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<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil:
A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br>
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<td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td>
<td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a
Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td>
<td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9
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<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10
Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td>
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<td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1
Phonology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6
More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11
The Script </a></font></font></div></td>
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<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2
Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a
Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12
The Number System</a></font></font></font></td>
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<td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3
Basic Morphology</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The
Lexicon</a></font></font></td>
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<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4
Case Morphology </a></font> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8
Adjuncts</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td>
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</table>
<h2 align="center"> </h2>
<h2 align="center">Chapter 4: Case Morphology</h2>
<div align="center">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="252"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o1">4.1 Semantic Role Vs. Positional
Slot </a></font></td>
<td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o6">4.6 The Adverbial Cases</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o2">4.2 Morpho-Phonological Markers for
Case </a></font></td>
<td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o7">4.7 The Sub-Relative Cases</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o3">4.3 The Transrelative Cases</a></font></td>
<td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o8">4.8 The Spatial Cases</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o4">4.4 The Associative Cases</a></font></td>
<td width="172"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o9">4.9 The Temporal Cases</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="21"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec4o5">4.5 The Appositive Cases</a></font></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">In this chapter, we analyze one additional morphological category:
Case. Like the eight categories analyzed in the previous chapter, and unlike
other languages, the category of Case applies to all formatives in Ithkuil,
i.e., to both nouns and verbs alike. However, the syntactical context in which
Case operates is sufficiently dissimilar for nouns and verbs to warrant separate
analysis. In this chapter, we will analyze the case morphology of nouns alone.
The use of Case with verbs will be analyzed in <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Section
5.7</a>.</p>
<p align="justify">Anyone who has studied German, Latin, Russian, Classical Greek
or Sanskrit, is familiar with the concept of Case. Case generally refers to
a morphological scheme in which a noun, whether via internal mutation of its
phonemes or via affixes, shows what grammatical “role” it plays
in the phrase or sentence in which it appears. For example, in the English sentence
<em>It was me she saw</em>, the use of the word ‘she’ as opposed
to ‘her’ and the use of ‘me’ as opposed to ‘I’
distinguishes the subject of the sentence (the person seeing) from the object
of the verb (the one being seen). Similarly, in the German sentence <em>Der
Bruder des Knaben sah den Mann</em> (= ‘The boy’s brother saw the
man’), the words ‘der’, ‘des’ and ‘den’
distinguish the subject of the sentence ‘brother’ (nominative case)
from the possessor ‘boy’ (genitive case) from the object ‘man’
(accusative case).</p>
<p align="justify">The concept of “case” can extend far beyond the
notions of subject, object and possessor. Depending on the particular language,
there may be noun cases which specify the location or position of a noun, whether
a noun accompanies another or derives from another or is the recipient of another.
In general, noun cases in those languages which rely upon them often substitute
for what in English is accomplished using prepositions or prepositional phrases.
The process of adding affixes or changing the phonetic structure of a word in
order to show a noun in a particular case is known as declining a noun, and
the various permutations of a noun into its cases are known as its declensions.
</p>
<p align="justify">There are 81 cases in Ithkuil, falling into seven categories:
Transrelative, Associative, Appositive, Adverbial, Subrelative, Spatial, and
Temporal. Case operates differently in Ithkuil than in most human languages,
being based in lexico-semantics as opposed to morpho-syntax. This is explained
below in Section 4.1.</p>
<p align="justify">Note that in regard to gender categories from other languages,
Ithkuil has no distinctions of gender (e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, etc.),
although word-roots do fall into one of 17 morpho-semantic classes (see <a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o2">Sec.
10.2</a>). However, there is no “agreement” or morpho-phonological
concord of any kind between a noun and other words or morphological elements
in a sentence, i.e., there is none of the required matching of masculine or
feminine or singular/plural agreement between nouns, articles, and adjectives
as seen in most Western languages.</p>
<p align="justify">
</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><a name="Sec4o1"></a><font size="4"><strong>4.1
SEMANTIC ROLE VERSUS POSITIONAL SLOT</strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">In most languages, case operates at the surface structure level
of language to signify arbitrary grammatical relations such as subject, direct
object, indirect object. The deeper level of “semantic role” is
ignored in terms of morphological designations. The notion of semantic role
can be illustrated by the following set of sentences:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">(1a) <em>John opened the door with the key.</em><br>
(1b) <em>The key opened the door.</em><br>
(1c) <em>The wind opened the door.</em><br>
(1d) <em>The door opened.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">In each of these sentences case is assigned based on “slot”,
i.e., the position of the nouns relative to the verb, irrespective of their
semantic roles. Thus the “subjects” of the sentences are, respectively,
<em>John</em>, <em>the key</em>, <em>the wind</em>, and <em>the door</em>. Yet
it can be seen that, semantically speaking, these four sentences are interrelated
in a causal way. Specifically, Sentence (1b) results directly from sentence
(1a), and sentence (1d) results directly from either (1b) or (1c). We see that
the case of the noun ‘key’ in sentence (1a) is prepositional, while
in sentence (1b) it is the subject. Yet, the key plays the same semantic role
in both sentences: the physical instrument by which the act of opening is accomplished.
As for the noun ‘door,’ it is marked as a direct object in the first
three sentences and as a subject in the fourth, even though its semantic role
in all four sentences never changes, i.e., it is the noun which undergoes a
change in its state as a result of the act of opening. The noun ‘John’
in sentence (1a) is marked as a subject, the same case as ‘key’
in (1b), the ‘wind’ in (1c) and the ‘door’ in (1d),
yet the semantic role of ‘John’ is entirely different than the role
of ‘key’ in (1b) and different again from ‘door’ in
(1c), i.e., John is acting as the conscious, deliberate initiator of the act
of opening. Finally, the noun ‘wind’ in (1c), while marked as a
subject, operates in yet another semantic role distinct from the subjects of
the other sentences, i.e., an inanimate, blind force of nature which, while
being the underlying cause of the act of opening, can make no conscious or willed
choice to initiate such action.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
<a name="Sec4o1o1"></a>4.1.1 Case as Indicator of Semantic Role</h3>
<p align="justify">The case structures of Western languages mark positional slot
(i.e., grammatical relations) only, and have no overt way to indicate semantic
role, thus providing no way of showing the intuitive causal relationship between
sets of sentences like those above. In Ithkuil, however, the case of a noun
is based on its underlying semantic role, not its syntactic position in the
sentence relative to the verb. These semantic roles reflect a more fundamental
or primary level of language irrespective of the surface case marking of nouns
in other languages. Thus Ithkuil noun declension more accurately reflects the
underlying semantic function of nouns in sentences. Consequently, the Western
grammatical notions of “subject” and “object” have little
meaning or applicability in Ithkuil grammar.</p>
<p align="justify">The following semantic roles are marked by noun cases in Ithkuil.
They correspond roughly to the “subjects” and “objects”
of Western languages:</p>
<p align="justify"><strong>AGENT</strong>: The animate, (and usually conscious
and deliberate) initiator of an act which results in another noun undergoing
a consequent change in state or behavior, e.g., ‘John’ in Sentence
(1a) above.</p>
<p align="justify"><strong>FORCE</strong>: An inanimate, unwilled cause of an
act such as a force of nature like ‘wind’ in Sentence (1c) above.</p>
<p align="justify"><strong>INSTRUMENT</strong>: The noun which functions as the
physical means or tool by which an act is initiated or performed, e.g., ‘key’
in Sentences (1a) and (1b) above.</p>
<p align="justify"><strong>PATIENT</strong>: The noun which undergoes a change
in state or behavior as a result of an act initiated or caused by itself or
by another noun, e.g., ‘door’ in all four sentences above.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
<a name="Sec4o1o2"></a> 4.1.2 Additional Semantic Roles</h3>
<p align="justify">Additional semantic roles corresponding to subjects and objects
in Western languages exist in Ithkuil as overt noun cases. These include the
roles of ENABLER, EXPERIENCER, STIMULUS, RECIPIENT, and CONTENT, and are explained
below using the following set of sentences as illustrations.</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">(2a) <em>Mary hits the children.</em><br>
(2b) <em>Mary entertains the children.</em><br>
(2c) <em>Mary sees the children.</em><br>
(2d) <em>Mary tells the children a story.</em><br>
(2e) <em>Mary wants children.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">Examining these five sentences, we notice that the noun Mary
is in the subject slot in all of them and the children is the direct object
(except in the fourth sentence), even though the semantic roles of both nouns
are entirely different in each of these five sentences. Beginning with Sentence
(2a) we see that Mary is an AGENT which tangibly causes injury or pain to the
children who obviously function in the role of PATIENT. Thus (2a) is identical
to sentence (1a) in terms of the roles portrayed by the subject and direct object.
</p>
<p align="justify">In Sentence (2b)<em> </em>however, <em>Mary entertains the
children</em>, there is a subtle distinction. At first we might consider Mary
an agent who initiates a change in the children (i.e., the fact that they become
entertained). But, in fact, the act of entertainment is not one whose result
(enjoyment by the audience) can be guaranteed by the party doing the entertaining.
In fact, the result of the act of entertainment is not Mary’s to determine,
but rather the children’s, based on whether they “feel” a
sense of enjoyment at experiencing Mary’s act. And so, Mary is more like
a patient here, not an agent, as she is undergoing a change in her state or
behavior (she is performing an attempt to entertain) which she herself has chosen
to initiate and undergo, yet the act has the potential to cause a resulting
change in the children, the success of this motivation to be determined by the
children, however, not Mary. Such a semantic role as Mary here is termed an
ENABLER. And how do the children make the decision as to whether they are entertained
or not (i.e., what is their semantic role?). Can the children deliberately or
consciously choose to feel a sense of enjoyment, or are they not themselves
unwilling “patients” to their own emotional reactions? In case grammar,
a party such as the children who undergo an unwilled experience are termed EXPERIENCERS.
