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index 7ed5322..c3fe701 100755..100644
--- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html
+++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
   words, as explained in Chapter 2. This means that the concepts chosen to be 
   conveyed by these roots must be carefully selected to insure the widest range 
   of conceptualization possible within such a limited framework.</P>
-<P align="justify">2) We have seen throughout this work how Ithkuil’s matrix-like 
+<P align="justify">2) We have seen throughout this work how Ithkuil’s matrix-like 
   grammatical structure allows for an incredible amount of synergy in terms of 
   morphological word-derivation, generating wholly new, emergent concepts from 
   word-roots, not simply mere conjugations, declensions, and transparent derivations. 
@@ -118,15 +118,15 @@
   go in to the assigning of concepts to those 3600 roots, in order to optimally 
   accomplish what has been demonstrated throughout this work: using the dynamics 
   of Ithkuil morphology to eliminate the need for the hundred thousand or more 
-  autonomous word roots of natural languages, or to put it colloquially, “getting 
-  the most lexico-semantic bang for the morpho-phonological buck.” </P>
+  autonomous word roots of natural languages, or to put it colloquially, “getting 
+  the most lexico-semantic bang for the morpho-phonological buck.” </P>
 <P align="justify">We will start first with a review of key components in the 
   systemic design of Ithkuil morphology. This will be followed by sections on 
   those areas of Ithkuil lexico-semantics which are most profoundly distinct from 
   Western languages. </P>
 <P align="justify">The last section deals with comparison to Western categorizations, 
   examining how Ithkuil lexico-semantics reinterprets certain concepts considered 
-  “fundamental” in English and other Western languages.</P>
+  “fundamental” in English and other Western languages.</P>
 <P>&nbsp;</P>
 
 <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
@@ -151,12 +151,12 @@
   system of vowel patterns and mutation, we saw how a single root generates no 
   less than eighteen formative stems, each functioning as a noun or verb. This 
   is illustrated below using the example root <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>h-f</STRONG></FONT> 
-  ‘<FONT size="2">TRANSLATIVE MOTION</FONT>’. </P>
+  ‘<FONT size="2">TRANSLATIVE MOTION</FONT>’. </P>
 <P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/10-1-1a.gif" width="726" height="349"></P>
 <P align="justify"></P>
 <P align="justify">As described in Chapter 2, this hierarchical pattern of stem 
   derivation and division into complementary stems from a more basic or underlying 
-  “holistic” stem allows for significant collapsing in the number 
+  “holistic” stem allows for significant collapsing in the number 
   of word-roots necessary compared to Western languages, as words that are semantically 
   interrelated in a hierarchical or complementary fashion can be derived morphologically 
   from a basic root, as opposed to being assigned separate word-roots as in other 
@@ -166,14 +166,14 @@
   MOTION</FONT>. All such complementary stems based on participant perspective 
   are similarly patterned, e.g., <EM>lead/follow, buy/sell, give/take</EM>, etc.</P>
 <P align="justify">Additionally, this hierarchical structure of stem derivation 
-  from a single root using vocalic infixes allows for the creation of “built-in” 
+  from a single root using vocalic infixes allows for the creation of “built-in” 
   classification schemes and taxonomies for concepts which require them. Biological 
   taxonomies, for example, can be easily accommodated under this scheme, as illustrated 
   below:</P>
 <P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/10-1-1b.gif" width="725" height="349"></P>
 <P align="justify">Using the nine degrees of the <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#SSDaffix">Stem 
   Specific Derivative <IMG src="assets/10-1-1c.gif" width="34" height="18" border="0" align="absmiddle"> 
-  affix</A> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>t’</STRONG></FONT> 
+  affix</A> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>t’</STRONG></FONT> 
   from Sec. 7.7.13 on such a root, we can extend this scheme to denote specific 
   parts, products or derived resources such as a the milk, oil, meat, skin or 
   hide, tail, tusk or horn, hair or fur (e.g., wool), etc. The <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#MATaffix">Degree 
@@ -194,17 +194,17 @@
 <H3 align="justify"><BR>
   10.1.2 The Use of Affixes<A name="Sec10o1o2"></A></H3>
 <P align="justify">In Chapter 7, we saw how many of the 150-odd affix categories 
-  can be used to generate both derivative concepts (e.g., <EM><STRONG>xäl</STRONG></EM> 
-  ‘hill’ + V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG>/7 
-  ‘very large’ <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
-  <STRONG><EM>xälïx</EM></STRONG> ‘very large hill’) as 
-  well as amalgamated gestalts carrying a new holistic meaning (e.g., <EM><STRONG>xäl</STRONG></EM> 
-  ‘hill’ + V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x</STRONG></FONT>/7 
-  ‘very large’ <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
-  <STRONG><EM>xälëx</EM></STRONG> ‘mountain’). As an example, 
+  can be used to generate both derivative concepts (e.g., <EM><STRONG>xÀl</STRONG></EM> 
+  ‘hill’ + V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG>/7 
+  ‘very large’ <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
+  <STRONG><EM>xĂ€lďx</EM></STRONG> ‘very large hill’) as 
+  well as amalgamated gestalts carrying a new holistic meaning (e.g., <EM><STRONG>xÀl</STRONG></EM> 
+  ‘hill’ + V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x</STRONG></FONT>/7 
+  ‘very large’ <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
+  <STRONG><EM>xĂ€lĂ«x</EM></STRONG> ‘mountain’). As an example, 
   here are only ten of the various new concepts which can be derived through affixes 
-  from the stem <EM><STRONG>köl</STRONG></EM> ‘say something [i.e., 
-  communicate a verbal message]’:</P>
+  from the stem <EM><STRONG>köl</STRONG></EM> ‘say something [i.e., 
+  communicate a verbal message]’:</P>
 <DIV align="justify">
   <BLOCKQUOTE>&nbsp; </BLOCKQUOTE>
 </DIV>
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@
 <BLOCKQUOTE> 
   <P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/10-1-2l.gif" width="287" height="33"><BR>
