From d2da853b9eb430679e7238b93996f8e4651a39c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: uakci Date: Sat, 19 Dec 2020 04:55:30 +0100 Subject: fixed encoding --- 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html | 322 ++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 161 insertions(+), 161 deletions(-) mode change 100755 => 100644 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html (limited to '2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html') diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html old mode 100755 new mode 100644 index 7ed5322..c3fe701 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch10-lexico-semantics.html @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ words, as explained in Chapter 2. This means that the concepts chosen to be conveyed by these roots must be carefully selected to insure the widest range of conceptualization possible within such a limited framework.

-

2) We have seen throughout this work how Ithkuil’s matrix-like +

2) We have seen throughout this work how Ithkuil’s matrix-like grammatical structure allows for an incredible amount of synergy in terms of morphological word-derivation, generating wholly new, emergent concepts from word-roots, not simply mere conjugations, declensions, and transparent derivations. @@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ go in to the assigning of concepts to those 3600 roots, in order to optimally accomplish what has been demonstrated throughout this work: using the dynamics of Ithkuil morphology to eliminate the need for the hundred thousand or more - autonomous word roots of natural languages, or to put it colloquially, “getting - the most lexico-semantic bang for the morpho-phonological buck.”

+ autonomous word roots of natural languages, or to put it colloquially, “getting + the most lexico-semantic bang for the morpho-phonological buck.”

We will start first with a review of key components in the systemic design of Ithkuil morphology. This will be followed by sections on those areas of Ithkuil lexico-semantics which are most profoundly distinct from Western languages.

The last section deals with comparison to Western categorizations, examining how Ithkuil lexico-semantics reinterprets certain concepts considered - “fundamental” in English and other Western languages.

+ “fundamental” in English and other Western languages.

 

@@ -151,12 +151,12 @@ system of vowel patterns and mutation, we saw how a single root generates no less than eighteen formative stems, each functioning as a noun or verb. This is illustrated below using the example root h-f - ‘TRANSLATIVE MOTION’.

+ ‘TRANSLATIVE MOTION’.

As described in Chapter 2, this hierarchical pattern of stem derivation and division into complementary stems from a more basic or underlying - “holistic” stem allows for significant collapsing in the number + “holistic” stem allows for significant collapsing in the number of word-roots necessary compared to Western languages, as words that are semantically interrelated in a hierarchical or complementary fashion can be derived morphologically from a basic root, as opposed to being assigned separate word-roots as in other @@ -166,14 +166,14 @@ MOTION. All such complementary stems based on participant perspective are similarly patterned, e.g., lead/follow, buy/sell, give/take, etc.

Additionally, this hierarchical structure of stem derivation - from a single root using vocalic infixes allows for the creation of “built-in” + from a single root using vocalic infixes allows for the creation of “built-in” classification schemes and taxonomies for concepts which require them. Biological taxonomies, for example, can be easily accommodated under this scheme, as illustrated below:

Using the nine degrees of the Stem Specific Derivative - affix -V1t’ + affix -V1t’ from Sec. 7.7.13 on such a root, we can extend this scheme to denote specific parts, products or derived resources such as a the milk, oil, meat, skin or hide, tail, tusk or horn, hair or fur (e.g., wool), etc. The Degree @@ -194,17 +194,17 @@


10.1.2 The Use of Affixes

In Chapter 7, we saw how many of the 150-odd affix categories - can be used to generate both derivative concepts (e.g., xäl - ‘hill’ + V1x/7 - ‘very large’ - xälïx ‘very large hill’) as - well as amalgamated gestalts carrying a new holistic meaning (e.g., xäl - ‘hill’ + V2x/7 - ‘very large’ - xälëx ‘mountain’). As an example, + can be used to generate both derivative concepts (e.g., xĂ€l + ‘hill’ + V1x/7 + ‘very large’ + xĂ€lďx ‘very large hill’) as + well as amalgamated gestalts carrying a new holistic meaning (e.g., xĂ€l + ‘hill’ + V2x/7 + ‘very large’ + xĂ€lĂ«x ‘mountain’). As an example, here are only ten of the various new concepts which can be derived through affixes - from the stem köl ‘say something [i.e., - communicate a verbal message]’:

+ from the stem köl ‘say something [i.e., + communicate a verbal message]’:

 
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@



- Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man unexpectedly and accidentally - killed it without even realizing he’d done so, by inadvertently letting + Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man unexpectedly and accidentally + killed it without even realizing he’d done so, by inadvertently letting it out of the house.__________ Listen:

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ The affix from Sec. 7.7.9, in first degree, roughly corresponds to the reversive prefixes of English such - as ‘un-,’ ‘de-,’ and ‘dis-’ to indicate + as ‘un-,’ ‘de-,’ and ‘dis-’ to indicate the undoing or opposite of a word. However, in Ithkuil this affix is productive for all semantically applicable stems and operates in conjunction with Modality categories (Sec. 5.5) and Modality @@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ personality
craftsmanship artistry
career livelihood
- (one’s) past (one’s) + (one’s) past (one’s) life
to look after/tend nurture

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ movement, motion, or intensity. As an example, specific application of the various phases combined with the aforementioned affixes and other affix categories to a single stem - ‘[make] sound’ can give rise to translations for all of the following + ‘[make] sound’ can give rise to translations for all of the following English words:

@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ + ĆĄ @@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ + ç or @@ -579,14 +579,14 @@ - + - + @@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ @@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ + ĆŸ @@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ @@ -659,9 +659,9 @@ near to me and B is far from me, but rather the distance from me to A (or proximity of A to me) is less than the distance from me to B (or proximity of B to me). Note that the choice of translation for - the latter stem as either ‘distance’ or ‘proximity’ - becomes arbitrary, as the real meaning of the Ithkuil formative is ‘amount - of linear space separating one party from another.’ Virtually all Western + the latter stem as either ‘distance’ or ‘proximity’ + becomes arbitrary, as the real meaning of the Ithkuil formative is ‘amount + of linear space separating one party from another.’ Virtually all Western descriptive and dimensional oppositions are similarly handled in Ithkuil as mere variance in the quantity of a single quality, the degree of an attribute, or the extent along a spatio-temporal range or continuum.

@@ -679,39 +679,39 @@

1) Ithkuil does not employ prepositions; all notions of spatial relationships, position, and orientation are designated by nominal/verbal formatives.

2) While Western languages allow spatial/positional reference - to function autonomously irrespective of the speaker’s cognitive or semantic + to function autonomously irrespective of the speaker’s cognitive or semantic intent, Ithkuil subordinates spatial/positional reference at the lexico-semantic level in deference to the cognitive or semantic purpose of an utterance. What this means is that sentences describing spatial relationships or positional - reference are only used when the underlying intent of the speaker’s utterance + reference are only used when the underlying intent of the speaker’s utterance is purely to specify spatial or positional reference information. If, in fact, the underlying intent of the utterance is to show some functional or purposeful relationship (where a spatial relationship is merely coincidental or consequential), the Ithkuil sentence will describe this function or purpose, not the spatial - relationship. For example, in answer to the question Where’s Billy? - an English speaker might give answers such as (a) He’s standing right - next to Sam, or (b) He’s in bed, or (c) He’s in + relationship. For example, in answer to the question Where’s Billy? + an English speaker might give answers such as (a) He’s standing right + next to Sam, or (b) He’s in bed, or (c) He’s in the bathtub. While each of these sentences gives spatial information, only the first is truly intended to convey spatial information as its purpose, while sentences (b) and (c) imply information that is, in fact, more relevant than - the spatial information given, e.g., sentence (b) could be restated as ‘He’s - sleeping (or sick),’ while sentence (c) could be restated as ‘He’s - bathing.’ An Ithkuil speaker would not utter sentences like (b) or (c) - in answer to the query about Billy, since he/she would assume the question Where’s - Billy? is intended to inquire only about Billy’s physical position + the spatial information given, e.g., sentence (b) could be restated as ‘He’s + sleeping (or sick),’ while sentence (c) could be restated as ‘He’s + bathing.’ An Ithkuil speaker would not utter sentences like (b) or (c) + in answer to the query about Billy, since he/she would assume the question Where’s + Billy? is intended to inquire only about Billy’s physical position in absolute space. If the questioner had, in fact, been seeking non-spatial - information, he/she would have asked the Ithkuil equivalent of What’s - Billy doing? or What’s happening with Billy? to which a + information, he/she would have asked the Ithkuil equivalent of What’s + Billy doing? or What’s happening with Billy? to which a Ithkuil speaker would answer with sentences corresponding to the rephrased versions of (b) or (c), not their original versions.