Besides emotional reactions, such unwilled experiences include autonomic sensory
perceptions (e.g., parties that see or hear because their eyes were open and
pointed in a particular direction or who were within earshot of a sound), and
autonomic bodily reactions or responses as well as proprioceptive sensations
(e.g., coughing, sneezing, perspiring, feeling hot or cold, feeling pain, etc.).</p>
<p align="justify">This notion of EXPERIENCER is likewise illustrated by Sentence
(2c) <em>Mary sees the children</em>, in which the verb ‘see’ denotes
an automatic sensory experience, not a deliberately initiated action. In other
words, it is the nature of the sense of sight to function automatically whenever
a person is conscious and his/her eyes are open. The verb ‘see’
does not necessarily imply a conscious or deliberately willed action of “seeing”
(as would be implied by the verb ‘to look [at]’). Therefore, the
“action” is automatic and uninitiated; it is, in fact, not an action
at all, but rather an experiential state which the person doing the seeing undergoes.
In other words, the person seeing is actually a kind of “patient,”
as it is he/she who undergoes the experience of (and physical or emotional reaction
to) the particular sight. Such undergoers of sensory verbs and other unwilled
states (e.g., emotional states or reactions, autonomic bodily reactions such
as sneezing, physical states of sensation such as being hot or cold, etc.) are
categorized in the role of EXPERIENCERS. And what of the children’s role
in sentence (2c)? Unlike the first three sentences, the children do not undergo
any action. Certainly the process of “being seen” by Mary does not
in itself cause a physical change or reaction of any kind in the entity being
seen. Nor can the children be analyzed as “initiating” the act of
sight, as they may be completely unaware that Mary is seeing them. As a result,
the children’s semantic role is merely that of STIMULUS, a neutral, unwitting
originating reason for the experiential state being undergone by the other noun
participant.</p>
<p align="justify">In Sentence (2d) <em>Mary tells the children a story</em>,
Mary is a patient who initiates the action which she herself undergoes, the
telling of a story. The children do not undergo an unwilled emotional, sensory,
or bodily reaction here, but rather are the passive and more or less willing
RECIPIENT of information, the role of an “indirect object” in Western
languages. The story, on the other hand, is merely a non-participatory abstract
referent, whose role is termed CONTENT.</p>
<p align="justify">The role of CONTENT also applies to the children in Sentence
(2e) <em>Mary wants children</em>, where they function as the “object”
of Mary’s desire. Since no tangible action is occurring, nor are the children
undergoing any result of change of state, nor need they be even aware of Mary’s
desire, they are, like the story in sentence (2d), merely non-participatory
referents. As for Mary’s role in (2e), the emotional state of desire,
being unwilled, self-activating, and subjectively internal, creates a situation
similar to an automatic sensory perception or autonomic body response; thus,
Mary’s role is again that of EXPERIENCER.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><p><font size="4"><strong>4.2 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL
MARKERS FOR CASE<a name="Sec4o2"></a></strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Case is shown in many different ways in Ithkuil depending on
whether the case is being shown in conjunction with a formative or a personal
reference adjunct (explained in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec.
8.1</a>). For nouns, case is shown via a combination of vocalic mutation of
the stem-vowel and mutation of the second consonantal radical, C<font size="1">2</font>.
The permutations of the nine series of vocalic mutation, along with the nine
grades of C<font size="2">2</font> consonantal mutation, combine to correspond
to the 81 cases. The particular mutational patterns are given in the sections
below as each case is described. Case markers for personal reference adjuncts
will be shown later in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Section
8.1</a>.</p>
<p align="justify">We are now in a position to examine the different noun cases
in detail. We will start with the group of cases which correspond to “subjects”
and “objects” in Western languages.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="97%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><font size="4"><strong>4.3 THE TRANSRELATIVE CASES<a name="Sec4o3"></a></strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The Transrelative cases refer to eleven cases used to identify
nouns functioning as participants to a verb, what in Western grammatical terms
would be referred to as “subjects” and “objects” and
most likely marked as either nominative, accusative, or dative. It is these
cases which more or less correspond to the semantic roles identified in <a href="#Sec4o1">Sec.
4.1</a> above. The eleven transrelative cases are the <font size="2">OBLIQUE,
ABSOLUTIVE, DATIVE, ERGATIVE, EFFECTUATIVE, INDUCIVE, AFFECTIVE, INSTRUMENTAL,
ACTIVATIVE, DERIVATIVE, </font>and<font size="2"> SITUATIVE</font>. Following
are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples
of these cases in use are provided in <a href="#Sec4o3o12">Section 4.3.12</a>.<br>
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>OBL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Oblique Case<a name="Sec4o3o1"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. As described above in Section 4.1.2, the <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font>
identifies the semantic role of CONTENT, whether it is something given to a
RECIPIENT, or the non-causal abstract content of an experiential state, e.g.,
a memory recalled, something desired, something feared. It would thus be used
in translating sentences such as <em>Sam gave me <strong>a book</strong>, The
child likes <strong>cereal</strong></em>. It is also the case associated with
existential identification, what in English would be the subject of the verb
‘to be’ when referring to the intrinsic identity or static description
of a noun as in the English sentences <em><strong>That boy</strong> is blind</em>
or <em><strong>The house</strong> was built of wood</em>. The <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font>,
being the semantically most neutral case, is also the citation form of a noun
(i.e., the form in which the noun would be listed in a dictionary). </p>
<p align="justify"></p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="52%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ABS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Absolutive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. As described in Section 4.1.1 above, the <font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font>
identifies the semantic role of PATIENT of an agential action, where the agent-initiator
is a different party than the patient who undergoes the resulting action. Note
that in sentences with patient subjects, the agent or instrument of agency need
not be overtly expressed. Examples of English sentences translatable using the
<font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font> would be <em>The boy hit <strong>the girl</strong>,
She forced <strong>him</strong> to do it, <strong>The bird</strong> fell from
the sky, <strong>The prisoner</strong> died during the gun battle</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DAT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Dative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DATIVE</font> case is marked by Series C
vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">DATIVE</font> has two functions in Ithkuil.
Similarly to Western languages, it marks indirect objects of verbs of giving
and telling, i.e., the semantic role of RECIPIENT of a noun transferred via
an act of giving, donation, lending, or other transference of possession, or
the hearer to who something is said, told, recounted, etc, as described in <a href="#Sec4o1o2">Section
4.1.2</a> above. Secondly, like some Western languages (e.g., Russian), Ithkuil
uses a dative construction in lieu of any verb ‘to have’ in reference
to possession or attribution. It would therefore be used in translating sentences
such as <em>We're giving <strong>you</strong> a present, Jason lent a dollar
<strong>to his sister</strong>, Please grant <strong>me</strong> a wish, <strong>The
student</strong> has three books, <strong>Those mountains</strong> have a mysterious
quality</em>. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ERG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ergative Case<a name="Sec4o3o4"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> identifies the semantic
role of AGENT, i.e., a noun which initiates a tangible action undergone by another
party (the PATIENT), as described in <a href="#Sec4o1o1">Section 4.1.1</a>.
Note that sentences involving an <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> agent need not
overtly express the patient noun. Examples of English sentences translatable
using the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> would be <em><strong>The bo</strong>y
hit the girl, <strong>She</strong> forced him to do it, <strong>That murderer</strong>
kills for fun</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EFF</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Effectuative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> identifies the noun
acting in the semantic role of ENABLER, as described in <a href="#Sec4o1o2">Section
4.1.2</a> above. This is the noun which initiates a causal chain of events,
ultimately resulting in a final event. An example would be pulling out the plug
of a filled bathtub thereby causing it to empty. This case should therefore
be carefully distinguished from the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font> case. Ergatively
marked nouns imply that the action undergone by the patient is the same action
directly initiated by the agent, whereas <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font>
nouns imply a chain or series of cause-and-effect actions. For example, in the
Ithkuil translation of the sentence <em>The clown emptied the blood from the
tub</em>, the clown could be marked either as an AGENT by means of the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font>
case, or as an ENABLER using the <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> case. The
former would mean the clown poured out the blood himself, while the latter would
mean he let it drain (i.e., by pulling the plug). Such case distinctions eliminate
the need for Ithkuil to have separate verbs for ‘to drain,’ ‘to
pour’ or ‘to empty.’ The Ithkuil verb used in translating
the sentence would simply mean ‘to remove.’</p>
<p align="justify">Note that the EFFECTUATIVE case is commonly used with the affix
-<strong>V<font size="1">1</font><font color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">.</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong>
to show the degree or nature of the enabling cause. With this affix, sentences
can be produced which specify whether the enablement is via giving of consent
or permission, by persuasion, by subtle indirect influence, by removal of a
hindrance, or even by inaction. This affix is explored fully in <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o12">Sec.
7.7.12</a>. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IND</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Inducive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font> identifies a noun which
undergoes a self-initiated action, i.e., the noun is a PATIENT of an agential
action in which the AGENT and the PATIENT are the same. Note that this does
not necessarily imply reflexive action (i.e., doing something to oneself). It
would be used in sentences such as <em><strong>The boy</strong> jumped, <strong>He</strong>
sang, <strong>The dog</strong> barked all night, </em>or<em> <strong>She</strong>
danced to the music</em>, in which the party initiating and performing the action
are one and the same. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AFF</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Affective Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> denotes a noun whose
semantic role is that of EXPERIENCER, as described previously in <a href="#Sec4o1o2">Section
4.1.2</a>, the noun which undergoes a non-causal, non-initiated (and unwilled)
experiential state, whether internally autonomic in nature or as the result
of an external stimulus. Examples of such states would be automatic sensory
experience; autonomic bodily reactions such as yawning, sneezing, coughing,
blinking, itching, feeling sleepy, pain, feeling ill, feeling cold or warm;
automatic reactions to external stimuli such as shock, flinching, ducking, raising
one’s arms to avoid sudden danger; as well as any unwilled emotional state
such as love, hate, fear, anger, surprise, joy, wistfulness, shyness, regret,
anxiety, etc. </p>
<p align="justify">Example sentences requiring the use of the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font>
case would be <em><strong>The baby</strong> is coughing, The lightning startled
<strong>her</strong>, <strong>Mortimer</strong> loves his vittles, <strong>Uncle
Davey</strong> slept till noon, My back itches <strong>me</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify">Note that if the experiential state is willfully brought about
by the noun undergoing it, the <font size="2">INDUCIVE</font> case would be
used, since the noun is deliberately initiating an action in order to induce
the experiential state. For example, compare the sentence <em><strong>The children
</strong>smiled with glee</em> (marked using the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font>)
with <em><strong>The children</strong> smiled on cue</em> (marked using the
<font size="2">INDUCIVE</font>).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Instrumental Case<a name="Sec4o3o8"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify"> The <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. As described previously in <a href="#Sec4o1o1">Section 4.1.1</a>,
the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> denotes a noun which functions as the
INSTRUMENT or means utilized by an AGENT in accomplishing an action or bringing
about a state. It is usually translated by English ‘with.’ Examples
of usage would be <em>She killed him <strong>with a knife</strong>, The man
tripped over <strong>my foot</strong>, <strong>The password</strong> got him
inside</em>. The <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> is also used to mark translations
of an inanimate “subject” noun when its logical function is as the
instrument of an unstated agent, e.g., compare <em>I pressed the button <strong>with
my finger</strong></em> with <em><strong>My finger</strong> pressed the button</em>,
both of which would be identical in Ithkuil except for the latter sentence’s
missing agent, <em>I</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">Note that the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> does not translate
‘with’ in its meaning of ‘along with’ or ‘accompanied
by’ (see the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> case below in <a href="#Sec4o6o9">Sec.
