identifies a noun which + undergoes a self-initiated action, i.e., the noun is a PATIENT of an agential + action in which the AGENT and the PATIENT are the same. Note that this does + not necessarily imply reflexive action (i.e., doing something to oneself). It + would be used in sentences such as <em><strong>The boy</strong> jumped, <strong>He</strong> + sang, <strong>The dog</strong> barked all night, </em>or<em> <strong>She</strong> + danced to the music</em>, in which the party initiating and performing the action + are one and the same. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AFF</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Affective Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> denotes a noun whose + semantic role is that of EXPERIENCER, as described previously in <a href="#Sec4o1o2">Section + 4.1.2</a>, the noun which undergoes a non-causal, non-initiated (and unwilled) + experiential state, whether internally autonomic in nature or as the result + of an external stimulus. Examples of such states would be automatic sensory + experience; autonomic bodily reactions such as yawning, sneezing, coughing, + blinking, itching, feeling sleepy, pain, feeling ill, feeling cold or warm; + automatic reactions to external stimuli such as shock, flinching, ducking, raising + one’s arms to avoid sudden danger; as well as any unwilled emotional state + such as love, hate, fear, anger, surprise, joy, wistfulness, shyness, regret, + anxiety, etc. </p> +<p align="justify">Example sentences requiring the use of the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> + case would be <em><strong>The baby</strong> is coughing, The lightning startled + <strong>her</strong>, <strong>Mortimer</strong> loves his vittles, <strong>Uncle + Davey</strong> slept till noon, My back itches <strong>me</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify">Note that if the experiential state is willfully brought about + by the noun undergoing it, the <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font> case would be + used, since the noun is deliberately initiating an action in order to induce + the experiential state. For example, compare the sentence <em><strong>The children + </strong>smiled with glee</em> (marked using the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font>) + with <em><strong>The children</strong> smiled on cue</em> (marked using the + <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font>).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Instrumental Case<a name="Sec4o3o8"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify"> The <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. As described previously in <a href="#Sec4o1o1">Section 4.1.1</a>, + the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> denotes a noun which functions as the + INSTRUMENT or means utilized by an AGENT in accomplishing an action or bringing + about a state. It is usually translated by English ‘with.’ Examples + of usage would be <em>She killed him <strong>with a knife</strong>, The man + tripped over <strong>my foot</strong>, <strong>The password</strong> got him + inside</em>. The <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> is also used to mark translations + of an inanimate “subject” noun when its logical function is as the + instrument of an unstated agent, e.g., compare <em>I pressed the button <strong>with + my finger</strong></em> with <em><strong>My finger</strong> pressed the button</em>, + both of which would be identical in Ithkuil except for the latter sentence’s + missing agent, <em>I</em>.</p> +<p align="justify">Note that the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> does not translate + ‘with’ in its meaning of ‘along with’ or ‘accompanied + by’ (see the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> case below in <a href="#Sec4o6o9">Sec. + 4.6.9</a>) as in <em>She arrived with her father</em>. Nor is it used to show + the resources or materials consumed in performing an act. For example, in the + sentence <em>He cooks with tomatoes</em> (see the <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> + case in <a href="#Sec4o5o8">Sec. 4.5.8</a>), it is not the tomatoes that cook + the food, therefore the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> would not be used, + whereas in <em>He fueled the fire with wood</em> it is the wood that fuels the + fire, thus requiring the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> case.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ACT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Activative Case<a name="Sec4o3o9"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> identifies a noun engaged + in or subject to a mental or metaphysical state which, as a concurrent result, + creates a hypothetical, “unrealized” situation which can potentially + be made real by further action. Such unrealized situations can be illustrated + by the sentence <em>Frank must go to Chicago</em>, in which no actual travel + to Chicago has occurred and, in fact, may not occur. Similarly, in the sentence + <em>Mother needs to rest</em>, no resting has yet occurred and may not. In both + sentences, the event which would “fulfill” the state described remains + an unrealized hypothetical, at least from the perspective of the speaker. Similar + hypothetical events or states are found in the sentences <em>The students want + you to sing, Everyone expected you to laugh, or Joe will demand that I stay</em>. + Note that many of these constructions in English involve the use of “modal” + verbs such as <em>want, need, can, must</em>, etc. </p> +<p align="justify">Notice that the subject of these English sentences (<em>Frank, + Mother, the students, everyone, Joe</em>) are functioning neither as AGENTS + nor PATIENTS, since the modal verbs of which they are the subject do not identify + as-yet actualized events, only states of unrealized potential. These subjects + are essentially EXPERIENCERS undergoing a mental or metaphysical state of wanting, + needing, obligation, expectation, hoping, wishing, being able to, etc. However, + such experiencers must be differentiated from would-be experiencers “within” + the hypothetical situation. For example, in the sentence <em>Sam wants Shirley + to love him</em>, it could become ambiguous if Sam and Shirley are both marked + as EXPERIENCERS using the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> case. Consequently, + Ithkuil uses the <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> case to mark the subject whose + mental or metaphysical state creates a concurrent hypothetical, as-yet unrealized + situation. All of the subjects in the example sentences from the previous paragraph + (i.e., F<em>rank, Mother, the students, everyone, Joe</em>) would be so marked. + In <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</a> we will see how the + <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> is used in conjunction with a morphological + category for verbs termed Modality to create such hypothetical states and situations.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DER</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Derivative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> serves two functions + in Ithkuil. Firstly, it identifies an inanimate FORCE of nature (as described + in <a href="#Sec4o1o1">Sec. 4.1.1</a>) or abstract causative situation which + causes a PATIENT noun to undergo an action, as in <em><strong>The wind</strong> + blew down the door, </em>or<em> <strong>Fame</strong> threatened his freedom</em>. + The use of the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> instead of the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> + or the <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> denotes that such inanimate agential + forces or abstract enabling situations cannot consciously or willingly initiate + actions, but rather are merely circumstantial initiating causes. Therefore the + resulting act, event, or state is seen more as having derived from this force + or situation, as opposed to being willfully or consciously caused. In this function, + a noun in the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> can often be translated using + phrases such as ‘due to, owing to, on account of, because of, as a result + of.’ Nouns in the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> can also appear in + appositive constructions (i.e., in a noun-to-noun conjunction) where the noun + in the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> denotes the abstract cause or reason + for the other noun, e.g., <em>the danger <strong>of fame</strong>, <strong>love’s</strong> + heartache, <strong>wind</strong> song</em>.</p> +<p align="justify">The second function of the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> + case is to identify the non-agential, unconscious or non-deliberate STIMULUS + of an affective mental state, emotion, or autonomic sensory experience, as in + <em>T<strong>he coffee</strong> smells good, I saw <strong>her</strong> today, + She hates <strong>that boy</strong>, Victor coughed <strong>from the gas</strong>, + We laughed at <strong>his jokes</strong>, <strong>That song </strong>makes me + cry</em>. Ithkuil grammar views the stimulus of an experiential state as having + a similar role to that of an abstract circumstantial or situational cause (as + in the above examples); this explains why the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> + case serves to indicate both functions. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SIT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Situative Case<a name="Sec4o3o11"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SITUATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">SITUATIVE</font> identifies a noun as + the background context for a clause. It is similar to the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> + case immediately above, except it does not imply a direct causative relationship + between the background context and the act, condition, or event which occurs. + It is translatable into English by various circumlocutions, as shown in the + following examples:</p> +<blockquote> +<p align="justify"><em><strong>Because of war</strong>, our planet will never + be able to join the Federation.<br> + <strong>Given the presence of clowns</strong>, we must accept the corruption + of our children.<br> + <strong>Using my plan</strong>, we will defeat the enemy.