3) Ithkuil utilizes an absolute coordinate system of comparative spacial reference, not a relative one as found in most languages. Note the positional - ambiguity inherent in sentences such as He’s standing to the left + ambiguity inherent in sentences such as He’s standing to the left of the desk. To be meaningful, the listener must first determine from whose - perspective the speaker is referring (i.e., do we mean the speaker’s left, - the addressee’s left, the desk’s left relative to the position of - the speaker, the desk’s left relative to the position of the addressee, - or the desk’s left relative to the direction the desk is oriented/facing?) + perspective the speaker is referring (i.e., do we mean the speaker’s left, + the addressee’s left, the desk’s left relative to the position of + the speaker, the desk’s left relative to the position of the addressee, + or the desk’s left relative to the direction the desk is oriented/facing?) Such ambiguity occurs because Western languages employ a relative coordinate system which can shift from one participant or referent object to another. Ithkuil spatial reference employs an absolute coordinate system independent of the perspective @@ -719,17 +719,17 @@ the thing(s) whose position is being described), as opposed to the relative coordinate system found in Western languages. The Ithkuil system allows listeners to understand exactly the spatial relationship and orientation of any object(s) - in absolute space, irrespective of anyone’s (or anything’s) personal + in absolute space, irrespective of anyone’s (or anything’s) personal perspective.


10.4.1 Formatives vs. Prepositions

-

Besides lexically “partitioning” the world of two- +

Besides lexically “partitioning” the world of two- and three-dimensional space in different ways than in Western languages, Ithkuil has no prepositions. Rather, Ithkuil utilizes formatives which describe a spatial relationship between two objects or between an object and an associated background, - the nearest translations being a noun meaning “the area X” or a - verb meaning “to be positioned X”, where X corresponds to a Western - preposition or positional adverb such as “in” or “inside.” + the nearest translations being a noun meaning “the area X” or a + verb meaning “to be positioned X”, where X corresponds to a Western + preposition or positional adverb such as “in” or “inside.” The dynamics of such formatives become very apparent when combined with the numerous verbal Conflation/Derivation + Format combinations which Ithkuil offers the speaker (see Sec. 5.4).

@@ -747,16 +747,16 @@ the physical coordinate position of the vase in 3-D space relative to the table, or to tell the listener that the vase is being physically supported (i.e., against gravity) by the table? If the intention is the former, the corresponding Ithkuil - sentence would indeed utilize a spatial formative translatable as ‘manifest + sentence would indeed utilize a spatial formative translatable as ‘manifest self on the top side of a surface that is horizontal relative to the direction - of gravity.’ However, if the intention is to actually indicate support + of gravity.’ However, if the intention is to actually indicate support against gravity, the Ithkuil sentence would not utilize a spatial reference at all, but rather translate the sentence more or less as The table is supporting the vase. As a result, spatial, locative, or orientational formatives in Ithkuil are used far less often than corresponding prepositions and spatial constructions in English or other Western languages. Note the following examples - illustrating how various English sentences utilizing the concept ‘in’ - (meaning ‘inside’ or ‘into’) are translated into Ithkuil + illustrating how various English sentences utilizing the concept ‘in’ + (meaning ‘inside’ or ‘into’) are translated into Ithkuil using various non-spatial roots based on reason or purpose.

1
 s, s or - š numerical concepts, quantification, comparison, mathematics
7
 f, , - ç or spatio-dimensional concepts, form and motion
9
p’, t’, - k’ or q’p’, t’, + k’ or q’ taxonomies of physical substances
10
c’, ’ - or ’c’, ’ + or ’ relational concepts, identity, associations
12
 , - ç’, x’ or ’ + ç’, x’ or ’ socially or externally-induced affectations
14
 z, or - ž concepts of intersocial volition and personal relations
17
 , , - ’ + ’ or   temporal concepts
@@ -780,10 +780,10 @@ - + - + @@ -835,15 +835,15 @@ - + - + - + @@ -868,26 +868,26 @@ 10.4.3 Absolute vs. Relative Spatial/Positional Coordinates

