From ddbbfedf15e970c02e128294890adbeb97c4a5ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: uakci Date: Tue, 15 Mar 2022 19:13:44 +0100 Subject: init --- 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7b-affixes2.html | 5667 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 5667 insertions(+) create mode 100644 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7b-affixes2.html (limited to '2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7b-affixes2.html') diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7b-affixes2.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7b-affixes2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ac88a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7b-affixes2.html @@ -0,0 +1,5667 @@ + + + +A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 7 (Continued): Using Affixes + + + + + + + +
Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 2 + Morpho-Phonology 7a + Using Affixes 12 + The Number System
  3 + Basic Morphology7b + Using Affixes (continued) The + Lexicon
 4 + Case Morphology  8 + AdjunctsRevised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
+

 

+

Chapter 7 (continued): Using Affixes

+


+ 7.7.5 Temporal Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
TPI
Impact or Duration Over Time
Degree 1immediate + / at this instant / for this moment; momentary
Degree 2temporary + / for right now / for the moment; temporarily / in the meantime [duration + of context. recent]
Degree 3short term/for + now; in the short term/for now/ / for the immediate future [hours to days]
Degree 4for the + meantime / for the meanwhile [days to weeks to months]
Degree 5for a while + / for some time to come [months to several years]
Degree 6for the + foreseeable future [years to decades]
Degree 7long term/in + the long run; over the course of time [over the course of a lifetime, decades + to centuries]
Degree 8 through + the ages / over the course of the ages [centuries to millenia]; permanent
Degree 9ever-present + / eternal / constant / incessant / neverending; from now on / eternally + / all the time / for all time
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0ll
FRQ
Degree Of Frequency
Degree 1never
Degree 2rare / + hardly ever / once in a great while; rarely / almost unheard of
Degree 3infrequent; + seldom / infrequently
Degree 4now and + then / from time to time / off and on / every so often / now and again occasionally + / sometimes
Degree 5frequent; + frequently / often
Degree 6usual; + usually / customarily / generally
Degree 7almost + always / rarely fail to / routinely
Degree 8 ever-faithful + / unwavering; always / every time / without fail / like clockwork / never + fail to
Degree 9constant + / continuous; constantly / continuously / all the time
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1z
TPR
Temporal Placement/Reaction/Viewpoint
Degree 1wistfully + looking back / in the (good) old days [with longing]
Degree 2in hindsight + / looking back
Degree 3upon further + consideration/upon reflection
Degree 4initial; + at first/initially / at first blush / at first glance
Degree 5now that + the moment has come / now that the time is here / now that the deed or event + is at hand
Degree 6any moment + now; on the verge of; just about to
Degree 7imminent(ly) + ; very soon
Degree 8 soon [w/ + anticipation]
Degree 9someday. + . . / one day [with longing]
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0q’
TPP
Temporal Position Relative to Present
Degree 1in the + remote past, once upon a time
Degree 2past/former/previous; + once [e.g., I was young once], a long time ago
Degree 3recent; + recently
Degree 4. . . just + past / just (happened)
Degree 5present/current/present + day; now / at present / presently / currently
Degree 6imminent; + just about to / about to / on the verge of
Degree 7forthcoming + / soon to arrive; soon
Degree 8 future + / -- to be / --to come / eventual(ly); someday...
Degree 9in the + remote future / far in the future / long after we’re gone
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
ATC
Degree Of Anticipation
Degree 1long-awaited + / long looked for
Degree 2eagerly + awaited; can’t wait for / dying to
Degree 3anticipated + / awaited; in anticipation of / look forward to
Degree 4up for + / up to
Degree 5await / + wait to / wait for / waiting to
Degree 6ambivalent + about ; could take or leave it
Degree 7not looking + forward to
Degree 8 dreaded; + dread X-ing
Degree 9long-dreaded; + dread the day when
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2z
LAT
Degree Of Lateness/Earliness
Degree 1way too + early / way too soon
Degree 2too early + / too soon
Degree 3a little + early / a bit soon
Degree 4almost + late / not a moment too soon
Degree 5just in + time / sharp / on the dot
Degree 6a little + late
Degree 7late
Degree 8 too late
Degree 9way too + late
+