     <EM><IMG src="assets/10-1-2k.gif" width="488" height="46"><BR>
-    Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man unexpectedly and accidentally 
-    killed it without even realizing he’d done so, by inadvertently letting 
+    Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man unexpectedly and accidentally 
+    killed it without even realizing he’d done so, by inadvertently letting 
     it out of the house.<FONT color="#FFFFFF"><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">_________</FONT></FONT></EM><FONT color="#FFFFFF"><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">_</FONT></FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
     <A href="Sound_Files/Intro-4.mp3">Listen:</A></FONT><EM> <A href="Sound_Files/Intro-4.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></EM></P>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
   The <IMG src="assets/10-1-2i.gif" width="34" height="23" align="absmiddle"> 
   affix from <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o9">Sec. 7.7.9</A>, 
   in first degree, roughly corresponds to the reversive prefixes of English such 
-  as ‘un-,’ ‘de-,’ and ‘dis-’ to indicate 
+  as ‘un-,’ ‘de-,’ and ‘dis-’ to indicate 
   the undoing or opposite of a word. However, in Ithkuil this affix is productive 
   for all semantically applicable stems and operates in conjunction with Modality 
   categories (<A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</A>) and Modality 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@
     personality<BR>
     craftsmanship <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> artistry<BR>
     career <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> livelihood<BR>
-    (one’s) past <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> (one’s) 
+    (one’s) past <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> (one’s) 
     life<BR>
     to look after/tend <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> nurture</EM></P>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@
   movement, motion, or intensity. As an example, specific application of the various 
   phases combined with the aforementioned affixes and other affix categories to 
   a single stem <IMG src="assets/10-1-5d.gif" width="27" height="19" align="absmiddle"> 
-  ‘[make] sound’ can give rise to translations for all of the following 
+  ‘[make] sound’ can give rise to translations for all of the following 
   English words:</P>
 <DIV align="justify">
   <TABLE width="71%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
   <TR> 
     <TD><DIV align="center">1</DIV></TD>
     <TD><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>s, s </STRONG></FONT>or 
-      <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>š</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ĆĄ</STRONG></FONT></TD>
     <TD>numerical concepts, quantification, comparison, mathematics</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
   <TR> 
     <TD><DIV align="center">7</DIV></TD>
     <TD> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>f, <IMG src="assets/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">, 
-      ç </STRONG></FONT>or <IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absbottom"></TD>
+      ç </STRONG></FONT>or <IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absbottom"></TD>
     <TD>spatio-dimensional concepts, form and motion</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
@@ -579,14 +579,14 @@
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD><DIV align="center">9</DIV></TD>
-    <TD><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p’, t’, 
-      k’ </FONT></STRONG>or <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">q’</FONT></STRONG></TD>
+    <TD><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p’, t’, 
+      k’ </FONT></STRONG>or <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">q’</FONT></STRONG></TD>
     <TD>taxonomies of physical substances</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD><DIV align="center">10</DIV></TD>
-    <TD><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">c’, </FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/C dot.gif" width="9" height="14" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG> 
-      or <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG></TD>
+    <TD><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">c’, </FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/C dot.gif" width="9" height="14" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG> 
+      or <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG></TD>
     <TD> relational concepts, identity, associations</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@
   <TR> 
     <TD><DIV align="center">12</DIV></TD>
     <TD><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18" align="absbottom">, 
-      ç’, x’ </FONT></STRONG>or <IMG src="assets/x-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’ 
+      ç’, x’ </FONT></STRONG>or <IMG src="assets/x-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’ 
       </FONT></STRONG></TD>
     <TD>socially or externally-induced affectations</TD>
   </TR>
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
   <TR> 
     <TD><DIV align="center">14</DIV></TD>
     <TD> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">z, <IMG src="assets/z-cedilla.gif" width="14" height="15" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG>or 
-      <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ž </STRONG> </FONT></TD>
+      <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ĆŸ </STRONG> </FONT></TD>
     <TD>concepts of intersocial volition and personal relations</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@
     <TD><DIV align="center">17</DIV></TD>
     <TD><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absmiddle">, 
       <IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">, 
-      <IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absmiddle">’ 
+      <IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absmiddle">’ 
       </STRONG></FONT>or <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp; </FONT><IMG src="assets/k-cedilla aspirated.gif" width="18" height="20" align="absmiddle"></TD>
     <TD>temporal concepts</TD>
   </TR>
@@ -659,9 +659,9 @@
   near to me</EM> and <EM>B is far from me</EM>, but rather <EM>the distance from 
   me to A </EM>(or proximity of A to me)<EM> is less than the distance from me 