4.6.9</a>) as in <em>She arrived with her father</em>. Nor is it used to show
the resources or materials consumed in performing an act. For example, in the
sentence <em>He cooks with tomatoes</em> (see the <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font>
case in <a href="#Sec4o5o8">Sec. 4.5.8</a>), it is not the tomatoes that cook
the food, therefore the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> would not be used,
whereas in <em>He fueled the fire with wood</em> it is the wood that fuels the
fire, thus requiring the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> case.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ACT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Activative Case<a name="Sec4o3o9"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> identifies a noun engaged
in or subject to a mental or metaphysical state which, as a concurrent result,
creates a hypothetical, “unrealized” situation which can potentially
be made real by further action. Such unrealized situations can be illustrated
by the sentence <em>Frank must go to Chicago</em>, in which no actual travel
to Chicago has occurred and, in fact, may not occur. Similarly, in the sentence
<em>Mother needs to rest</em>, no resting has yet occurred and may not. In both
sentences, the event which would “fulfill” the state described remains
an unrealized hypothetical, at least from the perspective of the speaker. Similar
hypothetical events or states are found in the sentences <em>The students want
you to sing, Everyone expected you to laugh, or Joe will demand that I stay</em>.
Note that many of these constructions in English involve the use of “modal”
verbs such as <em>want, need, can, must</em>, etc. </p>
<p align="justify">Notice that the subject of these English sentences (<em>Frank,
Mother, the students, everyone, Joe</em>) are functioning neither as AGENTS
nor PATIENTS, since the modal verbs of which they are the subject do not identify
as-yet actualized events, only states of unrealized potential. These subjects
are essentially EXPERIENCERS undergoing a mental or metaphysical state of wanting,
needing, obligation, expectation, hoping, wishing, being able to, etc. However,
such experiencers must be differentiated from would-be experiencers “within”
the hypothetical situation. For example, in the sentence <em>Sam wants Shirley
to love him</em>, it could become ambiguous if Sam and Shirley are both marked
as EXPERIENCERS using the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> case. Consequently,
Ithkuil uses the <font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> case to mark the subject whose
mental or metaphysical state creates a concurrent hypothetical, as-yet unrealized
situation. All of the subjects in the example sentences from the previous paragraph
(i.e., F<em>rank, Mother, the students, everyone, Joe</em>) would be so marked.
In <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</a> we will see how the
<font size="2">ACTIVATIVE</font> is used in conjunction with a morphological
category for verbs termed Modality to create such hypothetical states and situations.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DER</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Derivative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> serves two functions
in Ithkuil. Firstly, it identifies an inanimate FORCE of nature (as described
in <a href="#Sec4o1o1">Sec. 4.1.1</a>) or abstract causative situation which
causes a PATIENT noun to undergo an action, as in <em><strong>The wind</strong>
blew down the door, </em>or<em> <strong>Fame</strong> threatened his freedom</em>.
The use of the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> instead of the <font size="2">ERGATIVE</font>
or the <font size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</font> denotes that such inanimate agential
forces or abstract enabling situations cannot consciously or willingly initiate
actions, but rather are merely circumstantial initiating causes. Therefore the
resulting act, event, or state is seen more as having derived from this force
or situation, as opposed to being willfully or consciously caused. In this function,
a noun in the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> can often be translated using
phrases such as ‘due to, owing to, on account of, because of, as a result
of.’ Nouns in the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> can also appear in
appositive constructions (i.e., in a noun-to-noun conjunction) where the noun
in the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> denotes the abstract cause or reason
for the other noun, e.g., <em>the danger <strong>of fame</strong>, <strong>love’s</strong>
heartache, <strong>wind</strong> song</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">The second function of the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font>
case is to identify the non-agential, unconscious or non-deliberate STIMULUS
of an affective mental state, emotion, or autonomic sensory experience, as in
<em>T<strong>he coffee</strong> smells good, I saw <strong>her</strong> today,
She hates <strong>that boy</strong>, Victor coughed <strong>from the gas</strong>,
We laughed at <strong>his jokes</strong>, <strong>That song </strong>makes me
cry</em>. Ithkuil grammar views the stimulus of an experiential state as having
a similar role to that of an abstract circumstantial or situational cause (as
in the above examples); this explains why the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font>
case serves to indicate both functions. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.3.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SIT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Situative Case<a name="Sec4o3o11"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SITUATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">SITUATIVE</font> identifies a noun as
the background context for a clause. It is similar to the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font>
case immediately above, except it does not imply a direct causative relationship
between the background context and the act, condition, or event which occurs.
It is translatable into English by various circumlocutions, as shown in the
following examples:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"><em><strong>Because of war</strong>, our planet will never
be able to join the Federation.<br>
<strong>Given the presence of clowns</strong>, we must accept the corruption
of our children.<br>
<strong>Using my plan</strong>, we will defeat the enemy.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
4.3.12 Examples of Transrelative Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o3o12"></a></h3>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12a.gif" width="454" height="89"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown8.GIF" width="80" height="91" border="0" align="top"></a><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12b.gif" width="463" height="87"></p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12c.gif" width="516" height="85"></p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12d.gif" width="489" height="87"><br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%204/4-3-12e.gif" width="540" height="84"></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<h3> 4.3.13 Specialized Affixes Used to Expand the Functionality of the Transrelative
Cases</h3>
<p>It should be noted that Ithkuil provides an array of affixes specifically designed
to work in conjunction with nouns inflected into one of the Transrelative cases
to significantly expand their ability to specify the exact nature of the causal
relationships between participants to a verb in an Ithkuil sentence. These affixes
include the Consent <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2b.gif" width="33" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix, the Reason <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2c.gif" width="32" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix, the Expectation <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2d.gif" width="32" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix, the Deliberateness <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2e.gif" width="33" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix, the Enablement <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2f.gif" width="34" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix, the Agency/Intent <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2g.gif" width="36" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix, and the Impact <img src="Images/Ch%2010/10-1-2h.gif" width="31" height="24" align="absmiddle">
affix. These affixes are detailed in <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o12">Section
7.7.12</a> and discussed further in <a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o1o2">Section
10.1.2</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><p><font size="4"><strong>4.4 THE ASSOCIATIVE CASES<a name="Sec4o4"></a></strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Those Western languages which have possessive cases usually
have only one such case, often functioning in a vague and ambiguous way to show
varying types of relationships between two nouns. For example, notice the differing
relationships expressed by the possessive in the following English sentences:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p> <em>the man’s hat</em> = the hat belonging to him [alienable possession]<br>
<em>the man’s house</em> = the house he legally owns [proprietary responsibility]<br>
<em>the man’s arm</em> = part of his body [inalienable component]<br>
<em>the man’s brother</em> = the brother related to him [genetic relationship]<br>
<em>the man’s happiness</em> = he feels happy [affective experience]<br>
<em>the man’s rescue</em> = he was or will be rescued [target of others’
purpose]<br>
<em>the man’s gift</em> = the gift is for him [benefaction]<br>
<em>the man’s gift</em> = the gift is from him [source]<br>
<em>the man’s world</em> = the world in which he lives [inherent subjective
association]<br>
<em>the man’s team</em> = the team he is associated with [interactive
mutual association]<br>
<em>the man’s story</em> = the story about him [topical reference]<br>
<em>the man’s painting</em> = the picture he painted [creation/authorship]<br>
<em>the man’s command</em> = his being a commander [role or function]</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">In many instances, the English possessive is totally ambiguous,
e.g., does ‘the man’s story’ mean the one he wrote or the
one about him? Regarding ‘the man’s rescue,’ did the man do
the rescuing or is he the one being rescued? Is ‘the man’s gift’
one he is giving or receiving? Ithkuil is more exact in specifying the nature
of these relationships via case. Many of the above relationships are addressed
by the seven Associative cases. The other sorts of relationships shown above
are handled by other types of cases (see <a href="#Sec4o5">Sections 4.5</a>
and <a href="#Sec4o6">4.6</a> below).</p>
<p align="justify">The Associative cases make a distinction between alienable
versus inalienable possession or attribution, as well as distinguishing whether
the possession is inherent to the possessor or imposed or caused from without.
These distinctions are explained below. Like Western languages (and unlike many
American Indian and North Caucasian languages), the case marking is on the possessor
noun, not the possessed. The seven Associative cases are the <font size="2">POSSESSIVE,
PROPRIETIVE, GENITIVE, ATTRIBUTIVE, ORIGINATIVE, PRODUCTIVE</font>, and <font size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</font>.
Following are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil
examples of the cases in use are given in <a href="#Sec4o4o8">Sec. 4.4.8</a>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>POS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Possessive Case<a name="Sec4o4o1"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> is used to refer to
a noun which has alienable (i.e., removable or severable) possession of another
noun in the sense of having physical control or oversight of that noun, whether
by chance circumstance or deliberate manipulation. The two nouns are not in
any sense inherent parts of one another and the relationship between the two
can be theoretically or actually terminated by an outside force or influence,
or by decision of the possessor, usually by means of mere physical permanent
separation of the possessor and possessed nouns. The possessive would be used
to translate English phrases such as <em><strong>his</strong> coat</em> (e.g.,
the one he is wearing, regardless of whether he owns it or not), <em><strong>the
boy’s</strong> book</em> (e.g., the one in his hand), <em><strong>Father’s</strong>
chair</em> (e.g., the one he happens to be sitting in, as in a restaurant).