+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3nt
ITN
Degree Of Iteration
Degree 1just once + / once only
Degree 2again / + once more / one more time / re-
Degree 3again and + again / keep X-ing over and over [focus on habit, not periodicity]
Degree 4again and + again / keep X-ing over and over [focus on periodicity, not habit]
Degree 5irregular, + unpredictable ; at irregular or unpredictable intervals
Degree 6[cyclic] + return of... / ...once again; return to / …back again [e.g., summer’s + back]
Degree 7intermittent; + intermittently / at regular intervals
Degree 8 repetitive + / repeating; repeatedly
Degree 9constantly + cycling or repeating / continuously or perpetually repeating / constant, + eternal, perpetual repetition of
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
RPN
Pattern of Spatio-Temporal Repetition or Distribution of Set + Members
Degree 1slow-paced + repetition at regular intervals
Degree 2slow-paced + repetition at irregular intervals
Degree 3slow-paced + repetition at mixed intervals
Degree 4mid-paced + repetition at irregular intervals
Degree 5mid-paced + repetition at regular intervals
Degree 6mid-paced + repetition at mixed intervals
Degree 7fast-paced + repetition at mixed intervals
Degree 8 fast-paced + repetition at irregular intervals
Degree 9fast-paced + repetition at regular intervals
+

 