   to B</EM> (or proximity of B to me). Note that the choice of translation for 
-  the latter stem as either ‘distance’ or ‘proximity’ 
-  becomes arbitrary, as the real meaning of the Ithkuil formative is ‘amount 
-  of linear space separating one party from another.’ Virtually all Western 
+  the latter stem as either ‘distance’ or ‘proximity’ 
+  becomes arbitrary, as the real meaning of the Ithkuil formative is ‘amount 
+  of linear space separating one party from another.’ Virtually all Western 
   descriptive and dimensional oppositions are similarly handled in Ithkuil as 
   mere variance in the quantity of a single quality, the degree of an attribute, 
   or the extent along a spatio-temporal range or continuum.</P>
@@ -679,39 +679,39 @@
 <P align="justify">1) Ithkuil does not employ prepositions; all notions of spatial 
   relationships, position, and orientation are designated by nominal/verbal formatives.</P>
 <P align="justify">2) While Western languages allow spatial/positional reference 
-  to function autonomously irrespective of the speaker’s cognitive or semantic 
+  to function autonomously irrespective of the speaker’s cognitive or semantic 
   intent, Ithkuil subordinates spatial/positional reference at the lexico-semantic 
   level in deference to the cognitive or semantic purpose of an utterance. What 
   this means is that sentences describing spatial relationships or positional 
-  reference are only used when the underlying intent of the speaker’s utterance 
+  reference are only used when the underlying intent of the speaker’s utterance 
   is purely to specify spatial or positional reference information. If, in fact, 
   the underlying intent of the utterance is to show some functional or purposeful 
   relationship (where a spatial relationship is merely coincidental or consequential), 
   the Ithkuil sentence will describe this function or purpose, not the spatial 
-  relationship. For example, in answer to the question <EM>Where’s Billy?</EM> 
-  an English speaker might give answers such as (a) <EM>He’s standing right 
-  next to Sam</EM>, or (b) <EM>He’s in bed</EM>, or (c) <EM>He’s in 
+  relationship. For example, in answer to the question <EM>Where’s Billy?</EM> 
+  an English speaker might give answers such as (a) <EM>He’s standing right 
+  next to Sam</EM>, or (b) <EM>He’s in bed</EM>, or (c) <EM>He’s in 
   the bathtub</EM>. While each of these sentences gives spatial information, only 
   the first is truly intended to convey spatial information as its purpose, while 
   sentences (b) and (c) imply information that is, in fact, more relevant than 
-  the spatial information given, e.g., sentence (b) could be restated as ‘He’s 
-  sleeping (or sick),’ while sentence (c) could be restated as ‘He’s 
-  bathing.’ An Ithkuil speaker would not utter sentences like (b) or (c) 
-  in answer to the query about Billy, since he/she would assume the question <EM>Where’s 
-  Billy?</EM> is intended to inquire only about Billy’s physical position 
+  the spatial information given, e.g., sentence (b) could be restated as ‘He’s 
+  sleeping (or sick),’ while sentence (c) could be restated as ‘He’s 
+  bathing.’ An Ithkuil speaker would not utter sentences like (b) or (c) 
+  in answer to the query about Billy, since he/she would assume the question <EM>Where’s 
+  Billy?</EM> is intended to inquire only about Billy’s physical position 
   in absolute space. If the questioner had, in fact, been seeking non-spatial 
-  information, he/she would have asked the Ithkuil equivalent of <EM>What’s 
-  Billy doing?</EM> or <EM>What’s happening with Billy?</EM> to which a 
+  information, he/she would have asked the Ithkuil equivalent of <EM>What’s 
+  Billy doing?</EM> or <EM>What’s happening with Billy?</EM> to which a 
   Ithkuil speaker would answer with sentences corresponding to the rephrased versions 
   of (b) or (c), not their original versions.</P>
 <P align="justify">3) Ithkuil utilizes an absolute coordinate system of comparative 
   spacial reference, not a relative one as found in most languages. Note the positional 
-  ambiguity inherent in sentences such as <EM>He’s standing to the left 
+  ambiguity inherent in sentences such as <EM>He’s standing to the left 
   of the desk</EM>. To be meaningful, the listener must first determine from whose 
-  perspective the speaker is referring (i.e., do we mean the speaker’s left, 
-  the addressee’s left, the desk’s left relative to the position of 
-  the speaker, the desk’s left relative to the position of the addressee, 
-  or the desk’s left relative to the direction the desk is oriented/facing?) 
+  perspective the speaker is referring (i.e., do we mean the speaker’s left, 
+  the addressee’s left, the desk’s left relative to the position of 
+  the speaker, the desk’s left relative to the position of the addressee, 
+  or the desk’s left relative to the direction the desk is oriented/facing?) 
   Such ambiguity occurs because Western languages employ a relative coordinate 
   system which can shift from one participant or referent object to another. Ithkuil 
   spatial reference employs an absolute coordinate system independent of the perspective 
@@ -719,17 +719,17 @@
   the thing(s) whose position is being described), as opposed to the relative 
   coordinate system found in Western languages. The Ithkuil system allows listeners 
   to understand exactly the spatial relationship and orientation of any object(s) 
-  in absolute space, irrespective of anyone’s (or anything’s) personal 
+  in absolute space, irrespective of anyone’s (or anything’s) personal 
   perspective. </P>
 <H3 align="justify"><BR>
   10.4.1 Formatives vs. Prepositions</H3>
-<P align="justify">Besides lexically “partitioning” the world of two- 
+<P align="justify">Besides lexically “partitioning” the world of two- 
   and three-dimensional space in different ways than in Western languages, Ithkuil 
   has no prepositions. Rather, Ithkuil utilizes formatives which describe a spatial 
   relationship between two objects or between an object and an associated background, 
-  the nearest translations being a noun meaning “the area X” or a 
-  verb meaning “to be positioned X”, where X corresponds to a Western 
-  preposition or positional adverb such as “in” or “inside.” 
+  the nearest translations being a noun meaning “the area X” or a 
+  verb meaning “to be positioned X”, where X corresponds to a Western 
+  preposition or positional adverb such as “in” or “inside.” 