</p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Proprietive Case<a name="Sec4o4o2"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROPRIETIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROPRIETIVE</font> identifies a noun having
alienable possession of another noun in the sense of quasi-permanent contextual
control, ownership or oversight, whether by societal recognition, social convention,
law, purchase or decree, which mere physical separation does not sever. The
two nouns are not in any sense inherent parts of one another, however the relationship
cannot be terminated except via an equally or more binding act, declaration,
convention, law, process, etc. Using the same English examples used with the
<font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> above, we can analyze the connotative difference:
<em><strong>his</strong> coat</em> (i.e., the one he owns, regardless of whether
he is wearing it or not), <em><strong>the boy’s</strong> book</em> (e.g.,
the one he bought), <em><strong>Father’s</strong> chair</em> (e.g., the
one assigned to him). </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>GEN</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Genitive Case<a name="Sec4o4o3"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">GENITIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">GENITIVE</font> is used to refer to a
noun which has inalienable (i.e., unremovable, unseverable) possession of or
association with another noun in the sense of having that noun as an inherent
or intrinsic attribute, characteristic, physical part, or genetic (i.e., familial)
bond, e.g., <em><strong>my</strong> hand, <strong>the building’s</strong>
doors, <strong>the child’s</strong> father, the essence <strong>of that
woman</strong></em>. </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ATT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Attributive Case<a name="Sec4o4o4"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ATTRIBUTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ATTRIBUTIVE</font> is used to refer to
a noun which inalienably experiences the effects of, or otherwise has an affective
(see the <font size="2">AFFECTIVE</font> case above) relationship with another
noun, either as a temporary or permanent attribute, characteristic, or experience,
whether physical or psychological, objective or subjective in nature. Examples:
<em><strong>his</strong> pain, <strong>Mother’s</strong> guilt, <strong>the
child’s</strong> cough, <strong>Dorothy’s</strong> mood, <strong>Davey’s</strong>
happiness, <strong>the teacher’s</strong> stubbornness, <strong>my</strong>
needs</em>. </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>OGN</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Originative Case<a name="Sec4o4o5"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ORIGINATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ORIGINATIVE</font> identifies a noun as
being the literal or figurative source of another, e.g., <em><strong>the man’s</strong>
story</em> (i.e., the one he told), <em><strong>our</strong> gift</em> (i.e.,
the one we are giving), <em>water <strong>from the river</strong>, the fruit
<strong>of the tree</strong></em>. </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PDC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="62%"><font size="4"><strong>The Productive Case<a name="Sec4o4o6"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PRODUCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PRODUCTIVE</font> identifies the creator,
author or originator of another noun, e.g.,<em> <strong>the girl’s</strong>
poem, <strong>the clowns’ </strong>plan, <strong>my</strong> statue</em>
(i.e., the one I sculpted). </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>4.4.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ITP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="66%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interpretative Case<a name="Sec4o4o7"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</font> case is marked by
Series G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</font> identifies a noun
acting as the subjective interpretational context of another noun, that is the
noun by or through which another noun is subjectively interpreted or described,
as exemplified by the phrases <em><strong>Monet’s</strong> Paris</em>,
<em><strong>our</strong> world, life <strong>as seen by children</strong></em>.
</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
4.4.8 Examples of Associative Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o4o8"></a><br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8a.gif" width="343" height="79"></h3>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8b.gif" width="294" height="74"> <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-2.mp3">Listen!
</a><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8c.gif" width="291" height="76"></p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8d.gif" width="361" height="79"></p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-4-8e.gif" width="361" height="81"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown6.GIF" width="81" height="93" border="0" align="bottom"></a><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><p><font size="4"><strong>4.5 THE APPOSITIVE CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o5"></a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The Appositive cases refer to a group of eleven cases which
modify a noun to show that it has some relationship to another, usually adjacent
noun. Most of these cases correspond to relationships in which, in English translation,
we find two nouns together in apposition or as a compound noun, as in <em>cat
box, schoolbook, peace march, mountain man,</em> etc., or joined by the word
‘of’ in a non-possessive relationship, e.g., <em>box of coins, dreams
of youth, sounds of laughter</em>. The eleven Appositive cases are the <font size="2">APPLICATIVE,
PURPOSIVE, INHERENT, CONDUCTIVE, MEDIATIVE, CONTRASTIVE, PARTITIVE, COMPOSITIVE,
CORRELATIVE, INTERDEPENDENT,</font> and <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font>. Following
are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples
of the cases in use are given in <a href="#Sec4o5o12">Sec. 4.5.12</a>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>APL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Applicative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> identifies a noun which
represents the purpose for which another noun is to be utilized in a given instance.
As such, it usually translates English ‘for’ when meaning ‘for
the temporary or incidental use/purpose of.’ Examples of usage would be
<em>a cup for coffee</em> (i.e., a cup being used incidentally to hold coffee),
<em>a box for tools</em> (i.e., the box is only temporarily being used to hold
tools), <em>a room for changing.</em> Note that the use of the <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font>
can extend to usages beyond English ‘for,’ as in <em>a “weapon”
cat</em> = ‘a cat used as a weapon,’ or <em>a “projectile”
book</em> = ‘a book used as a projectile.’ </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PUR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Purposive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> identifies a noun which
characterizes or defines the purpose of, or reason for, another noun. The <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font>
is subtly distinct from the <font size="2">APPLICATIVE</font> above, in that
the latter names the actual use to which a noun is put on a given occasion or
in given context, whereas the <font size="2">PURPOSIVE</font> defines another
noun’s general function or primary reason for being, outside of any contextual
instance, i.e., what the noun is used for all the time (or at least its intended
use). It generally translates English ‘as,’ ‘of’ or
‘for’ when meaning ‘for the purpose of’ or alternately
an English noun-noun expression or a compound noun. Examples of usage would
be <em>a <strong>coffee</strong> cup, a <strong>tool</strong>box, a <strong>litter</strong>
box, a <strong>trash</strong>can. </em></p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INH</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Inherent Case<a name="Sec4o5o3"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INHERENT</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">INHERENT</font> case identifies a noun
being used to characterize or define the identity or intrinsic nature of another
in a subjective, contextual, metaphorical, or symbolic manner. English phrases
which would be translated using this case are <em>years <strong>of wonder</strong>,
the <strong>Clown</strong> Planet, <strong>life</strong> blood, city <strong>of
evil</strong>, a <strong>dangerous</strong> situation</em> (i.e., a situation
characterized by danger). </p>
<p align="justify">Note that in the above examples, the noun in the <font size="2">INHERENT</font>
would be inflected either for the <font size="2">NOMIC</font> or the <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font>
perspective (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o3">Sections
3.3.3</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</a>)
to show that the relationship involves a collective entity (e.g., <em>Clown
Planet</em> = planet of all clowns) or that the relationship is abstract, subjective
or symbolic (<em>years of wonder</em> = years that make one feel a sense of
wonder). However, when a noun in the <font size="2">INHERENT</font> case is
inflected for a concrete perspective, i.e., either the <font size="2">MONADIC</font>
or the <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>, then it takes on the rather different
function of stating the actual existential identity (literally or figuratively)
of the other noun and would be equivalent to the English construction ‘that/which/who
is (a/the)…’ as in <em>the man who is president, the woman who is
my wife, the house that is a model, a machine that is a vehicle, the teacher
who is her father, those trees that are larches</em>. Through use of the <font size="2">INHERENT</font>
case and the <font size="2">MONADIC</font>/<font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font> perspectives,
these phrases would be rendered into Ithkuil phrases that would correspond literally
to the sometimes awkward, even semantically anomalous English phrases <em>‘the
president man,’ ‘the my-wife woman,’ ‘the model house,’
‘the vehicle machine,’ ‘the her-father teacher,’ ‘the
larch trees.’</em></p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Conductive Case<a name="Sec4o5o4"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONDUCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONDUCTIVE</font> identifies the meaningful
or relevant context of another. It can be thought of as conveying the relationship
signified by the expressions ‘having to do with,’ ‘as it pertains
to,’ or ‘considered within the context of.’ Examples of English
phrases translatable using this case are <em>a <strong>circus</strong> clown,
a <strong>mountain</strong> man, a feeling <strong>of loneliness</strong>, the
<strong>Mafia’s</strong> world, a realm <strong>of fear</strong>, my<strong>
life</strong> achievement, <strong>childhood</strong> memories, Let’s
discuss the morality<strong> of war</strong></em>. </p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>MED</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Mediative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">MEDIATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">MEDIATIVE</font> indicates the physical,
psychological, or figurative medium through which another noun or event takes
place. It would be used in translating phrases or sentences such as <em>a <strong>radio</strong>
announcement, arrival <strong>by water</strong>, a <strong>letter</strong> bomb,
<strong>air</strong> mail, achieving ecstasy <strong>through sex</strong>, I
showed her my love <strong>with chocolate</strong></em>. It should be distinguished
from the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font> case (see Section 4.3.8 above),
which signifies the actual instrument or physical means used to accomplish a
causative action. For example, in the sentence <em>Call him on the phone!</em>,
translating the phrase <em>on the phone</em> into the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>
case would signify ‘Use the phone (i.e., the one in the room) to call
him,’ whereas inflection into the <font size="2">MEDIATIVE</font> case
would mean ‘Call him via the medium of telephony.’ </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CRS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Contrastive Case<a name="Sec4o5o6"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONTRASTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONTRASTIVE</font> identifies a distinguishing
characteristic of another noun, i.e., that feature which distinguishes it from
other possible candidates within the given context. It would be used in translating
phrases such as <em>the <strong>green</strong> bottle</em> (e.g., as opposed
to the blue one); <em>the <strong>science</strong> text</em> (e.g., versus the
religious text); <em><strong>my</strong> statue</em> (i.e., a statue of me);
<em>I want your recipe <strong>for stew</strong>, not <strong>soup</strong>;
Don’t worry, it’s a <strong>pet</strong> snake</em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"> </h3>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PAR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Partitive Case<a name="Sec4o5o7"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. When used in conjunction with another noun, the <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font>