+

7.7.6 Quantifying Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-VS
DGR
Exactness of Degree
Degree 1unknowable + degree or amount of
Degree 2unknown + degree or amount of
Degree 3almost + impossible to determine degree of
Degree 4nowhere + near the desired degree of
Degree 5hard to + pinpoint / hard to determine / difficult to determine
Degree 6fluctuating, + ever-changing (amount of); to changing/fluctuating degree or extent of
Degree 7vaguely + around / vaguely in the range of / somewhere around / loosely in the vicinity + of
Degree 8 approximate(ly) + / somewhere around / just about; or something like that / …or so
Degree 9exact/specific; + exactly / specifically / on the dot / sharp / to the letter
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1ss
PTW
Contiguous Portion of the Whole
Degree 1no amount + of / none (of)
Degree 2a very + few / a tiny amount of / a tiny number of; only a tiny bit / a tiny bit
Degree 3few / a + little / a bit; a little / a bit
Degree 4some, any + [= some of] / some of or any of the / a portion; partially / to some extent
Degree 5a fair + number of / a fair amount of / pretty (+adj.) / fairly (+adj.) / rather + / somewhat; more or less / to a fair extent
Degree 6much / + many / (such) a lot of / very / quite (a); quite; a lot / very much / to + a large extent
Degree 7a whole + lot of / a verly large amount or number of / immensely, in an incredible + amount / so much…; so
Degree 8 most of + / mostly
Degree 9 every + / all (of)/whole; entirely/in its entirety
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2ss
PTT
Non-Contiguous (i.e., Intermixed) Portion of the Whole
Degree 1no amount + of / none (of)
Degree 2a very + few / a tiny amount of / a tiny number of; only a tiny bit / a tiny bit
Degree 3 few/a + little / a bit; a little / a bit
Degree 4some, any + [= some of] / some of or any of the / a portion; partially / to some extent
Degree 5a fair + number of / a fair amount of / pretty (+adj.) / fairly (+adj.) / rather + / somewhat; more or less / to a fair extent
Degree 6much / + many / (such) a lot of / very / quite (a); quite /; a lot / very much / + to a large extent
Degree 7a whole + lot of / a very large amount or number of / immensely, in an incredible + amount / so much…; so
Degree 8 most of + / mostly
Degree 9every / + all (of) / whole; entirely / in its entirety
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-Vomt
CNM
Type of Container/Packaging/Conveyance/Holder
Degree 1jar/pot + of X [storage + containment]
Degree 2dispensor-type + container/package, e.g., tube, barrel, bottle for multiple use
Degree 3can/tin/bottle/sealed + pouch [= storage + packaging + protection/preservation]
Degree 4carton/box/basket + [= temporary containment]
Degree 5natural + or generic mass containment/packaging/holder (e.g., a loaf of bread, a lump + of clay)
Degree 6satchel, + pack of [= for personal conveyance/moving]
Degree 7pile of, + load of [= in context of conveyance/moving or bulk storage]
Degree 8 X-ful of + [+ Partitive], e.g., a roomful of clowns, a skyful of clouds, a treeful + of leaves, a spoonful
Degree 9embodiment/manifestation + of abstract essence, e.g., a life form [= an embodiment of life]
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3d
SUF
Degree Of Sufficiency
Degree 1none at + all; not…at all
Degree 2way too + little / woefully insufficient / way too few; not...anywhere enough / totally + under-[+verb]
Degree 3not enough + / insufficient / too few; not...enough / insufficiently / under-[+verb]
Degree 4not quite + enough / slightly insufficient; not...quite enough / a bit insufficiently + / slightly under-[+verb]
Degree 5enough + (of) / sufficient; enough / sufficiently
Degree 6a little + too / a little too much; a little too much / slightly over- [+verb]
Degree 7too / toomuch; + too much / too many / over- [+verb]
Degree 8 way too + / way too much; way too much / totally over- [+verb]
Degree 9inundated + with; to the exclusion of all else / to the point that X overwhelms or takes + over
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3b
EXN
Degree or Extent
Degree 1none (at + all); to no extent at all
Degree 2tiniest + part of / a bit of; to smallest extent / hardly / barely
Degree 3only a + part of / only some of; to some extent / partially / partly / somewhat
Degree 4less than + usual / below normal; less so than usual/ to a lesser degree or extent than + usual
Degree 5the normal, + expected or usual amount (of)
Degree 6more than + usual / above normal; more so than usual; to a greater degree or extent + than normal
Degree 7way more + than usual / way above normal or expected; to a much greater degree or extent + than normal
Degree 8 almost + as much as possible / near(ly) maximum
Degree 9total, + -ful; to greatest extent / maximum / maximal; maximally / at full capacity, + e.g., She bought out the store.
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-VSšq
EXD
Dynamically Changing Degree or Extent
Degree 1less and + less / fewer and fewer / ongoing decrease in; decreasingly
Degree 2a lot fewer + / a lot less (of); a lot less
Degree 3fewer / + less (of); less
Degree 4a little + less (of) / a bit less (of); a little less / a bit less
Degree 5a fluctuating + amount or degree of; to a fluctuating degree or extent
Degree 6a little + more (of) / a bit more (of); a little more / a bit more
Degree 7more (of); + more
Degree 8 a lot more + (of); a lot more
Degree 9more and + more / continuing increase in / increasingly more / ever-increasing
+

This affix is used with all vector-like or gradient concepts. When used with + the COMPLETIVE version, degrees 1 and 9 imply attainment + of a change in state, e.g., sleepiness + sleep.

+


+ 7.7.7 Modulative Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-Vons
RCO
Recoil in place (spring back; snap back; fall back into place)
-Von
TFI
Back & forth; to & fro in place (e.g., pendulum, wagging tail)
-Vonš
TFV
Back & forth over linear vector (e.g., snake-like; zig-zag)
-Vonz
CRI
Cycle or circular motion in place (spin, revolve)
-Von
CRV
Cycle or circular motion over linear vector (e.g., train wheels, bike + wheels)
-Vo
MDL
Random pattern of modulation (unpredictable/irregular movement pattern)
+

These affixes operate in conjunction with Phase (see + Sec. 6.2) to describe contexts involving recoil, spring motion, oscillative, + cyclic, reflective or vibrative motion, using the following degrees:

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Degree 1not enough
Degree 2hardly + at all
Degree 3to a small + degree
Degree 4to a less + than normal degree
Degree 5to the + normal / standard / usual degree
Degree 6to a greater + than normal degree
Degree 7to a large + degree
Degree 8 to a very + large degree
Degree 9too much + / overly
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3g
FLC
Degree of Fluctuation/Stability
Degree 1inherently + and consistently unstable and random to a high degree
Degree 2highly + variable/random fluctuation or instability
Degree 3moderately + variable/random fluctuation or instability
Degree 4increasing + fluctuation or destabilization in pattern
Degree 5tending + toward fluctuations and periods of instability
Degree 6decreasing + fluctuation or instability in pattern = increasing stability
Degree 7moderately + stable and lacking in fluctuations
Degree 8 complete + lack of fluctuation or instability; highly stable
Degree 9inherently + and consistently stable
+


+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-VSf
ICR
Increase
-VSftDCRDecrease
-VShtICDIncrease then Decrease
-VSkfDCIDecrease then Increase
-VSqIDRRandom/Varying Increases and Decreases 
+

Used with the following degrees, the above five affixes operate to expand Phase + into showing increases or decreases (or wavering) of intensity of an action + during its duration.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Degree 1so slowly + as to seem immovable
Degree 2very slowly
Degree 3slowly
Degree 4somewhat slower than + normal
Degree 5normal/usual/standard + speed
Degree 6somewhat faster than + normal
Degree 7fast/quickly
Degree 8 very rapidly
Degree 9so rapidly as to be + unable to follow
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0fs
MVT
Degree of Stillness/Movement
Degree 1unmovable + – integrated
Degree 2unmovable + due to mass
Degree 3not easily + moved
Degree 4inclined + to stillness
Degree 5holding + still
Degree 6moving + around slightly, stirring
Degree 7moving + around in one place
Degree 8 moving + around, agitated
Degree 9highly agitated, unable to keep still
+