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 4.3.12 Examples of Transrelative Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o3o12"></a></h3> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12a.gif" width="454" height="89"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown8.GIF" width="80" height="91" border="0" align="top"></a><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12b.gif" width="463" height="87"></p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12c.gif" width="516" height="85"></p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12d.gif" width="489" height="87"><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12e.gif" width="540" height="84"></p> +<p><br> +</p> +<h3> 4.3.13 Specialized Affixes Used to Expand the Functionality of the Transrelative + Cases</h3> +<p>It should be noted that Ithkuil provides an array of affixes specifically designed + to work in conjunction with nouns inflected into one of the Transrelative cases + to significantly expand their ability to specify the exact nature of the causal + relationships between participants to a verb in an Ithkuil sentence. These affixes + include the Consent <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2b.gif" width="33" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix, the Reason <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2c.gif" width="32" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix, the Expectation <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2d.gif" width="32" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix, the Deliberateness <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2e.gif" width="33" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix, the Enablement <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2f.gif" width="34" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix, the Agency/Intent <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2g.gif" width="36" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix, and the Impact <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2h.gif" width="31" height="24" align="absmiddle"> + affix. These affixes are detailed in <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o12">Section + 7.7.12</a> and discussed further in <a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o1o2">Section + 10.1.2</a>.</p> +<p> </p> +<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>4.4 THE ASSOCIATIVE CASES<a name="Sec4o4"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Those Western languages which have possessive cases usually + have only one such case, often functioning in a vague and ambiguous way to show + varying types of relationships between two nouns. For example, notice the differing + relationships expressed by the possessive in the following English sentences: +</p> +<blockquote> + <p> <em>the man’s hat</em> = the hat belonging to him [alienable possession]<br> + <em>the man’s house</em> = the house he legally owns [proprietary responsibility]<br> + <em>the man’s arm</em> = part of his body [inalienable component]<br> + <em>the man’s brother</em> = the brother related to him [genetic relationship]<br> + <em>the man’s happiness</em> = he feels happy [affective experience]<br> + <em>the man’s rescue</em> = he was or will be rescued [target of others’ + purpose]<br> + <em>the man’s gift</em> = the gift is for him [benefaction]<br> + <em>the man’s gift</em> = the gift is from him [source]<br> + <em>the man’s world</em> = the world in which he lives [inherent subjective + association]<br> + <em>the man’s team</em> = the team he is associated with [interactive + mutual association]<br> + <em>the man’s story</em> = the story about him [topical reference]<br> + <em>the man’s painting</em> = the picture he painted [creation/authorship]<br> + <em>the man’s command</em> = his being a commander [role or function]</p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">In many instances, the English possessive is totally ambiguous, + e.g., does ‘the man’s story’ mean the one he wrote or the + one about him? Regarding ‘the man’s rescue,’ did the man do + the rescuing or is he the one being rescued? Is ‘the man’s gift’ + one he is giving or receiving? Ithkuil is more exact in specifying the nature + of these relationships via case. Many of the above relationships are addressed + by the seven Associative cases. The other sorts of relationships shown above + are handled by other types of cases (see <a href="#Sec4o5">Sections 4.5</a> + and <a href="#Sec4o6">4.6</a> below).</p> +<p align="justify">The Associative cases make a distinction between alienable + versus inalienable possession or attribution, as well as distinguishing whether + the possession is inherent to the possessor or imposed or caused from without. + These distinctions are explained below. Like Western languages (and unlike many + American Indian and North Caucasian languages), the case marking is on the possessor + noun, not the possessed. The seven Associative cases are the <font size="2">POSSESSIVE, + PROPRIETIVE, GENITIVE, ATTRIBUTIVE, ORIGINATIVE, PRODUCTIVE</font>, and <font size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</font>. + Following are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil + examples of the cases in use are given in <a href="#Sec4o4o8">Sec. 4.4.8</a>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>POS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Possessive Case<a name="Sec4o4o1"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> is used to refer to + a noun which has alienable (i.e., removable or severable) possession of another + noun in the sense of having physical control or oversight of that noun, whether + by chance circumstance or deliberate manipulation. The two nouns are not in + any sense inherent parts of one another and the relationship between the two + can be theoretically or actually terminated by an outside force or influence, + or by decision of the possessor, usually by means of mere physical permanent + separation of the possessor and possessed nouns. The possessive would be used + to translate English phrases such as <em><strong>his</strong> coat</em> (e.g., + the one he is wearing, regardless of whether he owns it or not), <em><strong>the + boy’s</strong> book</em> (e.g., the one in his hand), <em><strong>Father’s</strong> + chair</em> (e.g., the one he happens to be sitting in, as in a restaurant). +</p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Proprietive Case<a name="Sec4o4o2"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROPRIETIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROPRIETIVE</font> identifies a noun having + alienable possession of another noun in the sense of quasi-permanent contextual + control, ownership or oversight, whether by societal recognition, social convention, + law, purchase or decree, which mere physical separation does not sever. The + two nouns are not in any sense inherent parts of one another, however the relationship + cannot be terminated except via an equally or more binding act, declaration, + convention, law, process, etc. Using the same English examples used with the + <font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> above, we can analyze the connotative difference: + <em><strong>his</strong> coat</em> (i.e., the one he owns, regardless of whether + he is wearing it or not), <em><strong>the boy’s</strong> book</em> (e.g., + the one he bought), <em><strong>Father’s</strong> chair</em> (e.g., the + one assigned to him). </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>GEN</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Genitive Case<a name="Sec4o4o3"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">GENITIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">GENITIVE</font> is used to refer to a + noun which has inalienable (i.e., unremovable, unseverable) possession of or + association with another noun in the sense of having that noun as an inherent + or intrinsic attribute, characteristic, physical part, or genetic (i.e., familial) + bond, e.g., <em><strong>my</strong> hand, <strong>the building’s</strong> + doors, <strong>the child’s</strong> father, the essence <strong>of that + woman</strong></em>. </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ATT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Attributive Case<a name="Sec4o4o4"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ATTRIBUTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ATTRIBUTIVE</font> is used to refer to + a noun which inalienably experiences the effects of, or otherwise has an affective + (see the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> case above) relationship with another + noun, either as a temporary or permanent attribute, characteristic, or experience, + whether physical or psychological, objective or subjective in nature. Examples: + <em><strong>his</strong> pain, <strong>Mother’s</strong> guilt, <strong>the + child’s</strong> cough, <strong>Dorothy’s</strong> mood, <strong>Davey’s</strong> + happiness, <strong>the teacher’s</strong> stubbornness, <strong>my</strong> + needs</em>. </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>OGN</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Originative Case<a name="Sec4o4o5"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ORIGINATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ORIGINATIVE</font> identifies a noun as + being the literal or figurative source of another, e.g., <em><strong>the man’s</strong> + story</em> (i.e., the one he told), <em><strong>our</strong> gift</em> (i.e., + the one we are giving), <em>water <strong>from the river</strong>, the fruit + <strong>of the tree</strong></em>. </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PDC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Productive Case<a name="Sec4o4o6"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PRODUCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PRODUCTIVE</font> identifies the creator, + author or originator of another noun, e.g.,<em> <strong>the girl’s</strong> + poem, <strong>the clowns’ </strong>plan, <strong>my</strong> statue</em> + (i.e., the one I sculpted). </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ITP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="66%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interpretative Case<a name="Sec4o4o7"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</font> case is marked by + Series G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</font> identifies a noun + acting as the subjective interpretational context of another noun, that is the + noun by or through which another noun is subjectively interpreted or described, + as exemplified by the phrases <em><strong>Monet’s</strong> Paris</em>, + <em><strong>our</strong> world, life <strong>as seen by children</strong></em>. +</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 4.4.8 Examples of Associative Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o4o8"></a><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8a.gif" width="343" height="79"></h3> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8b.gif" width="294" height="74"> <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-2.mp3">Listen! + </a><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8c.gif" width="291" height="76"></p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8d.gif" width="361" height="79"></p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8e.gif" width="361" height="81"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown6.GIF" width="81" height="93" border="0" align="bottom"></a><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>4.5 THE APPOSITIVE CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o5"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The Appositive cases refer to a group of eleven cases which + modify a noun to show that it has some relationship to another, usually adjacent + noun. Most of these cases correspond to relationships in which, in English translation, + we find two nouns together in apposition or as a compound noun, as in <em>cat + box, schoolbook, peace march, mountain man,</em> etc., or joined by the word + ‘of’ in a non-possessive relationship, e.g., <em>box of coins, dreams + of youth, sounds of laughter</em>. The eleven Appositive cases are the <font size="2">APPLICATIVE, + PURPOSIVE, INHERENT, CONDUCTIVE, MEDIATIVE, CONTRASTIVE, PARTITIVE, COMPOSITIVE, + CORRELATIVE, INTERDEPENDENT,</font> and <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font>. Following + are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples + of the cases in use are given in <a href="#Sec4o5o12">Sec. 4.5.12</a>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>APL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Applicative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> identifies a noun which + represents the purpose for which another noun is to be utilized in a given instance. + As such, it usually translates English ‘for’ when meaning ‘for + the temporary or incidental use/purpose of.’ Examples of usage would be + <em>a cup for coffee</em> (i.e., a cup being used incidentally to hold coffee), + <em>a box for tools</em> (i.e., the box is only temporarily being used to hold + tools), <em>a room for changing.</em> Note that the use of the <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> + can extend to usages beyond English ‘for,’ as in <em>a “weapon” + cat</em> = ‘a cat used as a weapon,’ or <em>a “projectile” + book</em> = ‘a book used as a projectile.’ </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PUR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Purposive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> identifies a noun which + characterizes or defines the purpose of, or reason for, another noun. The <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> + is subtly distinct from the <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> above, in that + the latter names the actual use to which a noun is put on a given occasion or + in given context, whereas the <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> defines another + noun’s general function or primary reason for being, outside of any contextual + instance, i.e., what the noun is used for all the time (or at least its intended + use). It generally translates English ‘as,’ ‘of’ or + ‘for’ when meaning ‘for the purpose of’ or alternately + an English noun-noun expression or a compound noun. Examples of usage would + be <em>a <strong>coffee</strong> cup, a <strong>tool</strong>box, a <strong>litter</strong> + box, a <strong>trash</strong>can. </em></p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INH</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Inherent Case<a name="Sec4o5o3"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INHERENT</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">INHERENT</font> case identifies a noun + being used to characterize or define the identity or intrinsic nature of another + in a subjective, contextual, metaphorical, or symbolic manner. English phrases + which would be translated using this case are <em>years <strong>of wonder</strong>, + the <strong>Clown</strong> Planet, <strong>life</strong> blood, city <strong>of + evil</strong>, a <strong>dangerous</strong> situation</em> (i.e., a situation + characterized by danger). </p> +<p align="justify">Note that in the above examples, the noun in the <font size="2">INHERENT</font> + would be inflected either for the <font size="2">NOMIC</font> or the <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font> + perspective (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o3">Sections + 3.3.3</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</a>) + to show that the relationship involves a collective entity (e.g., <em>Clown + Planet</em> = planet of all clowns) or that the relationship is abstract, subjective + or symbolic (<em>years of wonder</em> = years that make one feel a sense of + wonder). However, when a noun in the <font size="2">INHERENT</font> case is + inflected for a concrete perspective, i.e., either the <font size="2">MONADIC</font> + or the <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>, then it takes on the rather different + function of stating the actual existential identity (literally or figuratively) + of the other noun and would be equivalent to the English construction ‘that/which/who + is (a/the)…’ as in <em>the man who is president, the woman who is + my wife, the house that is a model, a machine that is a vehicle, the teacher + who is her father, those trees that are larches</em>. Through use of the <font size="2">INHERENT</font> + case and the <font size="2">MONADIC</font>/<font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font> perspectives, + these phrases would be rendered into Ithkuil phrases that would correspond literally + to the sometimes awkward, even semantically anomalous English phrases <em>‘the + president man,’ ‘the my-wife woman,’ ‘the model house,’ + ‘the vehicle machine,’ ‘the her-father teacher,’ ‘the + larch trees.’</em></p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNV</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Conductive Case<a name="Sec4o5o4"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONDUCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONDUCTIVE</font> identifies the meaningful + or relevant context of another. It can be thought of as conveying the relationship + signified by the expressions ‘having to do with,’ ‘as it pertains + to,’ or ‘considered within the context of.’ Examples of English + phrases translatable using this case are <em>a <strong>circus</strong> clown, + a <strong>mountain</strong> man, a feeling <strong>of loneliness</strong>, the + <strong>Mafia’s</strong> world, a realm <strong>of fear</strong>, my<strong> + life</strong> achievement, <strong>childhood</strong> memories, Let’s + discuss the morality<strong> of war</strong></em>. </p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>MED</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Mediative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">MEDIATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">MEDIATIVE</font> indicates the physical, + psychological, or figurative medium through which another noun or event takes + place. It would be used in translating phrases or sentences such as <em>a <strong>radio</strong> + announcement, arrival <strong>by water</strong>, a <strong>letter</strong> bomb, + <strong>air</strong> mail, achieving ecstasy <strong>through sex</strong>, I + showed her my love <strong>with chocolate</strong></em>. It should be distinguished + from the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> case (see Section 4.3.8 above), + which signifies the actual instrument or physical means used to accomplish a + causative action. For example, in the sentence <em>Call him on the phone!</em>, + translating the phrase <em>on the phone</em> into the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> + case would signify ‘Use the phone (i.e., the one in the room) to call + him,’ whereas inflection into the <font size="2">MEDIATIVE</font> case + would mean ‘Call him via the medium of telephony.’ </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CRS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Contrastive Case<a name="Sec4o5o6"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONTRASTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONTRASTIVE</font> identifies a distinguishing + characteristic of another noun, i.e., that feature which distinguishes it from + other possible candidates within the given context. It would be used in translating + phrases such as <em>the <strong>green</strong> bottle</em> (e.g., as opposed + to the blue one); <em>the <strong>science</strong> text</em> (e.g., versus the + religious text); <em><strong>my</strong> statue</em> (i.e., a statue of me); + <em>I want your recipe <strong>for stew</strong>, not <strong>soup</strong>; + Don’t worry, it’s a <strong>pet</strong> snake</em>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"> </h3> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PAR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Partitive Case<a name="Sec4o5o7"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. When used in conjunction with another noun, the <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> + indicates a quantitative or content-to-container relationship between the two + nouns, e.g., <em>a cup <strong>of coffee</strong>, a box(ful) <strong>of books</strong>, + a train(load) <strong>of refugees</strong></em>. When used alone, it signifies + that the context of the phrase or sentence involves only a portion of the noun, + rather than the whole noun, e.g., <em>I ate <strong>some bread</strong>, Pour + <strong>(some) water</strong> down my back</em>. </p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> is also used to mark a + noun qualified by a specific number, e.g., <em>three <strong>boxes</strong>, + two <strong>clowns</strong>, twenty <strong>words</strong></em>. This usage + is analyzed in detail in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">Chapter + 12</a></font>, where we will see that, in Ithkuil, numbers are formatives (i.e., + full nouns and verbs), not adjectives as in Western languages. Additionally, + a noun qualified by a number is not pluralized. In other words, one does not + say ‘three boxes,’ but rather “a trio of a box” or perhaps + more eloquently, “a box trio.” </p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> case is also used in constructing + words for Ithkuil numbers beginning with two hundred. This is also detailed + in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">Chapter + 12</a> </font>on enumeration.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Compositive Case<a name="Sec4o5o8"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> identifies a noun as + being the literal or figurative substance or component(s) of which another is + made, composed, formed, built or comprised. Example of usage would be <em>That + statue was carved <strong>out of marble</strong>, She owns three <strong>gold(en) + </strong>coins, We were caught in a web <strong>of lies</strong>, I use a <strong>wooden</strong> + ladder, It was a house <strong>of cards</strong>, <strong>Three suits</strong> + comprise his wardrobe, Joe detests <strong>styrofoam</strong> cups</em>.