   The dynamics of such formatives become very apparent when combined with the 
   numerous verbal Conflation/Derivation + Format combinations which Ithkuil offers 
   the speaker (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">Sec. 5.4</A>).</P>
@@ -747,16 +747,16 @@
   the physical coordinate position of the vase in 3-D space relative to the table, 
   or to tell the listener that the vase is being physically supported (i.e., against 
   gravity) by the table? If the intention is the former, the corresponding Ithkuil 
-  sentence would indeed utilize a spatial formative translatable as ‘manifest 
+  sentence would indeed utilize a spatial formative translatable as ‘manifest 
   self on the top side of a surface that is horizontal relative to the direction 
-  of gravity.’ However, if the intention is to actually indicate support 
+  of gravity.’ However, if the intention is to actually indicate support 
   against gravity, the Ithkuil sentence would not utilize a spatial reference 
   at all, but rather translate the sentence more or less as <EM>The table is supporting 
   the vase</EM>. As a result, spatial, locative, or orientational formatives in 
   Ithkuil are used far less often than corresponding prepositions and spatial 
   constructions in English or other Western languages. Note the following examples 
-  illustrating how various English sentences utilizing the concept ‘in’ 
-  (meaning ‘inside’ or ‘into’) are translated into Ithkuil 
+  illustrating how various English sentences utilizing the concept ‘in’ 
+  (meaning ‘inside’ or ‘into’) are translated into Ithkuil 
   using various non-spatial roots based on reason or purpose.</P>
 <TABLE width="85%" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3">
   <TBODY><TR bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> 
@@ -780,10 +780,10 @@
     <TD><EM><FONT size="2"> That box contains the book.</FONT></EM></TD>
   </TR>
   <TR valign="top"> 
-    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">You’ll find pencils in(side) the small blue can.</FONT></EM></TD>
+    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">You’ll find pencils in(side) the small blue can.</FONT></EM></TD>
     <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">incidental, temporary, 
       or circumstantial constraint/holder to prevent spillage from gravity</FONT></TD>
-    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">The small blue can holds the pencils you’re seeking.</FONT></EM></TD>
+    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">The small blue can holds the pencils you’re seeking.</FONT></EM></TD>
   </TR>
   <TR valign="top"> 
     <TD><EM><FONT size="2">I poured soup in(to) the bowl.</FONT></EM></TD>
@@ -835,15 +835,15 @@
     <TD><EM><FONT size="2">I (re-)fueled the gas tank.</FONT></EM></TD>
   </TR>
   <TR valign="top"> 
-    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">We’ll never know what’s in(side) her head.</FONT></EM></TD>
+    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">We’ll never know what’s in(side) her head.</FONT></EM></TD>
     <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">intangible containment</FONT></TD>
-    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">We’ll never know her thoughts.</FONT></EM></TD>
+    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">We’ll never know her thoughts.</FONT></EM></TD>
   </TR>
   <TR valign="top"> 
     <TD><EM><FONT size="2"> He has a tumor in(side) his pancreas.</FONT></EM></TD>
     <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">enveloped to inaccessible 
       depth by surrounding medium</FONT></TD>
-    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">His pancreas “harbors” a tumor.</FONT></EM></TD>
+    <TD><EM><FONT size="2">His pancreas “harbors” a tumor.</FONT></EM></TD>
   </TR>
   <TR valign="top"> 
     <TD height="23"><EM><FONT size="2">He hammered a nail in(to) the wall.</FONT></EM></TD>
@@ -868,26 +868,26 @@
   10.4.3 Absolute vs. Relative Spatial/Positional Coordinates<A name="Sec10o4o3"></A></H3>
 <P align="justify">While Western languages are capable of describing the physical 
   position and orientation of object in absolute terms (e.g., <EM>My hometown 
-  is located at 93°41'36"W by 43°12'55"N</EM>), it is not normal 
+  is located at 93°41'36"W by 43°12'55"N</EM>), it is not normal 
   to do so in general parlance. Rather, Western spatial position and orientation 
   is normally relative, i.e., described from the dynamic perspective of the two 
   objects themselves or from the perspective of a third party observer (usually, 
   but not exclusively, the speaker). Therefore, if I describe the position of 
   objects in my backyard to you on the telephone, and you have never seen my backyard, 
-  phrases such as ‘the swingset is against the wall,’ ‘the barbecue 
-  is sitting to my right,’ ‘the elm tree is behind the shed’ 
-  and ‘the rose bush is beyond the bird fountain’ convey little information 
+  phrases such as ‘the swingset is against the wall,’ ‘the barbecue 
+  is sitting to my right,’ ‘the elm tree is behind the shed’ 
+  and ‘the rose bush is beyond the bird fountain’ convey little information 
   without first having to establish a common frame of reference based on where 
   the speaker is positioned relative to the edges of the yard (in order to interpret 
-  what he means by ‘beyond the fountain’), which way he is facing 
-  relative to the yard (in order to interpret what he means by ‘to my right’), 
+  what he means by ‘beyond the fountain’), which way he is facing 
+  relative to the yard (in order to interpret what he means by ‘to my right’), 
   perhaps even the orientation of the shape of the yard relative to some external 
   absolute system of orientation (e.g., the four cardinal directions N, S, E, 
   W).</P>
-<P align="justify">In such a relative scheme concepts such as ‘to my right’ 
+<P align="justify">In such a relative scheme concepts such as ‘to my right’ 
   change completely if I turn my body 180 degrees. Confusion also occurs when 
-  I say ‘to the left of the chair.’ Do I mean to the left side of 
-  the chair from my (the speaker’s) perspective? Or do I mean to the left 
+  I say ‘to the left of the chair.’ Do I mean to the left side of 
+  the chair from my (the speaker’s) perspective? Or do I mean to the left 
   side of the chair from the perspective of someone sitting in the chair?</P>
 <P align="justify">Ithkuil avoids such confusions by being based on an absolute 
   coordinate system of spatial reference as opposed to a relative system (similar 
@@ -899,9 +899,9 @@
   coordinate schemes, each functioning within a different speech context. These 
   coordinate systems establish a three-dimensional right-angled coordinate grid 
   superimposed upon space, with the X-axis reckoned from a line perpendicular 
-  to the direction of gravity (which, for practical purposes, we may term “horizontal”), 
+  to the direction of gravity (which, for practical purposes, we may term “horizontal”), 
   the Z-axis reckoned by a line corresponding to the direction of gravity (which 
-  may be termed the “vertical”) and the all-important Y-axis (which 
+  may be termed the “vertical”) and the all-important Y-axis (which 
   differentiates a relative system from an absolute) derived from one of three 
   points of reckoning depending on which coordinate scheme is being utilized. 