+
+
+ 7.7.8 Qualifying Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0x
SIZ
Degree of Size
Degree 1too small
Degree 2very small/ + very little/ miniscule/ tiny/ itty-bitty;in a very small manner; barely/hardly
Degree 3small/little
Degree 4a little + on the small size / undersized / petite
Degree 5a little + on the large size / oversized / jumbo
Degree 6big/large; + in a large manner
Degree 7very big/very + large; in a very large manner
Degree 8 enormous(ly) + / huge(ly) / humoungous(ly) / gigantic(ally)
Degree 9too big + / too large / too huge; in too large a manner
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
SCO
Dynamic Change of Size
Degree 1smallest + single manifestation of / particle of
Degree 2runaway + shrinkage of / rapid disappearance or diminishment of
Degree 3solitary + / only / sole / lone / unaccompanied; alone / by -self / on his own / unaccompanied + / solely
Degree 4decreasing + / de-escalating / shrinking
Degree 5compact/concentrated; + in efficient or compact way [e.g., canyon + gorge]
Degree 6expanded/enhanced; + in expanded or enhanced way [e.g., canyon + rift valley]
Degree 7growing, + increasing, escalating
Degree 8 runaway + / runaway growth, increase or expansion of
Degree 9synergistic + expansion e.g., hit (+ RCP valence) + fight
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0h
AFT
Degree of Affect
Degree 1cute/darling + / in a cute or darling manner
Degree 2too cute + / schmaltzy / in a maudlin way
Degree 3kitschy + / quaint(ly)
Degree 4dear, endearing(ly)
Degree 5lovely + / elegant
Degree 6esteemed
Degree 7imperious + / royal / most high / most excellent / revered
Degree 8 too grand + / too imperious
Degree 9great / + grand; in a great / grand / grandiose manner
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
QUA
Degree of Quality, Effectiveness or Adequacy
Degree 1too poor(ly); + too badly
Degree 2very bad(ly) + / very poor(ly) / very inadequate(ly) / intolerable / intolerably / terrible + / terribly
Degree 3bad / poor + / inadequate; badly / poorly / inadequately / wanting / lacking
Degree 4not-so-good + / could be better; somewhat poor(ly) or bad(ly) / somewhat wanting or lacking + / below average
Degree 5not-so-bad + / average; could be worse; so-so / somewhat well / OK, I guess / adequate(ly) + / acceptably
Degree 6good/effective; + well/effectively/ more than adequate / above-average
Degree 7very good + / very effective(ly) / very well
Degree 8 excellent(ly) + / superb(ly) / outstanding(ly)
Degree 9astounding(ly) + / amazing(ly) great or well / unbelievably excellent / absolutely superb(ly) + / unsurpassable(ly)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0c
UNQ
Degree of Specialness or Uniqueness
Degree 1vulgar, + trashy, too cheap / in a vulgar or trashy manner
Degree 2cheap, + tasteless, gaudy, gauche / in a cheap, gaudy, gauche or tasteless manner
Degree 3run of + the mill / unexceptional / average / commonplace / ordinary; in a commonplace + or unexceptional manner
Degree 4somewhat + ordinary / somewhat common(place)
Degree 5somewhat + special / somewhat out of the ordinary / interesting(ly) / intriguing(ly) + / eye-catching / appealing(ly)
Degree 6special; + epecially
Degree 7extraordinary + / highly unusual; extraordinarily
Degree 8 (one and) + only/unique; in the only way / uniquely / unparallelled
Degree 9marvelous + / wonderful / wondrous / awesome / awe-inspiring
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
CNQ
Degree of Consequentiality, Finality or Irrevocability
Degree 1inconsequential/sham/having + no effect; like it didn’t even happen/with no effect
Degree 2relatively + inconsequential / having little effect / easily reversible or undone / to + little effect / minor / to minor degree
Degree 3somewhat + inconsequential/having only some effect/reparable/reversible/to some effect + / somewhat minor
Degree 4not so + minor / somwhat significant degree / reversible with effort / having a somewhat + significant impact or effect
Degree 5consequential + / having a fair effect / reversible only with concerted effort / to good + effect
Degree 6Overall + / signifcant degree of; all in all / for the most part/to great effect / + on the whole
Degree 7virtually + total/near total; nearly for good/almost completely
Degree 8 utter / + complete / total; altogether / completely / for good / utterly / irrevocably + for all intents and purposes
Degree 9for all + time / forever / finally
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0q
NTR
Degree of Notoriety, Acceptance, Respect, Honor
Degree 1pariah-like + / ostracized; in an alienating or self-ostracizing manner
Degree 2infamous; + infamously
Degree 3frowned-upon + / disapproved ; in a manner guaranteed to arouse disapproval
Degree 4tolerated; + in a tolerated manner
Degree 5common + / customary / expected / accepted; in an common, customary, expected, or + accepted manner
Degree 6notorious(ly)
Degree 7well-known + / well-liked / well thought of; in a totally appropriate way / in a manner + befitting a gentleman or lady
Degree 8 respected + / honored; respectfully / honorably
Degree 9highly + praised / highly honored / highly esteemed / highly respected / most excellent + / most honorable
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0t
APR
Degree of Contextual Appropriateness
Degree 1contemptable(-ly) + / utterly inappropriate(ly)
Degree 2scandalous(ly) + / trashy(-ly) / inappropriate(ly)
Degree 3 ill-mannered + / boorish(ly) / improper(ly) / tasteless(ly)
Degree 4eyebrow-raising + / questionable(-ly)
Degree 5somewhat + improper(ly) / unorthodox(ically)
Degree 6acceptable(-ly) + / adequate(ly)
Degree 7appropriate(ly) + / proper(ly) / correct(ly)
Degree 8 utterly + appropriate(ly), very proper(ly); strictly correct(ly)
Degree 9stuffy + / orthodox / old-fashioned; utterly predictable(ly)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
HRC
Position on Social, Occupational, or (Para-) Military Hierarchy
Degree 1bottom + rung / the “dregs”
Degree 2rank & + file
Degree 3lower echeleon
Degree 4lower-mid
Degree 5mid-level
Degree 6upper mid
Degree 7upper echeleon
Degree 8 senior
Degree 9head / + chief / top / executive
+

This affix, for example, would be used to distinguish the names of the various + ranks within a military or paramilitary organization such as private, corporal, + sergeant, lieutenant, etc. all the way up to general and supreme + commander.