While Western languages are capable of describing the physical position and orientation of object in absolute terms (e.g., My hometown - is located at 93°41'36"W by 43°12'55"N), it is not normal + is located at 93°41'36"W by 43°12'55"N), it is not normal to do so in general parlance. Rather, Western spatial position and orientation is normally relative, i.e., described from the dynamic perspective of the two objects themselves or from the perspective of a third party observer (usually, but not exclusively, the speaker). Therefore, if I describe the position of objects in my backyard to you on the telephone, and you have never seen my backyard, - phrases such as ‘the swingset is against the wall,’ ‘the barbecue - is sitting to my right,’ ‘the elm tree is behind the shed’ - and ‘the rose bush is beyond the bird fountain’ convey little information + phrases such as ‘the swingset is against the wall,’ ‘the barbecue + is sitting to my right,’ ‘the elm tree is behind the shed’ + and ‘the rose bush is beyond the bird fountain’ convey little information without first having to establish a common frame of reference based on where the speaker is positioned relative to the edges of the yard (in order to interpret - what he means by ‘beyond the fountain’), which way he is facing - relative to the yard (in order to interpret what he means by ‘to my right’), + what he means by ‘beyond the fountain’), which way he is facing + relative to the yard (in order to interpret what he means by ‘to my right’), perhaps even the orientation of the shape of the yard relative to some external absolute system of orientation (e.g., the four cardinal directions N, S, E, W).

-

In such a relative scheme concepts such as ‘to my right’ +

In such a relative scheme concepts such as ‘to my right’ change completely if I turn my body 180 degrees. Confusion also occurs when - I say ‘to the left of the chair.’ Do I mean to the left side of - the chair from my (the speaker’s) perspective? Or do I mean to the left + I say ‘to the left of the chair.’ Do I mean to the left side of + the chair from my (the speaker’s) perspective? Or do I mean to the left side of the chair from the perspective of someone sitting in the chair?

Ithkuil avoids such confusions by being based on an absolute coordinate system of spatial reference as opposed to a relative system (similar @@ -899,9 +899,9 @@ coordinate schemes, each functioning within a different speech context. These coordinate systems establish a three-dimensional right-angled coordinate grid superimposed upon space, with the X-axis reckoned from a line perpendicular - to the direction of gravity (which, for practical purposes, we may term “horizontal”), + to the direction of gravity (which, for practical purposes, we may term “horizontal”), the Z-axis reckoned by a line corresponding to the direction of gravity (which - may be termed the “vertical”) and the all-important Y-axis (which + may be termed the “vertical”) and the all-important Y-axis (which differentiates a relative system from an absolute) derived from one of three points of reckoning depending on which coordinate scheme is being utilized. The three schemes are as follows:

@@ -912,11 +912,11 @@ to the X-axis is variable; i.e., the line connecting the rising and setting points of the sun merely designate the direction of the Y-axis, not it actual position. This is necessary so that descriptions of spatial relationships - can be made using a “quadrant locator” system based on this grid, + can be made using a “quadrant locator” system based on this grid, where any two objects can be made to lie within different quadrants relative to each other (this will be illustrated below).

Use of this solar-based reckoning system continues at nighttime - and on overcast or rainy days, based on society’s collective knowledge + and on overcast or rainy days, based on society’s collective knowledge and/or recollection of landmarks indicating the rising and setting points of the sun. Use of this system even continues indoors if there exists a collective understanding of the orientation of the building/structure/room relative to @@ -936,12 +936,12 @@

3) Arbitrarily delineated axis based on local landmarks, objects, or persons. This is similar to a Western relative system in which the speaker announces the orientation perspective being utilized. An Ithkuil - speaker would consider this a highly unusual and “affected” method + speaker would consider this a highly unusual and “affected” method of reckoning. Nevertheless, it is possible to designate a personally defined reckoning system using words to designate the origin point and direction of - the Y-axis vector, examples translatable by such phrases as ‘based on - a vector from me to that large window’ or ‘based on a vector between - the shed and the big oak tree.’ In fact, this is the purpose of the NAVIGATIVE + the Y-axis vector, examples translatable by such phrases as ‘based on + a vector from me to that large window’ or ‘based on a vector between + the shed and the big oak tree.’ In fact, this is the purpose of the NAVIGATIVE case (see Sec. 4.8.12). The primary use for this system of reckoning is literary or narrative, such as when a speaker tells a story of another time and place, in which he/she wishes @@ -950,31 +950,31 @@


10.4.3.1 Describing Spatial Relationships between Two or More Objects. Using such a triaxial three-dimensional grid, Ithkuil then lexically divides - up space into “quadrants”, four quadrants to each given “hemisphere” + up space into “quadrants”, four quadrants to each given “hemisphere” of absolute space delineated by the three axes, for a total of eight. (I know, I know, technically, I should use the term "octant", but considering the latter term refers to a seafaring navigational instrument, I will stick to the term "quadrant.")