   The three schemes are as follows:</P>
@@ -912,11 +912,11 @@
   to the X-axis is variable; i.e., the line connecting the rising and setting 
   points of the sun merely designate the <EM>direction</EM> of the Y-axis, not 
   it actual position. This is necessary so that descriptions of spatial relationships 
-  can be made using a “quadrant locator” system based on this grid, 
+  can be made using a “quadrant locator” system based on this grid, 
   where any two objects can be made to lie within different quadrants relative 
   to each other (this will be illustrated below). </P>
 <P align="justify">Use of this solar-based reckoning system continues at nighttime 
-  and on overcast or rainy days, based on society’s collective knowledge 
+  and on overcast or rainy days, based on society’s collective knowledge 
   and/or recollection of landmarks indicating the rising and setting points of 
   the sun. Use of this system even continues indoors if there exists a collective 
   understanding of the orientation of the building/structure/room relative to 
@@ -936,12 +936,12 @@
 <P align="justify">3) <STRONG>Arbitrarily delineated axis based on local landmarks, 
   objects, or persons</STRONG>. This is similar to a Western relative system in 
   which the speaker announces the orientation perspective being utilized. An Ithkuil 
-  speaker would consider this a highly unusual and “affected” method 
+  speaker would consider this a highly unusual and “affected” method 
   of reckoning. Nevertheless, it is possible to designate a personally defined 
   reckoning system using words to designate the origin point and direction of 
-  the Y-axis vector, examples translatable by such phrases as ‘based on 
-  a vector from me to that large window’ or ‘based on a vector between 
-  the shed and the big oak tree.’ In fact, this is the purpose of the <FONT size="2">NAVIGATIVE</FONT> 
+  the Y-axis vector, examples translatable by such phrases as ‘based on 
+  a vector from me to that large window’ or ‘based on a vector between 
+  the shed and the big oak tree.’ In fact, this is the purpose of the <FONT size="2">NAVIGATIVE</FONT> 
   case (see <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o8o12">Sec. 4.8.12</A>). 
   The primary use for this system of reckoning is literary or narrative, such 
   as when a speaker tells a story of another time and place, in which he/she wishes 
@@ -950,31 +950,31 @@
 <P align="justify"><BR>
   <STRONG>10.4.3.1 Describing Spatial Relationships between Two or More Objects</STRONG>. 
   Using such a triaxial three-dimensional grid, Ithkuil then lexically divides 
-  up space into “quadrants”, four quadrants to each given “hemisphere” 
+  up space into “quadrants”, four quadrants to each given “hemisphere” 
   of absolute space delineated by the three axes, for a total of eight. (I know, I know, technically, I should use the term "octant", but considering the latter term refers to a seafaring navigational instrument, I will stick to the term "quadrant.")</P>
 <BLOCKQUOTE>
-  <P align="justify"> +X / +Y / +Z = “right / ahead / above” = Quadrant 
+  <P align="justify"> +X / +Y / +Z = “right / ahead / above” = Quadrant 
     1 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>pl - f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    +X / +Y / -Z = “right / ahead / below” = Quadrant 2 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">- 
+    +X / +Y / -Z = “right / ahead / below” = Quadrant 2 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">- 
     f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    +X / -Y / +Z = “right / behind / above” = Quadrant 3 = Root:<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG> 
+    +X / -Y / +Z = “right / behind / above” = Quadrant 3 = Root:<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG> 
     r - f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    +X / -Y / -Z = “right / behind / below” = Quadrant 4 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">- 
+    +X / -Y / -Z = “right / behind / below” = Quadrant 4 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">- 
     f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    -X / +Y / +Z = “left / ahead / above” = Quadrant 5 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"> 
+    -X / +Y / +Z = “left / ahead / above” = Quadrant 5 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"> 
     - f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    -X / +Y / -Z = “left / ahead / below” = Quadrant 6 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ps 
+    -X / +Y / -Z = “left / ahead / below” = Quadrant 6 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ps 
     - f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    -X / -Y / +Z = “left / behind / above” = Quadrant 7 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ks 
+    -X / -Y / +Z = “left / behind / above” = Quadrant 7 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ks 
     - f</STRONG></FONT><BR>
-    -X / -Y / -Z = “left / behind / below” = Quadrant 8 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p<IMG src="assets/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+    -X / -Y / -Z = “left / behind / below” = Quadrant 8 = Root: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p<IMG src="assets/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
     - f</STRONG></FONT></P>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
 <P align="justify">There are eighteen additional roots corresponding to the above 
   where either one or two of the X/Y/Z values are zero, indicating concepts equivalent 
-  English phrases such as ‘neither above nor below,’ ‘straight 
-  down,’ ‘straight ahead,’ ‘directly behind,’ ‘straight 
-  up,’ ‘on the same plane as,’ etc. The above quadrants are 
+  English phrases such as ‘neither above nor below,’ ‘straight 
+  down,’ ‘straight ahead,’ ‘directly behind,’ ‘straight 
+  up,’ ‘on the same plane as,’ etc. The above quadrants are 
   indicated in the illustrations below.</P>
 <P align="justify">Because the lateral alignment (but not direction) of the solar-based 
   X and Y-axes are variable (i.e., each can be slid laterally relative to the 
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@
   <P><IMG src="assets/10-5-3-1d.gif" width="352" height="369"></P>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
 <P align="justify"><BR>
-  It is the ability to “slide” the axes of this three-dimensional 
+  It is the ability to “slide” the axes of this three-dimensional 
   grid that allows Ithkuil to easily describe the relative position of objects 
   in an absolute manner. Because the grid can be arranged so that any two objects 
   each fall into different quadrants, a series of quadrant-to-quadrant relationships 
@@ -1002,15 +1002,15 @@
   stem which, in conjunction with a set of affixes, designates a spatial relationship 
   between an object occupying that quadrant and a second object occupying any 
   of the seven other quadrants. For the purpose of this analysis, we will call 
-  each of these quadrant-to-quadrant static relationships a “positional 
-  frame.” (the leftover affixes refer to (1) 1st object in motion while 
+  each of these quadrant-to-quadrant static relationships a “positional 
+  frame.” (the leftover affixes refer to (1) 1st object in motion while 
   2nd object at rest, and (2) 2nd object in motion while first object at rest. 