+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
FRM
Degree of Formality
Degree 1too casual + / overly casual
Degree 2very casual
Degree 3casual
Degree 4somewhat + casual
Degree 5neither + casual nor formal
Degree 6somewhat + formal
Degree 7formal
Degree 8 very formal
Degree 9too formal + / overly formal
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0j
TYP
Degree of Typicalness
Degree 1unique + / never-before-seen / one of a kind / shocking
Degree 2original + / avante-garde; surprising(ly) / innovative(ly)
Degree 3atypical(ly) + / unusual(ly)
Degree 4somewhat + atypical(ly) or unusual(ly)
Degree 5garden + variety / run-of-the-mill / typical(ly)
Degree 6expected + / common; in a commonplace manner
Degree 7disappointingly + typical; very typically
Degree 8 unoriginal + / mundane; in an uninspired way
Degree 9stereotyped + / stereotypical(ly)
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
PTY
Degree of Prototypicalness
Degree 1very dissimilar + to prototype, very atypical member, closer to members of different set
Degree 2dissimilar + to prototype, atypical member
Degree 3having + noticeable dissimilarities from prototype
Degree 4somewhat + dissimilar to prototype
Degree 5having + unknown degree of closeness or similarity to prototype
Degree 6adequately + similar to prototype
Degree 7as close + to prototype as is typically found
Degree 8 as close + to prototype as possible
Degree 9prototype/archetype/model +
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0’
ITG
Degree of Intelligence Manifested
Degree 1dumb / + stupid / assinine; idiotic(ally) / moronic(ally)
Degree 2foolhearty + / foolish(ly)
Degree 3ill-conceived(ly) + / (in a) poorly thought out (way)
Degree 4naďve(ly) + / simplistic(ally)
Degree 5well-intentioned + but ill-conceived / reckless(ly); risky
Degree 6well-reasoned + / intelligent(ly)
Degree 7innovative(ly) + / daring [based on analysis and judgement]
Degree 8 ingenious + / brilliant
Degree 9wise(ly); + [V2c’ = ‘philosophical(ly)]
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
MDN
Degree of Age or Modernity
Degree 1prehistoric + / proto-
Degree 2ancient
Degree 3old (first) + / archaic
Degree 4classic(al) +
Degree 5old-fashioned; + in the old-fashioned way
Degree 6“yesteryear”; + in the era just passed; in the previous zeitgeist
Degree 7modern, + contemporary, present-day
Degree 8 innovative + / trailblazing; innovatively, trailblazingly, cutting-edge
Degree 9avant-garde +
+

 

+

7.7.9 Modifying Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-VSr
NA1
Negation/affirmation of all morphological components
-VSl
NA2
Negation/affirmation of stem + affixes but not adjunct information
-VS
NA3
Negation/affirmation of all morphological components except Modality
-VS
NA4
Negation/affirmation of all but aspectual or Modality information
+

The above four affixes are used to affirm or negate a formative. Because much + of the information associated with an Ithkuil formative is carried in adjuncts, + the above affixes are used to indicate exactly which morpho-semantic information + is being affirmed or negated. For example, in English the sentences I don’t + want to stop eating, I want to not stop eating, and I want to stop not eating + mean different things. The above four affixes are used with the following degrees. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Degree 1on + the contrary…most cerainly does NOT/is NOT [absolute negation]; no + X whatsoever; absolutely not = emphatic negation/denial
Degree 2on the + contrary…does NOT or is NOT [absolute negation contrary to expectation]
Degree 3on the + contrary…does NOT or is NOT [relative negation contrary to expectation]
Degree 4no; not + [absolute negation] = e.g., I will not win the race (because I’m + not in the race)
Degree 5no; not + [relative negation] = e.g., I will not win the race (although I am in + the race)
Degree 6almost + / near(ly)
Degree 7hardly + / barely
Degree 8 …does + (too) / is (too) [= simple affirmation contrary to expectation]
Degree 9…is + indeed / does indeed / most certainly is / most certainly does [emphatic + affirmation]
+