-

+X / +Y / +Z = “right / ahead / above” = Quadrant +

+X / +Y / +Z = “right / ahead / above” = Quadrant 1 = Root: pl - f
- +X / +Y / -Z = “right / ahead / below” = Quadrant 2 = Root: - + +X / +Y / -Z = “right / ahead / below” = Quadrant 2 = Root: - f
- +X / -Y / +Z = “right / behind / above” = Quadrant 3 = Root: + +X / -Y / +Z = “right / behind / above” = Quadrant 3 = Root: r - f
- +X / -Y / -Z = “right / behind / below” = Quadrant 4 = Root: - + +X / -Y / -Z = “right / behind / below” = Quadrant 4 = Root: - f
- -X / +Y / +Z = “left / ahead / above” = Quadrant 5 = Root: + -X / +Y / +Z = “left / ahead / above” = Quadrant 5 = Root: - f
- -X / +Y / -Z = “left / ahead / below” = Quadrant 6 = Root: ps + -X / +Y / -Z = “left / ahead / below” = Quadrant 6 = Root: ps - f
- -X / -Y / +Z = “left / behind / above” = Quadrant 7 = Root: ks + -X / -Y / +Z = “left / behind / above” = Quadrant 7 = Root: ks - f
- -X / -Y / -Z = “left / behind / below” = Quadrant 8 = Root: p + -X / -Y / -Z = “left / behind / below” = Quadrant 8 = Root: p - f

There are eighteen additional roots corresponding to the above where either one or two of the X/Y/Z values are zero, indicating concepts equivalent - English phrases such as ‘neither above nor below,’ ‘straight - down,’ ‘straight ahead,’ ‘directly behind,’ ‘straight - up,’ ‘on the same plane as,’ etc. The above quadrants are + English phrases such as ‘neither above nor below,’ ‘straight + down,’ ‘straight ahead,’ ‘directly behind,’ ‘straight + up,’ ‘on the same plane as,’ etc. The above quadrants are indicated in the illustrations below.

Because the lateral alignment (but not direction) of the solar-based X and Y-axes are variable (i.e., each can be slid laterally relative to the @@ -994,7 +994,7 @@


- It is the ability to “slide” the axes of this three-dimensional + It is the ability to “slide” the axes of this three-dimensional grid that allows Ithkuil to easily describe the relative position of objects in an absolute manner. Because the grid can be arranged so that any two objects each fall into different quadrants, a series of quadrant-to-quadrant relationships @@ -1002,15 +1002,15 @@ stem which, in conjunction with a set of affixes, designates a spatial relationship between an object occupying that quadrant and a second object occupying any of the seven other quadrants. For the purpose of this analysis, we will call - each of these quadrant-to-quadrant static relationships a “positional - frame.” (the leftover affixes refer to (1) 1st object in motion while + each of these quadrant-to-quadrant static relationships a “positional + frame.” (the leftover affixes refer to (1) 1st object in motion while 2nd object at rest, and (2) 2nd object in motion while first object at rest. Used to mark the participant nouns with motion sentences described below.)

Additionally, such a positional reference system allows a speaker to describe exactly the spatial relationships between 2 objects in motion relative to each other. This is done in Ithkuil by stating that two object are moving from positional frame A toward positional frame B. If one remembers that, by - “positional frame” we mean a spatial relationship between two objects, + “positional frame” we mean a spatial relationship between two objects, not a specific location in space, it can be seen how such a simple formula easily describes the relative trajectories of two objects. An Ithkuil speaker is describing exactly how two objects are moving through space by stating in one short sentence @@ -1021,10 +1021,10 @@

To insert a third party into a positional frame (such as describing where the speaker or addressee or third party is situated relative to the two objects described in the positional frame) a case-frame clause is added to the - sentence in the concursive case (“while/during/at the time of”) + sentence in the concursive case (“while/during/at the time of”) which states the positional frame between that third party and the FIRST party - (unless the 2nd party is overtly specified). Example: “The dog and the - ball M’d while the cat N’d,” where M is the positional frame + (unless the 2nd party is overtly specified). Example: “The dog and the + ball M’d while the cat N’d,” where M is the positional frame of the dog and ball and N is the positional frame between the cat and dog.