   Used to mark the participant nouns with motion sentences described below.) </P>
 <P align="justify">Additionally, such a positional reference system allows a speaker 
   to describe exactly the spatial relationships between 2 objects in motion relative 
   to each other. This is done in Ithkuil by stating that two object are moving 
   from positional frame A toward positional frame B. If one remembers that, by 
-  “positional frame” we mean a spatial relationship between two objects, 
+  “positional frame” we mean a spatial relationship between two objects, 
   not a specific location in space, it can be seen how such a simple formula easily 
   describes the relative trajectories of two objects. An Ithkuil speaker is describing 
   exactly how two objects are moving through space by stating in one short sentence 
@@ -1021,10 +1021,10 @@
 <P align="justify">To insert a third party into a positional frame (such as describing 
   where the speaker or addressee or third party is situated relative to the two 
   objects described in the positional frame) a case-frame clause is added to the 
-  sentence in the concursive case (“while/during/at the time of”) 
+  sentence in the concursive case (“while/during/at the time of”) 
   which states the positional frame between that third party and the FIRST party 
-  (unless the 2nd party is overtly specified). Example: “The dog and the 
-  ball M’d while the cat N’d,” where M is the positional frame 
+  (unless the 2nd party is overtly specified). Example: “The dog and the 
+  ball M’d while the cat N’d,” where M is the positional frame 
   of the dog and ball and N is the positional frame between the cat and dog.</P>
 <P align="justify">Based on the above, we can see just how exact Ithkuil can be 
   in describing relative position between objects in an absolute manner. This 
@@ -1056,15 +1056,15 @@
 addition the above concepts of a positional grid for locating objects in space 
 and in positional relation to each other, Ithkuil also employs a whole set of 
 vocabulary to describe the physical topology, shape and internal self-orientation 
-of an object by itself. These are similar to words such as “face, back, 
+of an object by itself. These are similar to words such as “face, back, 
 front, sides, top, bottom, appendage, tail, arm, etc., although it should be noted 
 that the equivalent Ithkuil terms are wholly autonomous and bear no metaphorical 
-relationship whatsoever to anthropomorphic body parts. Therefore, the “legs” 
-of a chair correspond more accurately to its “supports” or “struts” 
-in Ithkuil, while the “face” of a blackboard would correspond to a 
-word translatable only periphrastically as “main functional surface” 
-or “primary interface area” (although note that even this paraphrase 
-cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”). 
+relationship whatsoever to anthropomorphic body parts. Therefore, the “legs” 
+of a chair correspond more accurately to its “supports” or “struts” 
+in Ithkuil, while the “face” of a blackboard would correspond to a 
+word translatable only periphrastically as “main functional surface” 
+or “primary interface area” (although note that even this paraphrase 
+cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”). 
 <P>&nbsp;</P>
 <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
   <TBODY><TR> 
@@ -1090,19 +1090,19 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
 <DIV align="justify">As an example of lexical generalization in Ithkuil (or over-lexicalization 
   in English!), compare the following words for animal vocal sounds: <EM>meow, 
   bark, whinny, chirp, moo, bray</EM>, etc. Each of these words mean merely to 
-  make one’s species-specific inherent vocal sound. Ithkuil utilizes only 
+  make one’s species-specific inherent vocal sound. Ithkuil utilizes only 
   a single stem for this concept (essentially meaning <EM>vocal sound/vocalize</EM> 
-  – from the same root which gives the stem for <EM>(human) voice</EM>), 
-  based on the logical assumption that, since cats can’t bark, whinny or 
-  moo, and dogs can’t meow, whinny or moo, there is no need to differentiate 
+  – from the same root which gives the stem for <EM>(human) voice</EM>), 
+  based on the logical assumption that, since cats can’t bark, whinny or 
+  moo, and dogs can’t meow, whinny or moo, there is no need to differentiate 
   lexically the innate vocal sound being made by an animal if the animal making 
   the sound is identified in the sentence. Of course, one might argue that English 
   allows for metaphorical or similative application of such words, as in <EM>The 
   sergeant barked out orders to the platoon</EM>, or <EM>The baby squealed in 
   delight.</EM> Such constructions are perfectly captured in Ithkuil via the <FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o6o1">ESSIVE</A></FONT> 
   and <FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o6o2">ASSIMILATIVE</A></FONT> 
-  cases, as in <EM>He ‘vocalized’ the orders like a dog</EM>, or <EM>The 
-  baby ‘vocalized’ like a baby piglet from feeling delight,</EM> or 
+  cases, as in <EM>He ‘vocalized’ the orders like a dog</EM>, or <EM>The 
+  baby ‘vocalized’ like a baby piglet from feeling delight,</EM> or 
   via the manipulation of Conflation, Derivation and Format (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">Sec. 
   5.4</A>). </DIV>
 <P align="justify">Similar series of English words which reduce to a single stem 
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
 <P align="justify">By translative motion is meant the idea of an object moving 
   (or being moved) from one location to another. English is particularly rich 
   in its vocabulary to describe the various paths or trajectories of such an object, 
-  not only in regard to the “shape” or form of the path or trajectory, 
+  not only in regard to the “shape” or form of the path or trajectory, 
   but also the means of initiating the movement. Thus we have terms such as <EM>to 
   toss, throw, pitch, hurl, fling, roll, run</EM>, or <EM>pass</EM> a ball or 
   other object. In reaching its destination, the object can <EM>fly, float, wing, 
@@ -1122,9 +1122,9 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
   slide, glide, slither</EM>, or <EM>jump</EM> its way there.</P>
 <P align="justify">As we have seen to be the case in other contexts, Ithkuil lexifies 
   concepts of translative motion with a focus on the contexts of purpose and outcome, 
-  not on the “innate structure” of the event as an end in itself. 