</p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> is also used in conjunction + with verbs to identify the material(s) or resources used up or consumed in performing + or undertaking an activity. Examples of this usage would be <em>She likes to + cook <strong>with tomatoes</strong>, He reads b<strong>y candle(light)</strong>, + That child goes through <strong>four sets of clothes</strong> a day, My uncle + satisfied his sweet tooth <strong>with three chocolate bars</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>COR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Correlative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CORRELATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CORRELATIVE</font> is used to indicate + an abstract relationship, association, or conjunction between a noun and another + noun or verb. It translates general phrases such as ‘relative to,’ + ‘in relation to,’ ‘in correlation with,’ ‘in association + with,’ etc. It would be used in translating phrases such as <em><strong>career</strong> + goals, the soup o<strong>f the day</strong>, the direction o<strong>f that road</strong>, + The elapsed time <strong>relative to the distance </strong>determines the winner, + Our next topic is sex <strong>and (</strong></em>or<em><strong> in) art</strong></em> + (i.e., the relationship between art and sex). Note that the <font size="2">CORRELATIVE</font> + case would often be used to translate constructions for which English often + uses an adjective, e.g., <em><strong>spatial</strong> coordinates, the <strong>political</strong> + economy</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IDP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="66%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interdependent Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERDEPENDENT</font> case is marked by + Series J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTERDEPENDENT</font> identifies a noun + which has a coordinated, tandem, complementary or mutually dependent relationship + with another. The relationship between the two nouns can be thought of as reciprocal + in nature, i.e., each noun implies the other or needs the other to exist within + it’s natural context, e.g., <em>the<strong> students</strong>’ teacher, + an <strong>army</strong> general, the blood <strong>in my veins</strong>, the + driver <strong>of the truck</strong>, the nation’s leader, <strong>his</strong> + team</em> (i.e., the one on which he’s a member). Note that this case + does not imply a part-whole dependency as with the <font size="2">GENITIVE</font> + case above, e.g., it would not be used to translate <em>the book’s pages</em>, + or <em>the leaves of a tree</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRD</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Predicative Case<a name="Sec4o5o11"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> identifies a noun which + constitutes the non-causal basis, foundation, sustenance (literally or figuratively), + or required existential condition for another noun or clause, translatable by + the phrases ‘based (up)on,’ ‘dependent (up)on’ or ‘relying + on.’ Examples of use are <em>a book <strong>dependent on a publisher</strong>, + a man <strong>relying on charity</strong>, laws <strong>based in reason</strong>, + Can success <strong>supported by murder</strong> be sustained?</em></p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> should be distinguished + from Transrelative cases such as the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> or <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>, + in that the <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> does not denote a cause, merely + the sustaining entity on which another depends, e.g., it would not be used to + translate <em>anxiety based on terror</em>, as the anxiety does not ‘rely’ + or ‘depend’ on terror, but rather is caused by it. Similarly, in + the phrase <em>an attitude fueled by greed</em>, the attitude derives from or + results from greed, but is not relying on it.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 4.5.12 Examples of Appositive Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o5o12"></a></h3> +<p> <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-5-12.gif" width="569" height="374"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown3.GIF" width="78" height="91" border="0"></a><br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">____________________________________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p> +<p><br> +</p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><p><font size="4"><strong>4.6 THE ADVERBIAL CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o6"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The Adverbial cases function similarly to adverbial phrases + in Western languages (usually beginning with an adverbial conjunction), to provide + additional contextual information to a verb. The fourteen Adverbial cases are + the <font size="2">ESSIVE, ASSIMILATIVE, FUNCTIVE, TRANSFORMATIVE, REFERENTIAL, + CONSIDERATIVE, CLASSIFICATIVE, DEFERENTIAL, COMITATIVE, CONJUNCTIVE, UTILITATIVE, + BENEFACTIVE, TRANSPOSITIVE,</font> and <font size="2">COMMUTATIVE</font>. Following + are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples + of the cases in use are given in <a href="#Sec4o6o15">Sec. 4.6.15</a>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ESS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="71%"><font size="4"><strong>The Essive Case<a name="Sec4o6o1"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series A + vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ESSIVE</font> identifies the role or name + by which a noun is known or contextually identified. It translates English ‘as’ + in the sense of naming or reference to the a nouns functional identity. It would + be used in translating the English sentences <em>They called him <strong>a clown</strong>, + The woman entered the club <strong>as an equal</strong> of any man, We consider + you our <strong>only hope</strong></em>. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASI</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="70%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assimilative Case<a name="Sec4o6o2"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSIMILATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical + consonant. The <font size="2">ASSIMILATIVE</font> identifies a noun used as + a context for analogy or metaphorical comparison to either another noun or a + verb. Thus, it translates English ‘like’ or ‘as’ in + the sense of comparison or analogy between one thing and another. Examples of + usage are <em>She sings <strong>like a bird</strong>, <strong>As children </strong>they + seemed to me</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="13%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>FUN</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="71%"><font size="4"><strong>The Functive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">FUNCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. It functions similarly to English adverbs ending in <em>-ly</em> + or the adverbial use of <em>with</em>, identifying the manner in which an action, + event, or state occurs or exists. More exactly, it identifies a noun used to + characterize the manner of the act, state, or event, translatable most accurately + by the phrase ‘in a manner characterized by….’ Examples would + be: <em>She dances <strong>gracefully</strong> </em>(i.e., in a manner characterized + by grace),<em> The boys ate <strong>with gusto</strong>, That clown is speaking + <strong>nonsense</strong>, Father speaks <strong>with such fortitude</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="13%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>TFM</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Transformative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">TRANSFORMATIVE</font> case is marked by + Series D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">TRANSFORMATIVE</font> identifies the outcome + or final state of a process, often translatable by ‘to,’ ‘until,’ + or ‘into’ in the sense of reaching a final state after having undergone + some transformation. Example usages would be <em>The house burned <strong>to + ashes</strong>, The clown reached a state <strong>of tranquility</strong>, The + clowns will turn our children <strong>into slaves</strong>, Her father drank + himself <strong>to death</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>REF</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="73%"><font size="4"><strong>The Referential Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">REFERENTIAL</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">REFERENTIAL</font> identifies a noun functioning + as the general referent of the verb, translating such English terms as ‘about,’ + ‘regarding,’ ‘concerning,’ ‘in regard to,’ + ‘in reference to,’ ‘pertaining to,’ or ‘as for.’ + Examples of use would be <em>a song <strong>of love</strong>; <strong>As for + those books</strong>, burn them!; Let’s talk <strong>about clowns</strong>; + His attitude <strong>toward women</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CSD</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Considerative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONSIDERATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONSIDERATIVE</font> identifies a noun + as the delimiting or defining context in which an act, state or event occurs + or is considered. Thus, it translates English terms such as ‘according + to,’ ‘pursuant to,’ ‘as per,’ ‘in the opinion + of.’ Examples of usage would be <em><strong>In my opinion</strong> he’s + a coward; He’s leaving town <strong>as per orders</strong> from the court; + You were arrested <strong>pursuant to law</strong>; <strong>According to our + teacher</strong>, humans are descended from apes</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CLA</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="74%"><font size="4"><strong>The Classificative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> case is marked by + Series G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> identifies a noun + as a basis for arranging, sorting, classifying, or counting, translating various + English prepositions and phrases used for this purpose. Example of usage are + <em>Place them <strong>in groups of three</strong>, The workers arranged the + tables <strong>in rows</strong>, He lay down <strong>lengthwise</strong>, Can + you count <strong>by fives</strong>?, I will sort them <strong>by color</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> is also used to identify + a noun considered in consecutively recurring increments as a means of describing + the manner of an event. This is usually in conjunction with nouns denoting time + periods, but can be used with any concrete noun to describe the repetitive nature + of an event. Examples would be <em><strong>Month by month</strong>, their departure + crept closer; <strong>Year after year</strong>, I see more and more clowns; + <strong>Day in</strong>,<strong> day out</strong>, he’s always working; + The fertilizer factory keeps rolling them out, <strong>bag upon bag</strong>; + <strong>Patient by patient</strong>, the nurse administered injections</em>.</p> +<p align="justify">Note that the <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> would not + be used to describe a noun other than adverbially, e.g., it would not be used + to translate the sentence <em>One bomb after another fell on the city</em>. + Such a construction would utilize a suffix indicating sequential instantiations + of the noun (see <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o4">Sec. + 7.7.4</a>).