Based on the above, we can see just how exact Ithkuil can be in describing relative position between objects in an absolute manner. This @@ -1056,15 +1056,15 @@ addition the above concepts of a positional grid for locating objects in space and in positional relation to each other, Ithkuil also employs a whole set of vocabulary to describe the physical topology, shape and internal self-orientation -of an object by itself. These are similar to words such as “face, back, +of an object by itself. These are similar to words such as “face, back, front, sides, top, bottom, appendage, tail, arm, etc., although it should be noted that the equivalent Ithkuil terms are wholly autonomous and bear no metaphorical -relationship whatsoever to anthropomorphic body parts. Therefore, the “legs” -of a chair correspond more accurately to its “supports” or “struts” -in Ithkuil, while the “face” of a blackboard would correspond to a -word translatable only periphrastically as “main functional surface” -or “primary interface area” (although note that even this paraphrase -cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”). +relationship whatsoever to anthropomorphic body parts. Therefore, the “legs” +of a chair correspond more accurately to its “supports” or “struts” +in Ithkuil, while the “face” of a blackboard would correspond to a +word translatable only periphrastically as “main functional surface” +or “primary interface area” (although note that even this paraphrase +cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme “-face”).

 

That box contains the book.
You’ll find pencils in(side) the small blue can.You’ll find pencils in(side) the small blue can. incidental, temporary, or circumstantial constraint/holder to prevent spillage from gravityThe small blue can holds the pencils you’re seeking.The small blue can holds the pencils you’re seeking.
I poured soup in(to) the bowl.I (re-)fueled the gas tank.
We’ll never know what’s in(side) her head.We’ll never know what’s in(side) her head. intangible containmentWe’ll never know her thoughts.We’ll never know her thoughts.
He has a tumor in(side) his pancreas. enveloped to inaccessible depth by surrounding mediumHis pancreas “harbors” a tumor.His pancreas “harbors” a tumor.
He hammered a nail in(to) the wall.
@@ -1090,19 +1090,19 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme
As an example of lexical generalization in Ithkuil (or over-lexicalization in English!), compare the following words for animal vocal sounds: meow, bark, whinny, chirp, moo, bray, etc. Each of these words mean merely to - make one’s species-specific inherent vocal sound. Ithkuil utilizes only + make one’s species-specific inherent vocal sound. Ithkuil utilizes only a single stem for this concept (essentially meaning vocal sound/vocalize - – from the same root which gives the stem for (human) voice), - based on the logical assumption that, since cats can’t bark, whinny or - moo, and dogs can’t meow, whinny or moo, there is no need to differentiate + – from the same root which gives the stem for (human) voice), + based on the logical assumption that, since cats can’t bark, whinny or + moo, and dogs can’t meow, whinny or moo, there is no need to differentiate lexically the innate vocal sound being made by an animal if the animal making the sound is identified in the sentence. Of course, one might argue that English allows for metaphorical or similative application of such words, as in The sergeant barked out orders to the platoon, or The baby squealed in delight. Such constructions are perfectly captured in Ithkuil via the ESSIVE and ASSIMILATIVE - cases, as in He ‘vocalized’ the orders like a dog, or The - baby ‘vocalized’ like a baby piglet from feeling delight, or + cases, as in He ‘vocalized’ the orders like a dog, or The + baby ‘vocalized’ like a baby piglet from feeling delight, or via the manipulation of Conflation, Derivation and Format (see Sec. 5.4).

Similar series of English words which reduce to a single stem @@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme

By translative motion is meant the idea of an object moving (or being moved) from one location to another. English is particularly rich in its vocabulary to describe the various paths or trajectories of such an object, - not only in regard to the “shape” or form of the path or trajectory, + not only in regard to the “shape” or form of the path or trajectory, but also the means of initiating the movement. Thus we have terms such as to toss, throw, pitch, hurl, fling, roll, run, or pass a ball or other object. In reaching its destination, the object can fly, float, wing, @@ -1122,9 +1122,9 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme slide, glide, slither, or jump its way there.