+  not on the “innate structure” of the event as an end in itself. 
   Essentially, Ithkuil is less concerned with how the object gets there and is 
-  more concerned about why it’s going there and whether it arrives. For 
+  more concerned about why it’s going there and whether it arrives. For 
   example, look at the following two columns of English sentences :</P>
 <DIV align="justify">
   <TABLE width="65%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
@@ -1181,18 +1181,18 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
   of distinguishing the shades of meaning present in the above examples, it should 
   be noted that such distinctions can be easily rendered by additional affixes 
   and words describing these concepts. For example, if it is truly necessary to 
-  indicate that the object was “flung” into the basket, Ithkuil can 
+  indicate that the object was “flung” into the basket, Ithkuil can 
   augment the sentence <EM>I made it end up inside the basket</EM> to include 
   affixes which indicate use of the hand in a sudden recoil-like motion plus affixes 
   indicating forceful and rapid arrival into the basket, the result being narrowly 
   translatable as <EM>Using my hand in a sudden, subtle, recoil-like motion I 
   caused it to move quickly away and end up forcefully inside the basket</EM>.</P>
 <P align="justify">While this would more or less accurately capture the nuances 
-  of English “flung,” Ithkuil first makes us stop and ask ourselves, 
+  of English “flung,” Ithkuil first makes us stop and ask ourselves, 
   why is it even necessary to describe the details of the trajectory and the force 
   initiating it? After all, in a normal everyday contextual setting, if an English 
-  speaker were to use the verb “tossed” or “threw” or 
-  “placed” or “put” instead of “flung” in 
+  speaker were to use the verb “tossed” or “threw” or 
+  “placed” or “put” instead of “flung” in 
   the above sentence, would his/her speaker be considered to have been given information 
   any less sufficient or essential for understanding the message and its purpose? 
   All of which again illustrates the dynamism of Ithkuil lexico-semantics: if 
@@ -1206,16 +1206,16 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
 <H3 align="justify"> 10.5.3 No Lexification of Specific Instances of Underlying 
   Processes</H3>
 <P align="justify">In regard to over-lexification in English from a Ithkuil perspective, 
-  an example would be <EM>limp</EM>, as in ‘to walk with a limp.’ 
+  an example would be <EM>limp</EM>, as in ‘to walk with a limp.’ 
   Ithkuil recognizes that, in observing a person walking with a limp, it is not 
   the condition <EM>per se</EM> that is relevant, but rather the manner in which 
   the condition causes the person to move, i.e. asymmetrically, irregularly, discontinuously 
-  in an unexpected way inconsistent with a “normal” or “standard” 
+  in an unexpected way inconsistent with a “normal” or “standard” 
   expectation of walking. Ithkuil speakers would consider English <EM>limp</EM> 
   to represent an arbitrarily specific occurrence of an underlying state of translative 
   movement. To a Ithkuil speaker, what is important is the way the person moves. 
-  The idea that a person continues to “have a limp” even when sleeping 
-  or sitting is considered absurd. What the person “continues to have” 
+  The idea that a person continues to “have a limp” even when sleeping 
+  or sitting is considered absurd. What the person “continues to have” 
   is an underlying physical injury, abnormality, disability, illness, or deformity 
   which causes the person to move asymmetrically when walking. Therefore, instead 
   of <EM>He has a limp because of his war wound,</EM> a Ithkuil speaker would 
@@ -1223,18 +1223,18 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
 <P align="justify">To illustrate this by analogy, consider a person who, when 
   dancing to rock music, has a tendency to jerk his/her head to the left at the 
   sound of the downbeat. Most English speakers would consider it ludicrous over-lexicalization 
-  to propose a verb “spreggle” meaning ‘to jerk one’s 
-  head to the left on the downbeat when dancing,’ as in the hypothetical 
+  to propose a verb “spreggle” meaning ‘to jerk one’s 
+  head to the left on the downbeat when dancing,’ as in the hypothetical 
   sentence <EM>She spreggles to rock music</EM>. Yet, from the Ithkuil standpoint, 
-  there is no difference in arbitrariness between the hypothetical “spreggle” 
-  and the actual word ‘limp.’</P>
+  there is no difference in arbitrariness between the hypothetical “spreggle” 
+  and the actual word ‘limp.’</P>
 <P align="justify">Based on a combination of the above reasoning surrounding both 
-  animal vocal sounds and ‘limp,’ Ithkuil has no words for ‘blind(ness),’ 
-  ‘deaf(ness),’ ‘mute(ness),’ ‘dementia,’ 
-  or ‘paralysis.’ In Ithkuil, one simply says <EM>He can’t see, 
-  She can’t hear, She can’t speak, He can’t think, He can’t 
+  animal vocal sounds and ‘limp,’ Ithkuil has no words for ‘blind(ness),’ 
+  ‘deaf(ness),’ ‘mute(ness),’ ‘dementia,’ 
+  or ‘paralysis.’ In Ithkuil, one simply says <EM>He can’t see, 
+  She can’t hear, She can’t speak, He can’t think, He can’t 
   move</EM>, or alternately <EM>His faculty of sight </EM>(or other sense or innate 
-  faculty)<EM> doesn’t function/no longer functions</EM>. [Note: each of 
+  faculty)<EM> doesn’t function/no longer functions</EM>. [Note: each of 
   these sentences would, of course, employ appropriate morphological markers, 
   case, voice, degrees of affixes, etc. to indicate the extent of functional loss, 
   whether temporary or permanent, whether increasing or decreasing, whether externally 
@@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
   human cognition and pre-linguistic epistemological categorization as is possible 
   in language without resorting to outright linguistic representations of pure 
   mathematical logic. Since the inner mental life of the speaker is often clouded 
-  in vagueness or artificial “surface” categories once represented 
+  in vagueness or artificial “surface” categories once represented 
   in spoken languages such as English and other Eurocentric languages, a language 
   which is focused on representing that inner mental life will necessarily require 
   many more words to describe that life than are commonly available in existing 
@@ -1273,27 +1273,27 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
 </TBODY></TABLE>
 <P align="justify">Western languages have several words and/or concepts for which 
   there is no exactly corresponding equivalent in Ithkuil. These include the concepts 
-  embodied in the verb “to be” and “to have.” Ithkuil 
-  has no way of truly expressing copula identification corresponding to “be” 
-  or “being”, nor any direct translation of possession or ownership 
-  equivalent to “have.” Essentially this is because Ithkuil grammar 
+  embodied in the verb “to be” and “to have.” Ithkuil 
+  has no way of truly expressing copula identification corresponding to “be” 
+  or “being”, nor any direct translation of possession or ownership 
+  equivalent to “have.” Essentially this is because Ithkuil grammar 
   and lexico-semantics do not recognize inherent existential identification or 
   inherent existential possession as true semantic functional categories or fundamental 
   cognitive primitives.</P>
 <H3 align="justify"><BR>
-  10.7.1 Translating “To Be”</H3>
+  10.7.1 Translating “To Be”</H3>
 <P align="justify">Ithkuil grammar inherently recognizes that the universe is, 
   at any and all moments, and on all scales large and small, in a state of flux. 