indicates a quantitative or content-to-container relationship between the two
nouns, e.g., <em>a cup <strong>of coffee</strong>, a box(ful) <strong>of books</strong>,
a train(load) <strong>of refugees</strong></em>. When used alone, it signifies
that the context of the phrase or sentence involves only a portion of the noun,
rather than the whole noun, e.g., <em>I ate <strong>some bread</strong>, Pour
<strong>(some) water</strong> down my back</em>. </p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> is also used to mark a
noun qualified by a specific number, e.g., <em>three <strong>boxes</strong>,
two <strong>clowns</strong>, twenty <strong>words</strong></em>. This usage
is analyzed in detail in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">Chapter
12</a></font>, where we will see that, in Ithkuil, numbers are formatives (i.e.,
full nouns and verbs), not adjectives as in Western languages. Additionally,
a noun qualified by a number is not pluralized. In other words, one does not
say ‘three boxes,’ but rather “a trio of a box” or perhaps
more eloquently, “a box trio.” </p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTITIVE</font> case is also used in constructing
words for Ithkuil numbers beginning with two hundred. This is also detailed
in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">Chapter
12</a> </font>on enumeration.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Compositive Case<a name="Sec4o5o8"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> identifies a noun as
being the literal or figurative substance or component(s) of which another is
made, composed, formed, built or comprised. Example of usage would be <em>That
statue was carved <strong>out of marble</strong>, She owns three <strong>gold(en)
</strong>coins, We were caught in a web <strong>of lies</strong>, I use a <strong>wooden</strong>
ladder, It was a house <strong>of cards</strong>, <strong>Three suits</strong>
comprise his wardrobe, Joe detests <strong>styrofoam</strong> cups</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font> is also used in conjunction
with verbs to identify the material(s) or resources used up or consumed in performing
or undertaking an activity. Examples of this usage would be <em>She likes to
cook <strong>with tomatoes</strong>, He reads b<strong>y candle(light)</strong>,
That child goes through <strong>four sets of clothes</strong> a day, My uncle
satisfied his sweet tooth <strong>with three chocolate bars</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>COR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Correlative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CORRELATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CORRELATIVE</font> is used to indicate
an abstract relationship, association, or conjunction between a noun and another
noun or verb. It translates general phrases such as ‘relative to,’
‘in relation to,’ ‘in correlation with,’ ‘in association
with,’ etc. It would be used in translating phrases such as <em><strong>career</strong>
goals, the soup o<strong>f the day</strong>, the direction o<strong>f that road</strong>,
The elapsed time <strong>relative to the distance </strong>determines the winner,
Our next topic is sex <strong>and (</strong></em>or<em><strong> in) art</strong></em>
(i.e., the relationship between art and sex). Note that the <font size="2">CORRELATIVE</font>
case would often be used to translate constructions for which English often
uses an adjective, e.g., <em><strong>spatial</strong> coordinates, the <strong>political</strong>
economy</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IDP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="66%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interdependent Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERDEPENDENT</font> case is marked by
Series J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTERDEPENDENT</font> identifies a noun
which has a coordinated, tandem, complementary or mutually dependent relationship
with another. The relationship between the two nouns can be thought of as reciprocal
in nature, i.e., each noun implies the other or needs the other to exist within
it’s natural context, e.g., <em>the<strong> students</strong>’ teacher,
an <strong>army</strong> general, the blood <strong>in my veins</strong>, the
driver <strong>of the truck</strong>, the nation’s leader, <strong>his</strong>
team</em> (i.e., the one on which he’s a member). Note that this case
does not imply a part-whole dependency as with the <font size="2">GENITIVE</font>
case above, e.g., it would not be used to translate <em>the book’s pages</em>,
or <em>the leaves of a tree</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.5.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRD</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="64%"><font size="4"><strong>The Predicative Case<a name="Sec4o5o11"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> identifies a noun which
constitutes the non-causal basis, foundation, sustenance (literally or figuratively),
or required existential condition for another noun or clause, translatable by
the phrases ‘based (up)on,’ ‘dependent (up)on’ or ‘relying
on.’ Examples of use are <em>a book <strong>dependent on a publisher</strong>,
a man <strong>relying on charity</strong>, laws <strong>based in reason</strong>,
Can success <strong>supported by murder</strong> be sustained?</em></p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> should be distinguished
from Transrelative cases such as the <font size="2">DERIVATIVE</font> or <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>,
in that the <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> does not denote a cause, merely
the sustaining entity on which another depends, e.g., it would not be used to
translate <em>anxiety based on terror</em>, as the anxiety does not ‘rely’
or ‘depend’ on terror, but rather is caused by it. Similarly, in
the phrase <em>an attitude fueled by greed</em>, the attitude derives from or
results from greed, but is not relying on it.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
4.5.12 Examples of Appositive Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o5o12"></a></h3>
<p> <img src="Images/Ch%204/4-5-12.gif" width="569" height="374"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown3.GIF" width="78" height="91" border="0"></a><br>
<font color="#FFFFFF">____________________________________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><p><font size="4"><strong>4.6 THE ADVERBIAL CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o6"></a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The Adverbial cases function similarly to adverbial phrases
in Western languages (usually beginning with an adverbial conjunction), to provide
additional contextual information to a verb. The fourteen Adverbial cases are
the <font size="2">ESSIVE, ASSIMILATIVE, FUNCTIVE, TRANSFORMATIVE, REFERENTIAL,
CONSIDERATIVE, CLASSIFICATIVE, DEFERENTIAL, COMITATIVE, CONJUNCTIVE, UTILITATIVE,
BENEFACTIVE, TRANSPOSITIVE,</font> and <font size="2">COMMUTATIVE</font>. Following
are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples
of the cases in use are given in <a href="#Sec4o6o15">Sec. 4.6.15</a>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ESS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="71%"><font size="4"><strong>The Essive Case<a name="Sec4o6o1"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series A
vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ESSIVE</font> identifies the role or name
by which a noun is known or contextually identified. It translates English ‘as’
in the sense of naming or reference to the a nouns functional identity. It would
be used in translating the English sentences <em>They called him <strong>a clown</strong>,
The woman entered the club <strong>as an equal</strong> of any man, We consider
you our <strong>only hope</strong></em>. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASI</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="70%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assimilative Case<a name="Sec4o6o2"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSIMILATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical
consonant. The <font size="2">ASSIMILATIVE</font> identifies a noun used as
a context for analogy or metaphorical comparison to either another noun or a
verb. Thus, it translates English ‘like’ or ‘as’ in
the sense of comparison or analogy between one thing and another. Examples of
usage are <em>She sings <strong>like a bird</strong>, <strong>As children </strong>they
seemed to me</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="13%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>FUN</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="71%"><font size="4"><strong>The Functive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">FUNCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. It functions similarly to English adverbs ending in <em>-ly</em>
or the adverbial use of <em>with</em>, identifying the manner in which an action,
event, or state occurs or exists. More exactly, it identifies a noun used to
characterize the manner of the act, state, or event, translatable most accurately
by the phrase ‘in a manner characterized by….’ Examples would
be: <em>She dances <strong>gracefully</strong> </em>(i.e., in a manner characterized
by grace),<em> The boys ate <strong>with gusto</strong>, That clown is speaking
<strong>nonsense</strong>, Father speaks <strong>with such fortitude</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="13%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>TFM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Transformative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">TRANSFORMATIVE</font> case is marked by
Series D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">TRANSFORMATIVE</font> identifies the outcome
or final state of a process, often translatable by ‘to,’ ‘until,’
or ‘into’ in the sense of reaching a final state after having undergone
some transformation. Example usages would be <em>The house burned <strong>to
ashes</strong>, The clown reached a state <strong>of tranquility</strong>, The
clowns will turn our children <strong>into slaves</strong>, Her father drank
himself <strong>to death</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>REF</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="73%"><font size="4"><strong>The Referential Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">REFERENTIAL</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">REFERENTIAL</font> identifies a noun functioning
as the general referent of the verb, translating such English terms as ‘about,’
‘regarding,’ ‘concerning,’ ‘in regard to,’
‘in reference to,’ ‘pertaining to,’ or ‘as for.’
Examples of use would be <em>a song <strong>of love</strong>; <strong>As for
those books</strong>, burn them!; Let’s talk <strong>about clowns</strong>;
His attitude <strong>toward women</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CSD</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="5%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Considerative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONSIDERATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONSIDERATIVE</font> identifies a noun
as the delimiting or defining context in which an act, state or event occurs
or is considered. Thus, it translates English terms such as ‘according
to,’ ‘pursuant to,’ ‘as per,’ ‘in the opinion
of.’ Examples of usage would be <em><strong>In my opinion</strong> he’s
a coward; He’s leaving town <strong>as per orders</strong> from the court;
You were arrested <strong>pursuant to law</strong>; <strong>According to our
teacher</strong>, humans are descended from apes</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CLA</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="74%"><font size="4"><strong>The Classificative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> case is marked by
Series G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> identifies a noun
as a basis for arranging, sorting, classifying, or counting, translating various
English prepositions and phrases used for this purpose. Example of usage are
<em>Place them <strong>in groups of three</strong>, The workers arranged the
tables <strong>in rows</strong>, He lay down <strong>lengthwise</strong>, Can
you count <strong>by fives</strong>?, I will sort them <strong>by color</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> is also used to identify
a noun considered in consecutively recurring increments as a means of describing
the manner of an event. This is usually in conjunction with nouns denoting time
periods, but can be used with any concrete noun to describe the repetitive nature
of an event. Examples would be <em><strong>Month by month</strong>, their departure
crept closer; <strong>Year after year</strong>, I see more and more clowns;
<strong>Day in</strong>,<strong> day out</strong>, he’s always working;
The fertilizer factory keeps rolling them out, <strong>bag upon bag</strong>;
<strong>Patient by patient</strong>, the nurse administered injections</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">Note that the <font size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</font> would not
be used to describe a noun other than adverbially, e.g., it would not be used
to translate the sentence <em>One bomb after another fell on the city</em>.
Such a construction would utilize a suffix indicating sequential instantiations
of the noun (see <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o4">Sec.