+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
DEV
Degree of Development
Degree 1reversal + or undoing of process = ‘un-’ / ‘de-’ / ‘dis-’
Degree 2reversal/undoing + of process in large chunks = ‘un-’ / ‘de-’ / ‘dis-’
Degree 3reversal + little by little / a little at a time = entropic change in / slowly falling + apart / unravelling
Degree 4moribund + / stagnant; in a moribund or stagnant manner
Degree 5well-maintained + / well-kept / “healthy”; keep X going / maintain X-ing
Degree 6one by + one / one at a time / one after another
Degree 7little + by little / a little at a time / bit by bit / a piece at a time
Degree 8 by leaps + and bounds / in large amounts at a time
Degree 9complete + achievement now irreversible / set in stone
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3pt
REA
Degree of Genuineness or Veracity
Degree 1real / + actual / true / genuine; truly, genuinely, really, actually, indeed [affirmation + contrary to suggestion otherwise]
Degree 2real / + actual / true / genuine; truly, genuinely, really, actually, indeed
Degree 3apparent + / seeming / looks like a; apparently / appears to have / seems to have
Degree 4suspicious-looking + / ”fishy” seeming; presumably /allegedly / gives the appearance + of having
Degree 5ersatz + / facsimile; as an equivalent to
Degree 6substitute + / replacement / proxy / fill-in / placeholder; as a substitue or proxy for
Degree 7fake / + pretend / mock; pretend to, fake X-ing
Degree 8 imaginary + / unreal / made-up ; imagine X-ing, not really X-ing
Degree 9imaginary + / unreal / made-up ; imagine X-ing, not really X-ing [contrary to suggestion + otherwise]
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3k
SCS
Degree of Success versus Failure
Degree 1total failure + in; completely fail to
Degree 2failed, + would-be; unsuccessfully, fail to
Degree 3= INEFFECTUAL + or INCOMPLETIVE version (see Sec. 5.3)
Degree 4certain + to be a failed / certain to fail in
Degree 5marginally + successful(ly) / barely, hardly [in terms of adequacy or success]
Degree 6certain + to be a successful ; certain to succeed in
Degree 7= POSITIVE + or EFFECTIVE version (see Sec. 5.3)
Degree 8 successful(-ly + completed); successfully
Degree 9overwhelmingly + successful(ly)
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1v
CAP
Degree of Potential or Capability
Degree 1utterly + incapable / completely lacking in all necessary abilities or capacities
Degree 2underqualified; + almost totally lacking in necessary abilities or capacities
Degree 3lacking + in certain key capabilities; mostly inadequate to task
Degree 4possible + but less than likely due to underdeveloped capabilities
Degree 5unknown + if capable or not
Degree 6somewhat + capable / has possible potential to perform
Degree 7sufficiently + capable / adequate potential to perform
Degree 8 fully capable; + well within abilities
Degree 9overly + qualified; more capable than necessary or required
+


+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2v + *
PRB
Degree of Probability or Likelihood
+ * This affix takes a -V3 affix form to apply its meaning + to an adjacent suffix only.
Degree 1impossible + / hopeless / lost cause
Degree 2almost + no chance of / virtually impossible
Degree 3highly + unlikely
Degree 4unlikely + / improbable(ly)
Degree 5possible; + possibly
Degree 6hopeful(ly) +
Degree 7probable; + probably
Degree 8 highly + probable / highly likely / certain to be a. . . certain to
Degree 9forgone + conclusion that / in the can / done deal
+