As we have seen to be the case in other contexts, Ithkuil lexifies concepts of translative motion with a focus on the contexts of purpose and outcome, - not on the “innate structure” of the event as an end in itself. + not on the “innate structure” of the event as an end in itself. Essentially, Ithkuil is less concerned with how the object gets there and is - more concerned about why it’s going there and whether it arrives. For + more concerned about why it’s going there and whether it arrives. For example, look at the following two columns of English sentences :

@@ -1181,18 +1181,18 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme of distinguishing the shades of meaning present in the above examples, it should be noted that such distinctions can be easily rendered by additional affixes and words describing these concepts. For example, if it is truly necessary to - indicate that the object was “flung” into the basket, Ithkuil can + indicate that the object was “flung” into the basket, Ithkuil can augment the sentence I made it end up inside the basket to include affixes which indicate use of the hand in a sudden recoil-like motion plus affixes indicating forceful and rapid arrival into the basket, the result being narrowly translatable as Using my hand in a sudden, subtle, recoil-like motion I caused it to move quickly away and end up forcefully inside the basket.

While this would more or less accurately capture the nuances - of English “flung,” Ithkuil first makes us stop and ask ourselves, + of English “flung,” Ithkuil first makes us stop and ask ourselves, why is it even necessary to describe the details of the trajectory and the force initiating it? After all, in a normal everyday contextual setting, if an English - speaker were to use the verb “tossed” or “threw” or - “placed” or “put” instead of “flung” in + speaker were to use the verb “tossed” or “threw” or + “placed” or “put” instead of “flung” in the above sentence, would his/her speaker be considered to have been given information any less sufficient or essential for understanding the message and its purpose? All of which again illustrates the dynamism of Ithkuil lexico-semantics: if @@ -1206,16 +1206,16 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme

10.5.3 No Lexification of Specific Instances of Underlying Processes

In regard to over-lexification in English from a Ithkuil perspective, - an example would be limp, as in ‘to walk with a limp.’ + an example would be limp, as in ‘to walk with a limp.’ Ithkuil recognizes that, in observing a person walking with a limp, it is not the condition per se that is relevant, but rather the manner in which the condition causes the person to move, i.e. asymmetrically, irregularly, discontinuously - in an unexpected way inconsistent with a “normal” or “standard” + in an unexpected way inconsistent with a “normal” or “standard” expectation of walking. Ithkuil speakers would consider English limp to represent an arbitrarily specific occurrence of an underlying state of translative movement. To a Ithkuil speaker, what is important is the way the person moves. - The idea that a person continues to “have a limp” even when sleeping - or sitting is considered absurd. What the person “continues to have” + The idea that a person continues to “have a limp” even when sleeping + or sitting is considered absurd. What the person “continues to have” is an underlying physical injury, abnormality, disability, illness, or deformity which causes the person to move asymmetrically when walking. Therefore, instead of He has a limp because of his war wound, a Ithkuil speaker would @@ -1223,18 +1223,18 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme

To illustrate this by analogy, consider a person who, when dancing to rock music, has a tendency to jerk his/her head to the left at the sound of the downbeat. Most English speakers would consider it ludicrous over-lexicalization - to propose a verb “spreggle” meaning ‘to jerk one’s - head to the left on the downbeat when dancing,’ as in the hypothetical + to propose a verb “spreggle” meaning ‘to jerk one’s + head to the left on the downbeat when dancing,’ as in the hypothetical sentence She spreggles to rock music. Yet, from the Ithkuil standpoint, - there is no difference in arbitrariness between the hypothetical “spreggle” - and the actual word ‘limp.’

+ there is no difference in arbitrariness between the hypothetical “spreggle” + and the actual word ‘limp.’

Based on a combination of the above reasoning surrounding both - animal vocal sounds and ‘limp,’ Ithkuil has no words for ‘blind(ness),’ - ‘deaf(ness),’ ‘mute(ness),’ ‘dementia,’ - or ‘paralysis.’ In Ithkuil, one simply says He can’t see, - She can’t hear, She can’t speak, He can’t think, He can’t + animal vocal sounds and ‘limp,’ Ithkuil has no words for ‘blind(ness),’ + ‘deaf(ness),’ ‘mute(ness),’ ‘dementia,’ + or ‘paralysis.’ In Ithkuil, one simply says He can’t see, + She can’t hear, She can’t speak, He can’t think, He can’t move, or alternately His faculty of sight (or other sense or innate - faculty) doesn’t function/no longer functions. [Note: each of + faculty) doesn’t function/no longer functions. [Note: each of these sentences would, of course, employ appropriate morphological markers, case, voice, degrees of affixes, etc. to indicate the extent of functional loss, whether temporary or permanent, whether increasing or decreasing, whether externally @@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme human cognition and pre-linguistic epistemological categorization as is possible in language without resorting to outright linguistic representations of pure mathematical logic. Since the inner mental life of the speaker is often clouded - in vagueness or artificial “surface” categories once represented + in vagueness or artificial “surface” categories once represented in spoken languages such as English and other Eurocentric languages, a language which is focused on representing that inner mental life will necessarily require many more words to describe that life than are commonly available in existing @@ -1273,27 +1273,27 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme

Western languages have several words and/or concepts for which there is no exactly corresponding equivalent in Ithkuil. These include the concepts - embodied in the verb “to be” and “to have.” Ithkuil - has no way of truly expressing copula identification corresponding to “be” - or “being”, nor any direct translation of possession or ownership - equivalent to “have.” Essentially this is because Ithkuil grammar + embodied in the verb “to be” and “to have.” Ithkuil + has no way of truly expressing copula identification corresponding to “be” + or “being”, nor any direct translation of possession or ownership + equivalent to “have.” Essentially this is because Ithkuil grammar and lexico-semantics do not recognize inherent existential identification or inherent existential possession as true semantic functional categories or fundamental cognitive primitives.


- 10.7.1 Translating “To Be”

+ 10.7.1 Translating “To Be”

Ithkuil grammar inherently recognizes that the universe is, at any and all moments, and on all scales large and small, in a state of flux. The idea that any given entity can be permanently or innately identified as - “being” some other entity is considered nonsensical. Ithkuil grammar - has no way of clearly indicating any such notions as “being” or - “to be,” as the universe is a universe of actions or states that + “being” some other entity is considered nonsensical. Ithkuil grammar + has no way of clearly indicating any such notions as “being” or + “to be,” as the universe is a universe of actions or states that are the results of actions. Even states, as such, are in flux and different from moment to moment, if only because the mere passage of time itself renders - the “static” condition different than it was the moment before. - Therefore, one cannot “be” anything else, or for that matter “be” - anything at all. Rather, one “does” or “functions as” - or “fulfills a role as” or “manifests itself as” something + the “static” condition different than it was the moment before. + Therefore, one cannot “be” anything else, or for that matter “be” + anything at all. Rather, one “does” or “functions as” + or “fulfills a role as” or “manifests itself as” something else. Fundamental to Ithkuil grammar are the notions of function and purpose, not mere description; results, not mere means; manifestation, not mere existence. This explains why there is no true distinction between nouns and verbs in Ithkuil, @@ -1309,8 +1309,8 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme manifests a green color, Stan feels ill [or carries a disease], and Murder controverts morality.


- 10.7.2 Translating ‘To Have’

-

In regard to “have” or “having,” Ithkuil + 10.7.2 Translating ‘To Have’ +

In regard to “have” or “having,” Ithkuil views the concept of possession as breaking down into more specific functional states and categories, each operating independently and having little relation to each other.

@@ -1341,20 +1341,20 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme

How old are you?
[= State the amount/number of years you have lived.]


- 10.7.4 ‘Yes,’ ‘No’ and Other Interjections

+ 10.7.4 ‘Yes,’ ‘No’ and Other Interjections

As there are no interjections in Ithkuil, there are no true - equivalents to “yes” and “no” in Ithkuil. Nevertheless, + equivalents to “yes” and “no” in Ithkuil. Nevertheless, there are abbreviated ways of answering the requests for information or commands for validation that substitute for questions in Ithkuil. The closest approximations are a few standardized sentences that answer commands using the validative mode. - These sentences translate in various ways, such as “It functions/happens/manifests - in that manner” or “It does not function/happen/manifest in that - manner”; or, “I can(not) validate that information based on... [state - evidence for validation].”

+ These sentences translate in various ways, such as “It functions/happens/manifests + in that manner” or “It does not function/happen/manifest in that + manner”; or, “I can(not) validate that information based on... [state + evidence for validation].”

Observe how this operates in the following examples.

-

“Do you want to dance?” “No.”
- [“State whether you will dance with me.” “I do not want to - dance with you.”

+

“Do you want to dance?” “No.”
+ [“State whether you will dance with me.” “I do not want to + dance with you.”

Ithkuil grammar also allows for the use of bias affixes (see Sec. 6.6) to function as autonomous words to convey attitudes and emotional responses similarly to @@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme -V0qt, and the two part-whole affixes -V0 - and -V0š.

+ and -V0ĆĄ.

Proceed to Chapter 11: The Script > >

@@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@ cannot avoid the anthropomorphic morpheme Revised Ithkuil: Ilaksh -

©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +

©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website.

-- cgit v1.2.3