7.7.4</a>).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="12%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DFR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="76%"><font size="4"><strong>The Deferential Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEFERENTIAL</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">DEFERENTIAL</font> translates the English
phrases ‘out of respect for,’ ‘for the sake of,’ or
‘in deference toward,’ identifying the noun to which deference is
paid within the context for an act, condition, or event. Examples of usage would
be <em>He remained silent <strong>for her sake</strong>, They went on with the
ceremony <strong>out of respect for the families</strong>, They dressed in robes
<strong>because of tradition</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="12%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>COM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="76%"><font size="4"><strong>The Comitative Case<a name="Sec4o6o9"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. Similar to its counterpart in Uralic languages such as Finnish
or Estonian, the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> translates the English ‘with’
in its meaning of accompaniment (i.e., ‘along with’) as in <em>The
child went <strong>with the clown </strong>to the party</em>. Like English ‘with,’
the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> does not imply that the conjoined noun
is necessarily engaged in the same activity or associated with the same verb
as the head noun. For example, in the sentence <em>My father was walking with
a loaf of bread</em>, the loaf of bread is not considered to be itself walking.
</p>
<p align="justify">It should be noted, however, that the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font>
is not used to imply mutually interactive or reciprocal activity between two
nouns. Thus it would not be used in translating the sentences <em>They danced
with each other</em> or <em>Mother wants to talk with you</em>. These would
be translated using the <font size="2">RECIPROCAL</font> valence of the verb,
explained in <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2o4">Section 5.2.4</a>.
This distinction is illustrated even more clearly by comparing the following
two sentences; the first would be translated using the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font>,
the second would not: <em>This man fought with my father</em> (e.g., alongside
him during the war) versus <em>This man fought with my father</em> (e.g., they
had a fight with each other).</p>
<p align="justify">Note also that the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> is not
used to indicate instrumentality (English ‘with’ meaning ‘by
means of’). Thus, it is not used to translate sentences such as <em>I
cut the meat with a knife</em>. As previously discussed in <a href="#Sec4o3o8">Section
4.3.8</a>, instrumentality is indicated by use of the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>
case. Likewise, it is not used to identify the resources or material(s) consumed
in undertaking an act, as in He catches his fish with worms for which the <font size="2">COMPOSITIVE</font>
case is used. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="14%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNJ</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="74%"><font size="4"><strong>The Conjunctive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> translates English
‘with’ in its meaning of ‘in conjunction with,’ i.e.,
to indicate that the noun is engaged in the same activity or a complementary
activity as the conjoined noun. It should be distinguished from the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font>
above, which indicates mere accompaniment. For example, in the <em>walking with
a loaf of bread</em> example from above, it would be incorrect to use the <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font>
case because that would signify the bread was walking, too. To further illustrate
the usage, consider the sentence <em>I’m with the brigade</em>. Translating
‘brigade’ using the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> would mean
that ‘I’ve come along (e.g., drove) with the brigade to the scene,’
while using the <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font> would mean ‘I’m
a member of the brigade.’ Additional examples where the <font size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</font>
would be used are <em>They skate with the best team, That teacher works well
with children</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>UTL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="4%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Utilitative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> identifies a noun in
the process of being utilized. This corresponds to the use of English ‘with’
where it refers to actual use in progress as in <em>A man <strong>with a gun</strong>
ran into the room</em>. It should be distinguished from the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>
(see <a href="#Sec4o3o8">Sec. 4.3.8</a>) in that the latter indicates the implement
used to accomplish an action, while the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> identifies
a noun in use, but does not imply that the noun was the implement used to accomplish
a stated action. For example, compare the sentence <em>The man <strong>with
an umbrella</strong> was pushing a stroller in the rain</em> (<font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font>)
with <em>The man pushed a stroller in the rain <strong>with an umbrella</strong></em>
(<font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>). The first sentence implies the man was
pushing a stroller with one hand while holding an open umbrella against the
rain, whereas the second sentence has him using the umbrella to push the stroller.
Another way to translate the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> would be to use
an English gerundial construction as in <em>A <strong>gun-wielding</strong>
man ran into the room</em> or <em>An <strong>umbrella-toting</strong> man pushed
a stroller in the rain</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">Besides the <font size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</font>, the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font>
should likewise be distinguished from the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> case
above, in that the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> merely indicates accompaniment,
while the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font> indicates use in progress. For example,
the sentence <em>Go sit next to the girl <strong>with the book</strong></em>,
if translated using the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font> would merely identify
a girl who has a book in her visible possession, while with the <font size="2">UTILITATIVE</font>
it would mean the girl is actually engaged in reading the book.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="62%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.12</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>BEN</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="2%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="72%"><font size="4"><strong>The Benefactive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font> identifies a noun for
whose sake or benefit an action or event occurs or is done. As such, the <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font>
is similar to the <font size="2">DATIVE</font>, except that the <font size="2">BENEFACTIVE</font>
implies a strong emphasis on the fact that the noun is more than simply the
recipient or target of a dative action, but rather benefits in a tangible or
consequential way from the action or event. It is usually translated by English
‘for’ in the sense of ‘for the sake (i.e., benefit) of.’
Examples of usage are <em>a toy <strong>for the children</strong>, We threw
<strong>him</strong> a party, Go to</em> <em>the <strong>teachers</strong>’
lounge</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.13</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>TSP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="2%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="74%"><font size="4"><strong>The Transpositive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">TRANSPOSITIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">TRANSPOSITIVE</font> implies substitution
of one noun for another. It translates English ‘for’ in the sense
of ‘on behalf of,’ ‘in place of,’ or ‘instead
of’ (i.e., ‘as a substitution for’). Examples of usage are
<em>The boss made the speech <strong>for me</strong>, She went up into the attic
<strong>for her brother</strong></em> (i.e., so he wouldn’t have to).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>4.6.14</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="2%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="70%"><font size="4"><strong>The Commutative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMMUTATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">COMMUTATIVE</font> translates English
‘for’ in the sense of ‘in exchange for’ as in <em>You
paid too much money <strong>for that dress</strong>, She kills <strong>for thrills</strong></em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
4.6.15 Examples of Adverbial Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o6o15"></a><br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%204/4-6-15.gif" width="628" height="414"> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF">___________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-5.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-5.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></h3>
<p><br>
</p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><font size="4"><strong>4.7 THE SUBRELATIVE CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o7"></a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The Subrelative cases comprise eleven cases which place a noun
in a subordinate context to the main sentence, much like subordinate conjunctions
in Western languages. In fact, these cases are used far more frequently with
verbal clauses than with nouns, creating what are known as “case-frames”
(to be discussed in <a href="Ch-5%20Verbs%20Contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 5.7</a>),
the Ithkuil functional equivalent to Western subordinate clauses. The eleven
Subrelative cases are the <font size="2">ABESSIVE, CONVERSIVE, CONCESSIVE, EXCEPTIVE,
ADVERSATIVE, PROVISIONAL, POSTULATIVE, SUPPOSITIVE, DEPENDENT, COMPARATIVE</font>,
and <font size="2">AVERSIVE</font>. Following are explanations of the function
and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of the cases in use are given
in <a href="#Sec4o7o12">Sec. 4.7.12</a>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ABE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Abessive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ABESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ABESSIVE</font> is essentially the opposite
of the <font size="2">COMITATIVE</font>, translating the English ‘without’
or ‘-less’ in the sense of ‘unaccompanied by’ or ‘not
having’ as in <em>a day <strong>without rain</strong></em> or <em>a <strong>treeless</strong>
plain</em>. As noted in the next section below on the <font size="2">CONVERSIVE</font>
case, it is <strong>not</strong> used to translate ‘without’ when
it means ‘unless one has,’ referring to a hypothetical exception
to a potential outcome as in <em>I can’t go on without love</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CVS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Conversive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONVERSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONVERSIVE</font> is used in conjunction
with hypothetical or potential contexts to identify a hypothetical exception
to a potential outcome or an actual circumstance which alters or has altered
a potential outcome. This translates two different ways into English. Where
it indicates an exception to a hypothetical situation, it is translated by the
conjunction ‘unless’ in verbal contexts, and by the preposition
‘without’ for nouns (note that ‘without’ in this sense
does not correspond to its usual <font size="2">ABESSIVE</font> usage in Sec.
4.7.1 above). If applied to a real or actual situation, it is translatable by
such expressions as ‘but for,’ ‘if not for,’ ‘if
it wasn’t for,’ or ‘if it wasn’t on account of.’
Example of usage: <em><strong>Without peace</strong>, this society is doomed;
<strong>If not for the rain</strong>, we would have had a good time</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CON</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="68%"><font size="4"><strong>The Concessive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONCESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONCESSIVE</font> case identifies a noun,
situation, or circumstance which gives rise to an expectation of a certain result
which, in fact, does not occur. This can be translated by various English prepositions,
conjunctions, or phrases such as ‘despite,’ ‘in spite of,’
‘notwithstanding,’ ‘although,’ ‘regardless of,’
‘no matter what,’ etc. Examples of usage: <em><strong>In spite of
his stupidity</strong>, he passed the test; <strong>The law notwithstanding</strong>,
I will stand my ground; <strong>No matter how ignorant</strong> (they may be),
they are welcome, <strong>Although foreigners</strong>, we will let them attend
the meeting.</em></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EXC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Exceptive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EXCEPTIVE</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">EXCEPTIVE</font> indicates a noun, situation,
or circumstance which is an exception, or is exempted or excluded from the main
clause, translatable by English ‘except (for),’ ‘but (not),’
or ‘excluding.’ Examples of usage: <em>She loves everybody <strong>except
clowns</strong>; I like all animals, <strong>excluding dogs</strong>; He eats
almost anything <strong>but (not) spinach</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AVS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Adversative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ADVERSATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ADVERSATIVE</font> indicates a noun which
has been replaced by another or for which another noun has been substituted.