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DFR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="76%"><font size="4"><strong>The Deferential Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEFERENTIAL</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">DEFERENTIAL</font> translates the English + phrases ‘out of respect for,’ ‘for the sake of,’ or + ‘in deference toward,’ identifying the noun to which deference is + paid within the context for an act, condition, or event. Examples of usage would + be <em>He remained silent <strong>for her sake</strong>, They went on with the + ceremony <strong>out of respect for the families</strong>, They dressed in robes + <strong>because of tradition</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>COM</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="76%"><font size="4"><strong>The Comitative Case<a name="Sec4o6o9"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. Similar to its counterpart in Uralic languages such as Finnish + or Estonian, the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> translates the English ‘with’ + in its meaning of accompaniment (i.e., ‘along with’) as in <em>The + child went <strong>with the clown </strong>to the party</em>. Like English ‘with,’ + the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> does not imply that the conjoined noun + is necessarily engaged in the same activity or associated with the same verb + as the head noun. For example, in the sentence <em>My father was walking with + a loaf of bread</em>, the loaf of bread is not considered to be itself walking. +</p> +<p align="justify">It should be noted, however, that the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> + is not used to imply mutually interactive or reciprocal activity between two + nouns. Thus it would not be used in translating the sentences <em>They danced + with each other</em> or <em>Mother wants to talk with you</em>. These would + be translated using the <font size="2">RECIPROCAL</font> valence of the verb, + explained in <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2o4">Section 5.2.4</a>. + This distinction is illustrated even more clearly by comparing the following + two sentences; the first would be translated using the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font>, + the second would not: <em>This man fought with my father</em> (e.g., alongside + him during the war) versus <em>This man fought with my father</em> (e.g., they + had a fight with each other).</p> +<p align="justify">Note also that the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> is not + used to indicate instrumentality (English ‘with’ meaning ‘by + means of’). Thus, it is not used to translate sentences such as <em>I + cut the meat with a knife</em>. As previously discussed in <a href="#Sec4o3o8">Section + 4.3.8</a>, instrumentality is indicated by use of the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> + case. Likewise, it is not used to identify the resources or material(s) consumed + in undertaking an act, as in He catches his fish with worms for which the <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> + case is used. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNJ</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="74%"><font size="4"><strong>The Conjunctive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> translates English + ‘with’ in its meaning of ‘in conjunction with,’ i.e., + to indicate that the noun is engaged in the same activity or a complementary + activity as the conjoined noun. It should be distinguished from the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> + above, which indicates mere accompaniment. For example, in the <em>walking with + a loaf of bread</em> example from above, it would be incorrect to use the <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> + case because that would signify the bread was walking, too. To further illustrate + the usage, consider the sentence <em>I’m with the brigade</em>. Translating + ‘brigade’ using the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> would mean + that ‘I’ve come along (e.g., drove) with the brigade to the scene,’ + while using the <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> would mean ‘I’m + a member of the brigade.’ Additional examples where the <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> + would be used are <em>They skate with the best team, That teacher works well + with children</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>UTL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Utilitative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> identifies a noun in + the process of being utilized. This corresponds to the use of English ‘with’ + where it refers to actual use in progress as in <em>A man <strong>with a gun</strong> + ran into the room</em>. It should be distinguished from the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> + (see <a href="#Sec4o3o8">Sec. 4.3.8</a>) in that the latter indicates the implement + used to accomplish an action, while the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> identifies + a noun in use, but does not imply that the noun was the implement used to accomplish + a stated action. For example, compare the sentence <em>The man <strong>with + an umbrella</strong> was pushing a stroller in the rain</em> (<font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font>) + with <em>The man pushed a stroller in the rain <strong>with an umbrella</strong></em> + (<font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>). The first sentence implies the man was + pushing a stroller with one hand while holding an open umbrella against the + rain, whereas the second sentence has him using the umbrella to push the stroller. + Another way to translate the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> would be to use + an English gerundial construction as in <em>A <strong>gun-wielding</strong> + man ran into the room</em> or <em>An <strong>umbrella-toting</strong> man pushed + a stroller in the rain</em>.</p> +<p align="justify">Besides the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>, the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> + should likewise be distinguished from the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> case + above, in that the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> merely indicates accompaniment, + while the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> indicates use in progress. For example, + the sentence <em>Go sit next to the girl <strong>with the book</strong></em>, + if translated using the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> would merely identify + a girl who has a book in her visible possession, while with the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> + it would mean the girl is actually engaged in reading the book.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="62%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.12</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>BEN</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="2%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Benefactive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font> identifies a noun for + whose sake or benefit an action or event occurs or is done. As such, the <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font> + is similar to the <font size="2">DATIVE</font>, except that the <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font> + implies a strong emphasis on the fact that the noun is more than simply the + recipient or target of a dative action, but rather benefits in a tangible or + consequential way from the action or event. It is usually translated by English + ‘for’ in the sense of ‘for the sake (i.e., benefit) of.’ + Examples of usage are <em>a toy <strong>for the children</strong>, We threw + <strong>him</strong> a party, Go to</em> <em>the <strong>teachers</strong>’ + lounge</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.13</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>TSP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="2%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="74%"><font size="4"><strong>The Transpositive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">TRANSPOSITIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">TRANSPOSITIVE</font> implies substitution + of one noun for another. It translates English ‘for’ in the sense + of ‘on behalf of,’ ‘in place of,’ or ‘instead + of’ (i.e., ‘as a substitution for’). Examples of usage are + <em>The boss made the speech <strong>for me</strong>, She went up into the attic + <strong>for her brother</strong></em> (i.e., so he wouldn’t have to).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.14</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMM</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="2%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="70%"><font size="4"><strong>The Commutative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMMUTATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">COMMUTATIVE</font> translates English + ‘for’ in the sense of ‘in exchange for’ as in <em>You + paid too much money <strong>for that dress</strong>, She kills <strong>for thrills</strong></em>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 4.6.15 Examples of Adverbial Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o6o15"></a><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-6-15.gif" width="628" height="414"> <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">___________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-5.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-5.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></h3> +<p><br> +</p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><font size="4"><strong>4.7 THE SUBRELATIVE CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o7"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The Subrelative cases comprise eleven cases which place a noun + in a subordinate context to the main sentence, much like subordinate conjunctions + in Western languages. In fact, these cases are used far more frequently with + verbal clauses than with nouns, creating what are known as “case-frames” + (to be discussed in <a href="Ch-5%20Verbs%20Contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 5.7</a>), + the Ithkuil functional equivalent to Western subordinate clauses. The eleven + Subrelative cases are the <font size="2">ABESSIVE, CONVERSIVE, CONCESSIVE, EXCEPTIVE, + ADVERSATIVE, PROVISIONAL, POSTULATIVE, SUPPOSITIVE, DEPENDENT, COMPARATIVE</font>, + and <font size="2">AVERSIVE</font>. Following are explanations of the function + and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of the cases in use are given + in <a href="#Sec4o7o12">Sec. 4.7.12</a>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ABE</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Abessive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ABESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ABESSIVE</font> is essentially the opposite + of the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font>, translating the English ‘without’ + or ‘-less’ in the sense of ‘unaccompanied by’ or ‘not + having’ as in <em>a day <strong>without rain</strong></em> or <em>a <strong>treeless</strong> + plain</em>. As noted in the next section below on the <font size="2">CONVERSIVE</font> + case, it is <strong>not</strong> used to translate ‘without’ when + it means ‘unless one has,’ referring to a hypothetical exception + to a potential outcome as in <em>I can’t go on without love</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CVS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Conversive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONVERSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONVERSIVE</font> is used in conjunction + with hypothetical or potential contexts to identify a hypothetical exception + to a potential outcome or an actual circumstance which alters or has altered + a potential outcome. This translates two different ways into English. Where + it indicates an exception to a hypothetical situation, it is translated by the + conjunction ‘unless’ in verbal contexts, and by the preposition + ‘without’ for nouns (note that ‘without’ in this sense + does not correspond to its usual <font size="2">ABESSIVE</font> usage in Sec. + 4.7.1 above). If applied to a real or actual situation, it is translatable by + such expressions as ‘but for,’ ‘if not for,’ ‘if + it wasn’t for,’ or ‘if it wasn’t on account of.’ + Example of usage: <em><strong>Without peace</strong>, this society is doomed; + <strong>If not for the rain</strong>, we would have had a good time</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CON</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Concessive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONCESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONCESSIVE</font> case identifies a noun, + situation, or circumstance which gives rise to an expectation of a certain result + which, in fact, does not occur. This can be translated by various English prepositions, + conjunctions, or phrases such as ‘despite,’ ‘in spite of,’ + ‘notwithstanding,’ ‘although,’ ‘regardless of,’ + ‘no matter what,’ etc. Examples of usage: <em><strong>In spite of + his stupidity</strong>, he passed the test; <strong>The law notwithstanding</strong>, + I will stand my ground; <strong>No matter how ignorant</strong> (they may be), + they are welcome, <strong>Although foreigners</strong>, we will let them attend + the meeting.</em></p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EXC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Exceptive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EXCEPTIVE</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">EXCEPTIVE</font> indicates a noun, situation, + or circumstance which is an exception, or is exempted or excluded from the main + clause, translatable by English ‘except (for),’ ‘but (not),’ + or ‘excluding.’ Examples of usage: <em>She loves everybody <strong>except + clowns</strong>; I like all animals, <strong>excluding dogs</strong>; He eats + almost anything <strong>but (not) spinach</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AVS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Adversative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ADVERSATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ADVERSATIVE</font> indicates a noun which + has been replaced by another or for which another noun has been substituted. + In verbal frame adjuncts it identifies the situation which had been expected + in contrast to what actually takes place. This is translatable by the English + phrases ‘instead of’ or ‘as opposed to,’ e.g.,<em> <strong>Instead + of rain</strong>, it snowed; They hired her as a cook, <strong>as opposed to + a maid</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PVS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Provisional Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The identifies the noun, situation, or circumstance on which + the factuality of the main clause of the sentence depends, i.e., the required + condition(s) which must come into existence for the situation described in the + main clause to occur. This is translatable by such English phrases as ‘provided + (that),’ ‘on condition of,’ ‘only in case of,’ + or ‘but only if,’ e.g., <em><strong>Provided [there’s] food</strong>, + I will attend the meeting; We will fight <strong>only in case of war</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PTL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Postulative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The operates somewhat similarly to the <font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font> + above, except that the <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font> implies a causal or + consequential relationship (not merely a circumstantial one) between the pre-condition(s) + and the circumstances of the main clause. Specifically, it identifies the noun, + situation, or circumstance whose factuality has not yet come into existence, + but, should it come into existence, will result in the consequence indicated + by the main clause. This is translatable by English ‘if,’ or ‘in + case of.’ Note that it does not translate English ‘if’ where + it means ‘whether’ as in <em>I don’t know if it’s warm + enough</em>, i.e., where the clause is meant only to convey uncertainty or optionality + (but not a causal relationship between a potential condition and its consequences). + Examples of usage: <em><strong>If [there’s] snow</strong>, I’m not + going out; <strong>In case of fire</strong>, flee; <strong>If friend</strong>, + welcome them, if foe, kill ’em</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SUP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Suppositive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> identifies a noun as + a hypothetical supposition being offered for comment. It is somewhat similar + to the <font size="2">SITUATIVE</font> case (see <a href="#Sec4o3o11">Section + 4.3.11</a> above), except that the noun is functioning purely as a supposition, + not as an actual context. The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> can be distinguished + from the <font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font> and the <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font> + cases above, in that the latter two cases describe pre-conditions for a following + clause where the pre-condition is either preclusive or a known possibility. + The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> presents only a hypothetical possibility + whose likelihood of becoming or describing reality is either unknown or unknowable. + There is no equivalent English construction which expresses this distinction. + The following sentences represent approximate English translations of what would + be identical Ithkuil sentences except for the three different case declensions + of the word for ‘weather’:</p> +<p align="justify"><font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font>: <em>We’re packing + umbrellas, <strong>but only in case of bad weather</strong></em> (i.e., umbrellas + will not be packed unless the weather is actually bad).<br> + <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font>: <em>We’re packing umbrellas <strong>in + case of bad weather</strong></em> (i.e., the umbrellas are being packed in preparation + for the possibility of bad weather).<br> + <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font>: <em>We’re packing umbrellas <strong>supposing + [there’s] bad weather</strong></em> (i.e., the umbrellas are being packed + even though we don’t know how the weather will be).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Dependent Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEPENDENT</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">DEPENDENT</font> translates the English + phrase ‘depending on’ signifying a noun as the contingency on which + the reality of a main clause depends. Examples of usage would be <em><strong>Depending + on the rain</strong>, we’ll go for a picnic; She may show up, <strong>depending + on her attitude</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEPENDENT</font> should be distinguished + from the <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> case in <a href="#Sec4o5o11">Sec. + 4.5.11</a>, in that the former denotes contingency, while the <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> + denotes reliance. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Comparative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPARATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">COMPARATIVE</font> identifies a noun being + compared and contrasted to another. It translates such expressions as ‘as + compared to,’ ‘as opposed to.’ With verbal case-frames (see + <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 5.7</a>) it would translate as + ‘whereas’ or ‘while’ (in its synonymous usage to ‘whereas’). + Examples are <em>She chose the red one <strong>as opposed to the blue one</strong>, + Sam drives a van <strong>as compared to Joe</strong>, who prefers a truck</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="52%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AVR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Aversive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">AVERSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">AVERSIVE</font> identifies a noun as a + source or object of fear and/or avoidance. With nouns, it translates expressions + such as ‘for fear of,’ ‘in order to avoid,’ or ‘in + avoidance of.’ With verb phrases (i.e., case-frames; see <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. + 5.7</a>) , it would translate English ‘lest.’ Examples of usage + are <em>She finished her plate <strong>for fear of my wrath</strong>, I traveled + by night <strong>to avoid the sun</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<h3 align="justify">4.7.12 Examples of Subrelative Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o7o12"></a></h3> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-7-12a.gif" width="688" height="111"> <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">____________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-6.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-6.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font><br> + <br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-7-12b.gif" width="622" height="678"></p> +<p><br> +</p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><font size="4"><strong>4.8 THE SPATIAL CASES</strong></font> + <a name="Sec4o8"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">As noted previously, prepositions do not exist in Ithkuil. + While various non-Indo-European languages such as Finnish, Hungarian, Basque + and the North Caucasian languages accomplish the equivalent of prepositional + relationships using noun cases, such relationships are usually accomplished + in Ithkuil via verbal formatives (e.g., a verb translatable as ‘to be + inside of’ instead of a preposition ‘inside of’). Nevertheless, + there are twelve cases corresponding to certain types of common spatial relationships. + These are the <font size="2">LOCATIVE, ORIENTATIVE, PROCURSIVE, ALLATIVE, ABLATIVE, + PROLATIVE, PERLATIVE, PERVASIVE , PERIPHERAL, INTEGRAL, POSITIONAL</font>, and + <font size="2">NAVIGATIVE</font>. Following are explanations of the function + and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of these cases in use are provided + in <a href="#Sec4o8o13">Sec. 4.8.13</a>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>LOC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Locative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">LOCATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">LOCATIVE</font> signifies general static + position in the same contextual place as the specified location, translatable + by many English prepositions such as ‘at,’ ‘in,’ ‘on,’ + or ‘by,’ depending on the context, e.g., <em>in that building, by + the wall, on the street, at my house</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ORI</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Orientative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ORIENTATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ORIENTATIVE</font> identifies the noun + (usually a subcomponent or body part) which serves as the forward “end” + of a spatially orientated axis aligned to a vector of motion. This is translatable + into English using elements such as ‘-ward(s)’ or ‘-first’ + in conjunction with portions of objects in a spatio-orientational context, e.g., + <em>He jumped in <strong>feet-first</strong>, The car rolled <strong>backward</strong></em>. + The <font size="2">ORIENTATIVE</font> allows for the extension of this concept + to contexts which seem awkward in English translation, e.g., <em>He walked “butt-ward” + down the street</em> (i.e., backward with his butt protruding frontwards, leading + the way).