   The idea that any given entity can be permanently or innately identified as 
-  “being” some other entity is considered nonsensical. Ithkuil grammar 
-  has no way of clearly indicating any such notions as “being” or 
-  “to be,” as the universe is a universe of actions or states that 
+  “being” some other entity is considered nonsensical. Ithkuil grammar 
+  has no way of clearly indicating any such notions as “being” or 
+  “to be,” as the universe is a universe of actions or states that 
   are the results of actions. Even states, as such, are in flux and different 
   from moment to moment, if only because the mere passage of time itself renders 
-  the “static” condition different than it was the moment before. 
-  Therefore, one cannot “be” anything else, or for that matter “be” 
-  anything at all. Rather, one “does” or “functions as” 
-  or “fulfills a role as” or “manifests itself as” something 
+  the “static” condition different than it was the moment before. 
+  Therefore, one cannot “be” anything else, or for that matter “be” 
+  anything at all. Rather, one “does” or “functions as” 
+  or “fulfills a role as” or “manifests itself as” something 
   else. Fundamental to Ithkuil grammar are the notions of function and purpose, 
   not mere description; results, not mere means; manifestation, not mere existence. 
   This explains why there is no true distinction between nouns and verbs in Ithkuil, 
@@ -1309,8 +1309,8 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
   manifests a green color, Stan feels ill [or carries a disease],</EM> and <EM>Murder 
   controverts morality</EM>.</P>
 <H3 align="justify"><BR>
-  10.7.2 Translating ‘To Have’</H3>
-<P align="justify">In regard to “have” or “having,” Ithkuil 
+  10.7.2 Translating ‘To Have’</H3>
+<P align="justify">In regard to “have” or “having,” Ithkuil 
   views the concept of possession as breaking down into more specific functional 
   states and categories, each operating independently and having little relation 
   to each other.</P>
@@ -1341,20 +1341,20 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
 <P align="justify"><EM>How old are you?<BR>
   [= State the amount/number of years you have lived.]</EM></P>
 <H3 align="justify"><BR>
-  10.7.4 ‘Yes,’ ‘No’ and Other Interjections</H3>
+  10.7.4 ‘Yes,’ ‘No’ and Other Interjections</H3>
 <P align="justify">As there are no interjections in Ithkuil, there are no true 
-  equivalents to “yes” and “no” in Ithkuil. Nevertheless, 
+  equivalents to “yes” and “no” in Ithkuil. Nevertheless, 
   there are abbreviated ways of answering the requests for information or commands 
   for validation that substitute for questions in Ithkuil. The closest approximations 
   are a few standardized sentences that answer commands using the validative mode. 
-  These sentences translate in various ways, such as “It functions/happens/manifests 
-  in that manner” or “It does not function/happen/manifest in that 
-  manner”; or, “I can(not) validate that information based on... [state 
-  evidence for validation].”</P>
+  These sentences translate in various ways, such as “It functions/happens/manifests 
+  in that manner” or “It does not function/happen/manifest in that 
+  manner”; or, “I can(not) validate that information based on... [state 
+  evidence for validation].”</P>
 <P align="justify">Observe how this operates in the following examples.</P>
-<P align="justify"><EM>“Do you want to dance?” “No.”<BR>
-  [“State whether you will dance with me.” “I do not want to 
-  dance with you.”</EM></P>
+<P align="justify"><EM>“Do you want to dance?” “No.”<BR>
+  [“State whether you will dance with me.” “I do not want to 
+  dance with you.”</EM></P>
 <P align="justify">Ithkuil grammar also allows for the use of bias affixes (see 
   <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. 6.6</A>) to function 
   as autonomous words to convey attitudes and emotional responses similarly to 
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
   -V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>qt</STRONG></FONT>, 
   and the two <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#PTFaffix">part-whole 
   affixes</A> -V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT> 
-  and -V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>š</STRONG></FONT>.</P>
+  and -V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ĆĄ</STRONG></FONT>.</P>
 <P align="justify"></P>
 <P align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">Proceed 
   to Chapter 11: The Script &gt; &gt;</A></STRONG></FONT></P>
@@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).
     <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
   </TR>
 </TBODY></TABLE>
-</P><P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion 
+</P><P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion 
   of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author 
   and this website. </FONT></P>