In verbal frame adjuncts it identifies the situation which had been expected
in contrast to what actually takes place. This is translatable by the English
phrases ‘instead of’ or ‘as opposed to,’ e.g.,<em> <strong>Instead
of rain</strong>, it snowed; They hired her as a cook, <strong>as opposed to
a maid</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PVS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Provisional Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The identifies the noun, situation, or circumstance on which
the factuality of the main clause of the sentence depends, i.e., the required
condition(s) which must come into existence for the situation described in the
main clause to occur. This is translatable by such English phrases as ‘provided
(that),’ ‘on condition of,’ ‘only in case of,’
or ‘but only if,’ e.g., <em><strong>Provided [there’s] food</strong>,
I will attend the meeting; We will fight <strong>only in case of war</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PTL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Postulative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The operates somewhat similarly to the <font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font>
above, except that the <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font> implies a causal or
consequential relationship (not merely a circumstantial one) between the pre-condition(s)
and the circumstances of the main clause. Specifically, it identifies the noun,
situation, or circumstance whose factuality has not yet come into existence,
but, should it come into existence, will result in the consequence indicated
by the main clause. This is translatable by English ‘if,’ or ‘in
case of.’ Note that it does not translate English ‘if’ where
it means ‘whether’ as in <em>I don’t know if it’s warm
enough</em>, i.e., where the clause is meant only to convey uncertainty or optionality
(but not a causal relationship between a potential condition and its consequences).
Examples of usage: <em><strong>If [there’s] snow</strong>, I’m not
going out; <strong>In case of fire</strong>, flee; <strong>If friend</strong>,
welcome them, if foe, kill ’em</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SUP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Suppositive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> identifies a noun as
a hypothetical supposition being offered for comment. It is somewhat similar
to the <font size="2">SITUATIVE</font> case (see <a href="#Sec4o3o11">Section
4.3.11</a> above), except that the noun is functioning purely as a supposition,
not as an actual context. The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> can be distinguished
from the <font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font> and the <font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font>
cases above, in that the latter two cases describe pre-conditions for a following
clause where the pre-condition is either preclusive or a known possibility.
The <font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font> presents only a hypothetical possibility
whose likelihood of becoming or describing reality is either unknown or unknowable.
There is no equivalent English construction which expresses this distinction.
The following sentences represent approximate English translations of what would
be identical Ithkuil sentences except for the three different case declensions
of the word for ‘weather’:</p>
<p align="justify"><font size="2">PROVISIONAL</font>: <em>We’re packing
umbrellas, <strong>but only in case of bad weather</strong></em> (i.e., umbrellas
will not be packed unless the weather is actually bad).<br>
<font size="2">POSTULATIVE</font>: <em>We’re packing umbrellas <strong>in
case of bad weather</strong></em> (i.e., the umbrellas are being packed in preparation
for the possibility of bad weather).<br>
<font size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</font>: <em>We’re packing umbrellas <strong>supposing
[there’s] bad weather</strong></em> (i.e., the umbrellas are being packed
even though we don’t know how the weather will be).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Dependent Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEPENDENT</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">DEPENDENT</font> translates the English
phrase ‘depending on’ signifying a noun as the contingency on which
the reality of a main clause depends. Examples of usage would be <em><strong>Depending
on the rain</strong>, we’ll go for a picnic; She may show up, <strong>depending
on her attitude</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEPENDENT</font> should be distinguished
from the <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font> case in <a href="#Sec4o5o11">Sec.
4.5.11</a>, in that the former denotes contingency, while the <font size="2">PREDICATIVE</font>
denotes reliance. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Comparative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPARATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">COMPARATIVE</font> identifies a noun being
compared and contrasted to another. It translates such expressions as ‘as
compared to,’ ‘as opposed to.’ With verbal case-frames (see
<a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 5.7</a>) it would translate as
‘whereas’ or ‘while’ (in its synonymous usage to ‘whereas’).
Examples are <em>She chose the red one <strong>as opposed to the blue one</strong>,
Sam drives a van <strong>as compared to Joe</strong>, who prefers a truck</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="52%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.7.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AVR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Aversive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">AVERSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">AVERSIVE</font> identifies a noun as a
source or object of fear and/or avoidance. With nouns, it translates expressions
such as ‘for fear of,’ ‘in order to avoid,’ or ‘in
avoidance of.’ With verb phrases (i.e., case-frames; see <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec.
5.7</a>) , it would translate English ‘lest.’ Examples of usage
are <em>She finished her plate <strong>for fear of my wrath</strong>, I traveled
by night <strong>to avoid the sun</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<h3 align="justify">4.7.12 Examples of Subrelative Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o7o12"></a></h3>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-7-12a.gif" width="688" height="111"> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF">____________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-6.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-6.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%204/4-7-12b.gif" width="622" height="678"></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><font size="4"><strong>4.8 THE SPATIAL CASES</strong></font>
<a name="Sec4o8"></a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">As noted previously, prepositions do not exist in Ithkuil.
While various non-Indo-European languages such as Finnish, Hungarian, Basque
and the North Caucasian languages accomplish the equivalent of prepositional
relationships using noun cases, such relationships are usually accomplished
in Ithkuil via verbal formatives (e.g., a verb translatable as ‘to be
inside of’ instead of a preposition ‘inside of’). Nevertheless,
there are twelve cases corresponding to certain types of common spatial relationships.
These are the <font size="2">LOCATIVE, ORIENTATIVE, PROCURSIVE, ALLATIVE, ABLATIVE,
PROLATIVE, PERLATIVE, PERVASIVE , PERIPHERAL, INTEGRAL, POSITIONAL</font>, and
<font size="2">NAVIGATIVE</font>. Following are explanations of the function
and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of these cases in use are provided
in <a href="#Sec4o8o13">Sec. 4.8.13</a>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>LOC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Locative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">LOCATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">LOCATIVE</font> signifies general static
position in the same contextual place as the specified location, translatable
by many English prepositions such as ‘at,’ ‘in,’ ‘on,’
or ‘by,’ depending on the context, e.g., <em>in that building, by
the wall, on the street, at my house</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ORI</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Orientative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ORIENTATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ORIENTATIVE</font> identifies the noun
(usually a subcomponent or body part) which serves as the forward “end”
of a spatially orientated axis aligned to a vector of motion. This is translatable
into English using elements such as ‘-ward(s)’ or ‘-first’
in conjunction with portions of objects in a spatio-orientational context, e.g.,
<em>He jumped in <strong>feet-first</strong>, The car rolled <strong>backward</strong></em>.
The <font size="2">ORIENTATIVE</font> allows for the extension of this concept
to contexts which seem awkward in English translation, e.g., <em>He walked “butt-ward”
down the street</em> (i.e., backward with his butt protruding frontwards, leading
the way).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PSV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Procursive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROCURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROCURSIVE</font> identifies a noun (often
a subcomponent or body part) which serves as the orientational reference point,
interactional surface or interface relative to the direction of interaction
with, or position in space of, a second noun. This second noun usually appears
in either the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> or <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font>
case (see Sections 4.8.4 and 4.8.11 below). Examples of use would be <em>They
collided <strong>sideways</strong>, She turned <strong>her back</strong> on
him, The chair “<strong>faced</strong>” the doorway</em> (i.e.,
The chair stood with it’s seat and back aligned toward the doorway).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ALL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Allative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. When used in the context of explicit or implied directional
motion, the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> signifies the direction of motion,
translatable by ‘to’ or ‘toward(s)’ or the suffix ‘-ward(s)’
in English. Note that the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> in no way implies that
the object is intended as the final or intended destination or goal of the motion
or movement, only the direction of the movement. Examples would be <em>I wandered
<strong>eastward</strong>, The little girl ran <strong>toward me</strong>, Throw
the rock <strong>at that clown</strong>!, We headed <strong>for home</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify">When used in contexts where directional motion is not implied,
the <font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> signifies a directional orientation of a
noun relative to another, e.g., <em>He turned his back <strong>on me</strong>,
The upstairs bedroom faces <strong>the yard</strong>, It’s alongside <strong>the
desk</strong></em> (i.e., its lateral surface is oriented toward the desk)</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ABL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ablative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. When used in context of explicit or implied directional motion,
the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> signifies the general directional origin
of movement away from or out of. It does not specify the actual point of origin
or departure. Examples would be <em>He came <strong>out of the east</strong>,
She walked here <strong>from (the direction of) the river</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify">When used in contexts where directional motion is not implied,
the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> signifies a reverse directional orientation
of one noun relative to another, e.g., <em>He faced <strong>away from me</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PLT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Prolative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROLATIVE</font> indicates either a position
or a path of linear movement along, across, or through a one-dimensional linear
medium or a two-dimensional quasi-planar surface, the position or movement being
between one point and another, without implying origination at one point or
destination at another, e.g., <em>He passed <strong>through a tunnel</strong>,
She’s standing <strong>along the highway</strong>, I’ll walk <strong>across
the patio</strong>, He pushed his way <strong>through the crowd</strong>, The
vessel traversed <strong>the (surface of the) ocean</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PEL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Perlative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERLATIVE</font> is identical to the <font size="2">PROLATIVE</font>
above, except that the implied position or path of movement between implied
points is through or within a three-dimensional volume or medium, e.g., <em>Baboons
chase each other <strong>through the trees</strong>, We escaped <strong>under
the ocean</strong>, The probe explored <strong>the nebula</strong> </em>(i.e.,
while passing through it)<em>, The vessel traversed <strong>the (depths of the)
ocean</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Pervasive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERVASIVE</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERVASIVE</font> signifies position or
path of movement among, within, or throughout the contextual medium, e.g., <em>among
the grounds, throughout the stadium, within the crowd</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRH</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Peripheral Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERIPHERAL</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERIPHERAL</font> signifies position or
path of movement in a area surrounding, around, or along the periphery of a
noun, e.g., <em>around her head, on all sides of it, surrounding the yard</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Integral Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTEGRAL</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTEGRAL</font> identifies the noun which
is the native location, origin, or usual locational context for another. It
should be distinguished from the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> above, in that
the <font size="2">ABLATIVE</font> implies position or path of motion away from,
whereas the <font size="2">INTEGRAL</font> merely presents a locational context
as a means of description or to distinguish the noun from an otherwise similar
noun. Examples of usage would be <em>Fix the <strong>kitchen</strong> sink!</em>
(i.e. the one found in the kitchen), <em><strong>Desert</strong> rocks are so
beautiful</em> (i.e., whether being spoken about rocks taken from the desert
or rocks still present in the desert), <em><strong>Northern</strong> women are
easy-going</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PSN</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Positional Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font> identifies a noun relative
to whose position in space another noun is being described for purposes of spatial
orientation. To an English-speaker, the function of this case makes greater