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PSV</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Procursive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROCURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROCURSIVE</font> identifies a noun (often + a subcomponent or body part) which serves as the orientational reference point, + interactional surface or interface relative to the direction of interaction + with, or position in space of, a second noun. This second noun usually appears + in either the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> or <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font> + case (see Sections 4.8.4 and 4.8.11 below). Examples of use would be <em>They + collided <strong>sideways</strong>, She turned <strong>her back</strong> on + him, The chair “<strong>faced</strong>” the doorway</em> (i.e., + The chair stood with it’s seat and back aligned toward the doorway).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ALL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Allative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. When used in the context of explicit or implied directional + motion, the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> signifies the direction of motion, + translatable by ‘to’ or ‘toward(s)’ or the suffix ‘-ward(s)’ + in English. Note that the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> in no way implies that + the object is intended as the final or intended destination or goal of the motion + or movement, only the direction of the movement. Examples would be <em>I wandered + <strong>eastward</strong>, The little girl ran <strong>toward me</strong>, Throw + the rock <strong>at that clown</strong>!, We headed <strong>for home</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify">When used in contexts where directional motion is not implied, + the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> signifies a directional orientation of a + noun relative to another, e.g., <em>He turned his back <strong>on me</strong>, + The upstairs bedroom faces <strong>the yard</strong>, It’s alongside <strong>the + desk</strong></em> (i.e., its lateral surface is oriented toward the desk)</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ABL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ablative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. When used in context of explicit or implied directional motion, + the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> signifies the general directional origin + of movement away from or out of. It does not specify the actual point of origin + or departure. Examples would be <em>He came <strong>out of the east</strong>, + She walked here <strong>from (the direction of) the river</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify">When used in contexts where directional motion is not implied, + the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> signifies a reverse directional orientation + of one noun relative to another, e.g., <em>He faced <strong>away from me</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PLT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Prolative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROLATIVE</font> indicates either a position + or a path of linear movement along, across, or through a one-dimensional linear + medium or a two-dimensional quasi-planar surface, the position or movement being + between one point and another, without implying origination at one point or + destination at another, e.g., <em>He passed <strong>through a tunnel</strong>, + She’s standing <strong>along the highway</strong>, I’ll walk <strong>across + the patio</strong>, He pushed his way <strong>through the crowd</strong>, The + vessel traversed <strong>the (surface of the) ocean</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PEL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Perlative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERLATIVE</font> is identical to the <font size="2">PROLATIVE</font> + above, except that the implied position or path of movement between implied + points is through or within a three-dimensional volume or medium, e.g., <em>Baboons + chase each other <strong>through the trees</strong>, We escaped <strong>under + the ocean</strong>, The probe explored <strong>the nebula</strong> </em>(i.e., + while passing through it)<em>, The vessel traversed <strong>the (depths of the) + ocean</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRV</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Pervasive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERVASIVE</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERVASIVE</font> signifies position or + path of movement among, within, or throughout the contextual medium, e.g., <em>among + the grounds, throughout the stadium, within the crowd</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRH</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Peripheral Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERIPHERAL</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERIPHERAL</font> signifies position or + path of movement in a area surrounding, around, or along the periphery of a + noun, e.g., <em>around her head, on all sides of it, surrounding the yard</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Integral Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTEGRAL</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTEGRAL</font> identifies the noun which + is the native location, origin, or usual locational context for another. It + should be distinguished from the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> above, in that + the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> implies position or path of motion away from, + whereas the <font size="2">INTEGRAL</font> merely presents a locational context + as a means of description or to distinguish the noun from an otherwise similar + noun. Examples of usage would be <em>Fix the <strong>kitchen</strong> sink!</em> + (i.e. the one found in the kitchen), <em><strong>Desert</strong> rocks are so + beautiful</em> (i.e., whether being spoken about rocks taken from the desert + or rocks still present in the desert), <em><strong>Northern</strong> women are + easy-going</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PSN</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Positional Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font> identifies a noun relative + to whose position in space another noun is being described for purposes of spatial + orientation. To an English-speaker, the function of this case makes greater + sense once one realizes that, in Ithkuil, most one-to-one spatial relationships + are described by verbs, not prepositions, e.g., ‘to be situated on the + right,’ ‘to move beneath,’ etc. Consequently, the <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font> + case can be thought of as expressing the phrase ‘relative to.’ Examples + of how it would be used are <em>I’m standing four feet north <strong>of + the desk</strong>, The one hanging above <strong>the boxes</strong> looks fresh, + It lies at a 30° angle <strong>relative to the tree</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.12</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>NAV</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Navigative Case<a name="Sec4o8o12"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">NAVIGATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">NAVIGATIVE</font> identifies the noun + relative to whose vector, arc, or trajectory of motion an act, state, or event + takes place. This is particularly important, as we will see in <a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o4o3">Section + 10.4.3 </a> that Ithkuil modes of positional reference are tied into the vectors + of movement or the configurational axes of objects in the environment such as + the sun or the length of a room. Example uses would be<em> I looked <strong>down + the street</strong>, We aligned it perpendicular <strong>to the path of the + sun</strong>, He crossed the room <strong>diagonally</strong></em> (i.e., walked + diagonally relative to the long axis of the room.)</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 4.8.13 Examples of Spatial Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o8o13"></a><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-8-13.gif" width="640" height="639"> <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-7.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-7.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> +</h3> +<p align="justify"><br> +</p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>4.9 THE TEMPORAL CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o9"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The temporal cases deal with contexts relating to time. In + many respects, Ithkuil analyzes time similarly to Western languages, particularly + in the ability to spatially compartmentalize time as seen in such English phrases + as ‘in 3 hours,’ ‘for 5 years,’ ‘day by day,’ + and ‘per month,’ as well as in analyzing time as progressively linear + using concepts such as ‘before,’ ‘after,’ ‘during,’ + ‘until,’ and ‘ago.’ The fifteen temporal cases are the + <font size="2">CONCURSIVE, ACCESSIVE, DIFFUSIVE, PERIODIC, PROLAPSIVE, PRECURSIVE, + POSTCURSIVE, ELAPSIVE, ALLAPSIVE, INTERPOLATIVE, EPISODIC, PROLIMITIVE, SIMULTANEITIVE, + ASSESSIVE</font>, and <font size="2">LIMITATIVE</font>. Following are explanations + of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of these cases + in use are provided in <a href="#Sec4o9o16">Sec. 4.9.16</a>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Concursive Case<a name="Sec4o9o1"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> serves as a “temporal + locative” signifying the beginning and ending boundaries of time during + or at which an act, state, or event occurs, the whole of which being considered + a single contextual situation. Examples of usage would be <em>He prays <strong>during + lunch</strong>, She studied hard <strong>last night</strong>, I won’t + visit until <strong>then</strong></em> (i.e., during that period in time). </p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-1.gif" width="257" height="53"></p> + <p> </p> +</blockquote> +<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ACS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Accessive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ACCESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The is similar to the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font>, except + that the time identified is specific to a single moment or a brief, highly delimited + period seen in context as one moment, i.e., the point in time at which something + occurs. Examples of usage would be <em>Dinner will be served <strong>at sunset</strong>; + <strong>When</strong> </em>(i.e., at the moment that)<em> you hear his voice, + call in the clowns; <strong>Upon impact</strong>, both cars were accelerating</em>.</p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-2.gif" width="257" height="60"></p> +</blockquote> +<p></p> +<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DFF</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Diffusive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DIFFUSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">DIFFUSIVE</font> is yet another temporal + locative similar to the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font>, except that the time + period identified does not have explicit boundaries, only being centered on + the period identified by the noun. It is best expressed by the English phrase + ‘during the time surrounding….’ Examples of usage would be + <em>Most cars had tail fins <strong>in those days</strong>; I was abroad <strong>during + that era</strong>; <strong>At the time of his death</strong>, the number of + clowns was increasing; <strong>Over the past several seasons</strong>, your + talent has matured</em>.</p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-3.gif" width="257" height="53"></p> +</blockquote> +<p> </p> +<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PER</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Periodic Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> case is marked by Series + D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> identifies the span of + time at some point(s) during which, an act, condition, or event occurs. This + case should be distinguished from the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> above, + in that the periodic specifies a time frame in which separate events, repetitions, + or durationally extended acts or states take place, whereas the concursive signifies + a contextually single holistic event. Examples would be <em>He wrote the novel + <strong>in six months</strong>, These clowns can corrupt your child <strong>within + a few days</strong>, The woman has been ill a lot <strong>this year</strong>, + <strong>For the last several concerts</strong>, my voice has been deteriorating</em>.</p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-4.gif" width="257" height="59"></p> +</blockquote> +<p> </p> +<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRO</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Prolapsive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROLAPSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROLAPSIVE</font> signifies the duration + of an act, condition, or event, i.e., how long it takes or lasts. This case + should be distinguished from the <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> above, in that + the <font size="2">PROLAPSIVE</font> specifies the actual duration of the act, + condition, or event, whereas the <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> merely specifies + a contextual span of time at some point(s) during which, an act, condition, + or event occurs. Examples would be <em>He prayed <strong>through lunch</strong>, + <strong>While he was dying</strong>, the number of clowns increased, It rained + <strong>all night</strong>, It took <strong>three days</strong> for the fever + to break, She sang <strong>for an hour</strong></em>.</p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-5.gif" width="257" height="54"></p> +</blockquote> +<p> </p> +<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PCV</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Precursive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PRECURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PRECURSIVE</font> identifies a point in + time prior to which an act, condition, or event occurs. Examples would be <em>This + situation occurred <strong>before the war</strong>, It rained <strong>prior + to his appearance</strong>, There will be a presentation <strong>preceding the + banquet</strong></em>.</p> +<p> </p> +<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PCR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Postcursive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSTCURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">POSTCURSIVE</font> identifies a point + in time after which an act, condition, or event occurs. Examples would be <em>This + situation occurred <strong>after the war</strong>, It rained <strong>subsequent + to his appearance</strong>, There will be a presentation <strong>following the + banquet</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ELP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Elapsive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ELAPSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ELAPSIVE</font> identifies the amount + of time that has passed between the contextual present and the time of the act, + condition, or event being spoken of. It corresponds to English ‘…ago.’ + Examples would be <em><strong>Four years ago</strong> I was a student; <strong>Going + back three generations</strong>, women could not even vote</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ALP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Allapsive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ALLAPSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ALLAPSIVE</font> identifies the amount + of time that expected to pass between the contextual present and the time of + a future act, condition, or event. Examples would be <em><strong>Four years + from now</strong>, I will be a student; <strong>Looking ahead three generations</strong>, + clowns will rule the world; I will be home <strong>in three days</strong>; Little + did he know that <strong>two months later</strong> he’d be a rich man</em>.</p> +<p> </p> +<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interpolative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERPOLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTERPOLATIVE</font> is used within the + context of repetitive or iterative acts, states, and events and signifies the + duration of each repetition. Examples of usage are <em>We heard several <strong>five-second</strong> + snippets of music; Between lightning bursts were intervals <strong>of several + seconds</strong>; She gets recurring migraines, <strong>each lasting hours</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EPS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Episodic Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EPISODIC</font> case is marked by Series + B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">EPISODIC</font> identifies a contextually + recurring time-period. Examples of usage are <em>The man talks with his mother + <strong>every three days</strong>; <strong>Each year</strong>, I travel to the + Clown Planet; He works <strong>nights</strong>; <strong>By day</strong>, she + is an artisan; The clowns visit us <strong>on Sundays</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.12</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Prolimitive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROLIMITIVE</font> case is marked by Series + C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROLIMITIVE</font> defines a point in + time which signifies a temporal limit to further contextual activity, i.e., + the time by which some act, state, or event occurs. Examples of usage would + be <em><strong>By the time of your graduation</strong>, I want you out of the + house; Please be on board <strong>by midnight</strong>; <strong>By the time + of the raid</strong>, there was nothing left to steal</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.13</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SML</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Simultaneitive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SIMULTANEITIVE</font> case is marked by + Series D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">SIMULTANEITIVE</font> identifies a noun + signifying a time period simultaneous to the act, state, or event under discussion. + Examples would be <em>I was in class <strong>at the same time as his accident</strong>, + I worked a side-job <strong>concurrent to the strike</strong>, She laughed <strong>simultaneously + with my coughing fit</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.14</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASS</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assessive Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series + E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">ASSESSIVE</font> specifies the unit of + time by which a contextual ratio of measurement is created, corresponding to + English ‘by’ or ‘per.’ Examples would be <em>My lawyer + charges <strong>by the minute</strong>, He publishes several books <strong>each + year</strong>, The clown drove the fun-mobile at 90 miles <strong>per hour</strong></em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.15</strong></font></td> + <td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>LIM</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Limitative Case</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">LIMITATIVE</font> case is marked by Series + F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font> + radical consonant. The <font size="2">LIMITATIVE</font> signifies a event culminating + an anticipatory context. It translates the English expression ‘in time + for.’ Examples of usage are <em>He arrived <strong>in time for dinner</strong>, + Be inside the Big Tent <strong>in time for the clowns</strong></em>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 4.9.16 Examples of Temporal Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o9o16"></a></h3> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-16a.gif" width="638" height="129"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown5.GIF" width="71" height="87" border="0" align="top"></a><br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">___________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font><br> +</p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-16b.gif" width="686" height="508"></p> +<p></p> +<p></p> +<p align="right"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">Proceed + to Chapter 5: Verb Morphology >></a></font></strong></p> +<p></p> +<p></p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<font size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. 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