sense once one realizes that, in Ithkuil, most one-to-one spatial relationships
are described by verbs, not prepositions, e.g., ‘to be situated on the
right,’ ‘to move beneath,’ etc. Consequently, the <font size="2">POSITIONAL</font>
case can be thought of as expressing the phrase ‘relative to.’ Examples
of how it would be used are <em>I’m standing four feet north <strong>of
the desk</strong>, The one hanging above <strong>the boxes</strong> looks fresh,
It lies at a 30° angle <strong>relative to the tree</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.8.12</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>NAV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Navigative Case<a name="Sec4o8o12"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">NAVIGATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">NAVIGATIVE</font> identifies the noun
relative to whose vector, arc, or trajectory of motion an act, state, or event
takes place. This is particularly important, as we will see in <a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o4o3">Section
10.4.3 </a> that Ithkuil modes of positional reference are tied into the vectors
of movement or the configurational axes of objects in the environment such as
the sun or the length of a room. Example uses would be<em> I looked <strong>down
the street</strong>, We aligned it perpendicular <strong>to the path of the
sun</strong>, He crossed the room <strong>diagonally</strong></em> (i.e., walked
diagonally relative to the long axis of the room.)</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
4.8.13 Examples of Spatial Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o8o13"></a><br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%204/4-8-13.gif" width="640" height="639"> <br>
<font color="#FFFFFF">_________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-7.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-7.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font>
</h3>
<p align="justify"><br>
</p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><p><font size="4"><strong>4.9 THE TEMPORAL CASES</strong></font><a name="Sec4o9"></a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The temporal cases deal with contexts relating to time. In
many respects, Ithkuil analyzes time similarly to Western languages, particularly
in the ability to spatially compartmentalize time as seen in such English phrases
as ‘in 3 hours,’ ‘for 5 years,’ ‘day by day,’
and ‘per month,’ as well as in analyzing time as progressively linear
using concepts such as ‘before,’ ‘after,’ ‘during,’
‘until,’ and ‘ago.’ The fifteen temporal cases are the
<font size="2">CONCURSIVE, ACCESSIVE, DIFFUSIVE, PERIODIC, PROLAPSIVE, PRECURSIVE,
POSTCURSIVE, ELAPSIVE, ALLAPSIVE, INTERPOLATIVE, EPISODIC, PROLIMITIVE, SIMULTANEITIVE,
ASSESSIVE</font>, and <font size="2">LIMITATIVE</font>. Following are explanations
of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of these cases
in use are provided in <a href="#Sec4o9o16">Sec. 4.9.16</a>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Concursive Case<a name="Sec4o9o1"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> serves as a “temporal
locative” signifying the beginning and ending boundaries of time during
or at which an act, state, or event occurs, the whole of which being considered
a single contextual situation. Examples of usage would be <em>He prays <strong>during
lunch</strong>, She studied hard <strong>last night</strong>, I won’t
visit until <strong>then</strong></em> (i.e., during that period in time). </p>
<blockquote>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-1.gif" width="257" height="53"></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ACS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Accessive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ACCESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The is similar to the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font>, except
that the time identified is specific to a single moment or a brief, highly delimited
period seen in context as one moment, i.e., the point in time at which something
occurs. Examples of usage would be <em>Dinner will be served <strong>at sunset</strong>;
<strong>When</strong> </em>(i.e., at the moment that)<em> you hear his voice,
call in the clowns; <strong>Upon impact</strong>, both cars were accelerating</em>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-2.gif" width="257" height="60"></p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DFF</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Diffusive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DIFFUSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">DIFFUSIVE</font> is yet another temporal
locative similar to the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font>, except that the time
period identified does not have explicit boundaries, only being centered on
the period identified by the noun. It is best expressed by the English phrase
‘during the time surrounding….’ Examples of usage would be
<em>Most cars had tail fins <strong>in those days</strong>; I was abroad <strong>during
that era</strong>; <strong>At the time of his death</strong>, the number of
clowns was increasing; <strong>Over the past several seasons</strong>, your
talent has matured</em>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-3.gif" width="257" height="53"></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PER</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Periodic Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> case is marked by Series
D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> identifies the span of
time at some point(s) during which, an act, condition, or event occurs. This
case should be distinguished from the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> above,
in that the periodic specifies a time frame in which separate events, repetitions,
or durationally extended acts or states take place, whereas the concursive signifies
a contextually single holistic event. Examples would be <em>He wrote the novel
<strong>in six months</strong>, These clowns can corrupt your child <strong>within
a few days</strong>, The woman has been ill a lot <strong>this year</strong>,
<strong>For the last several concerts</strong>, my voice has been deteriorating</em>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-4.gif" width="257" height="59"></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<table width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRO</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Prolapsive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROLAPSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROLAPSIVE</font> signifies the duration
of an act, condition, or event, i.e., how long it takes or lasts. This case
should be distinguished from the <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> above, in that
the <font size="2">PROLAPSIVE</font> specifies the actual duration of the act,
condition, or event, whereas the <font size="2">PERIODIC</font> merely specifies
a contextual span of time at some point(s) during which, an act, condition,
or event occurs. Examples would be <em>He prayed <strong>through lunch</strong>,
<strong>While he was dying</strong>, the number of clowns increased, It rained
<strong>all night</strong>, It took <strong>three days</strong> for the fever
to break, She sang <strong>for an hour</strong></em>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-5.gif" width="257" height="54"></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PCV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Precursive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PRECURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PRECURSIVE</font> identifies a point in
time prior to which an act, condition, or event occurs. Examples would be <em>This
situation occurred <strong>before the war</strong>, It rained <strong>prior
to his appearance</strong>, There will be a presentation <strong>preceding the
banquet</strong></em>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PCR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Postcursive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">POSTCURSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">POSTCURSIVE</font> identifies a point
in time after which an act, condition, or event occurs. Examples would be <em>This
situation occurred <strong>after the war</strong>, It rained <strong>subsequent
to his appearance</strong>, There will be a presentation <strong>following the
banquet</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<table width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ELP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Elapsive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ELAPSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ELAPSIVE</font> identifies the amount
of time that has passed between the contextual present and the time of the act,
condition, or event being spoken of. It corresponds to English ‘…ago.’
Examples would be <em><strong>Four years ago</strong> I was a student; <strong>Going
back three generations</strong>, women could not even vote</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ALP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Allapsive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ALLAPSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ALLAPSIVE</font> identifies the amount
of time that expected to pass between the contextual present and the time of
a future act, condition, or event. Examples would be <em><strong>Four years
from now</strong>, I will be a student; <strong>Looking ahead three generations</strong>,
clowns will rule the world; I will be home <strong>in three days</strong>; Little
did he know that <strong>two months later</strong> he’d be a rich man</em>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interpolative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERPOLATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">INTERPOLATIVE</font> is used within the
context of repetitive or iterative acts, states, and events and signifies the
duration of each repetition. Examples of usage are <em>We heard several <strong>five-second</strong>
snippets of music; Between lightning bursts were intervals <strong>of several
seconds</strong>; She gets recurring migraines, <strong>each lasting hours</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EPS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Episodic Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EPISODIC</font> case is marked by Series
B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">EPISODIC</font> identifies a contextually
recurring time-period. Examples of usage are <em>The man talks with his mother
<strong>every three days</strong>; <strong>Each year</strong>, I travel to the
Clown Planet; He works <strong>nights</strong>; <strong>By day</strong>, she
is an artisan; The clowns visit us <strong>on Sundays</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.12</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Prolimitive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROLIMITIVE</font> case is marked by Series
C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">PROLIMITIVE</font> defines a point in
time which signifies a temporal limit to further contextual activity, i.e.,
the time by which some act, state, or event occurs. Examples of usage would
be <em><strong>By the time of your graduation</strong>, I want you out of the
house; Please be on board <strong>by midnight</strong>; <strong>By the time
of the raid</strong>, there was nothing left to steal</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.13</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SML</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Simultaneitive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SIMULTANEITIVE</font> case is marked by
Series D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">SIMULTANEITIVE</font> identifies a noun
signifying a time period simultaneous to the act, state, or event under discussion.
Examples would be <em>I was in class <strong>at the same time as his accident</strong>,
I worked a side-job <strong>concurrent to the strike</strong>, She laughed <strong>simultaneously
with my coughing fit</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.14</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assessive Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSESSIVE</font> case is marked by Series
E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">ASSESSIVE</font> specifies the unit of
time by which a contextual ratio of measurement is created, corresponding to
English ‘by’ or ‘per.’ Examples would be <em>My lawyer
charges <strong>by the minute</strong>, He publishes several books <strong>each
year</strong>, The clown drove the fun-mobile at 90 miles <strong>per hour</strong></em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="17%"><font size="4"><strong>4.9.15</strong></font></td>
<td width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>LIM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="3%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="69%"><font size="4"><strong>The Limitative Case</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">LIMITATIVE</font> case is marked by Series
F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<font size="1">2</font>
radical consonant. The <font size="2">LIMITATIVE</font> signifies a event culminating
an anticipatory context. It translates the English expression ‘in time
for.’ Examples of usage are <em>He arrived <strong>in time for dinner</strong>,
Be inside the Big Tent <strong>in time for the clowns</strong></em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
4.9.16 Examples of Temporal Cases in Use<a name="Sec4o9o16"></a></h3>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-16a.gif" width="638" height="129"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown5.GIF" width="71" height="87" border="0" align="top"></a><br>
<font color="#FFFFFF">___________________________</font><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font><br>
</p>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%204/4-9-16b.gif" width="686" height="508"></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p align="right"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">Proceed
to Chapter 5: Verb Morphology >></a></font></strong></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a
Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td>
<td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9
Syntax</a></font></font></div></td>
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<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10
Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td>
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<td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1
Phonology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6
More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11
The Script </a></font></font></div></td>
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<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2
Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a
Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12
The Number System</a></font></font></font></td>
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<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3
Basic Morphology</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The
Lexicon</a></font></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4
Case Morphology </a></font> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8
Adjuncts</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td>
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