 

+

7.7.10 Adverbial Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
STR
Degree of Physical Strength Possible or Used
Degree 1barely + / hardly / very weak(ly)
Degree 2weak(ly) + / to small degree
Degree 3soft(ly) + / guarded(ly)
Degree 4measured(ly)
Degree 5somewhat + strong(ly) / somewhat powerful(ly)
Degree 6adequately + strong; with adequate strength
Degree 7strong(ly) + / powerful(ly)
Degree 8 very strong(ly) + / very powerful(ly)
Degree 9with maximum + power
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3ç
FRC
Degree of Physical Force Exerted
Degree 1too light(ly) + / too soft(ly) / too delicate(ly)
Degree 2light as + a feather/ baby soft; extremely delicately or lightly or softly
Degree 3light/soft/hardly + a; softly / lightly / delicately / gingerly
Degree 4somewhat + on the light or soft side; somewhat softly / lightly / delicately / gingerly
Degree 5neither + soft(ly) nor forceful(ly); with the right touch
Degree 6somewhat + violent(ly) / somewhat forceful(ly)
Degree 7violent/forceful + / rough; violently / with force / roughly
Degree 8 very violent(ly) + / very forceful(ly) / very rough(ly)
Degree 9too violent(ly) + / too forceful(ly) / too rough(ly)
+


+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3sk
ITY
Degree of Speed (i.e., Intensity of Movement or Change)
Degree 1too slow(ly)
Degree 2very slow(ly) +
Degree 3slow(ly) +
Degree 4somewhat + slow(ly)
Degree 5at just + the right speed or intensity
Degree 6somewhat + fast / somewhat quick(ly) / somewhat rapid(ly)
Degree 7fast / + quick(ly) / rapid(ly); at fast pace
Degree 8 very fast + / very quick(ly) / very rapid(ly); at fast pace
Degree 9too fast + / too quick(ly) / too rapid(ly); at fast pace
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0st
SPD
Degree of Speed (i.e., Velocity = Distance Over Time)
Degree 1too slow(ly) +
Degree 2very slow(ly) +
Degree 3slow(ly) +
Degree 4somewhat + slow(ly)
Degree 5at just + the right speed
Degree 6somewhat + fast / somewhat quick(ly) / somewhat rapid(ly)
Degree 7fast / + quick(ly) / rapid(ly); at fast pace
Degree 8 very fast + / very quick(ly) / very rapid(ly)/; at fast pace
Degree 9too fast + / too quick(ly) / too rapid(ly); at fast pace
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
CFD
Degree of Forthrightness, Confidence or Humility
Degree 1

too + meek(ly) / too submissive(ly) / too obedient(ly) / too docile(ly)

+
Degree 2very meek(ly) + / very submissive(ly) / very obedient(ly) / very docile(ly)
Degree 3meek(ly) + / submissive(ly) / obedient(ly) / docile(ly)
Degree 4somewhat + meek(ly) / somewhat submissive(ly) / somewhat obedient(ly) / somewhat docile(ly)
Degree 5properly + humble / properly forthright ; with proper degree of humility or forthrightness
Degree 6somewhat + confident(ly) / somewhat strong(ly) / somewhat definite(ly) / somewhat definitive(ly) + or authoritative(ly)
Degree 7confident(ly) + /strong(ly) / definite(ly)/ definitive(ly) / authoritative(ly)
Degree 8 very confident(ly) + / very strong(ly) / very definite(ly) / very definitive(ly) / very authoritative(ly)
Degree 9over-confident(ly) + / too strong(ly) / too definite(ly) / too definitive(ly) / too authoritative(ly)
+


+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
EFI
Degree of Efficiency or Efficacy
Degree 1destructively + wasteful / disastrous(ly) / accomplishing the opposite of intention / making + things worse
Degree 2very wasteful + / accomplishing nothing / making a mess of it
Degree 3wasteful + / accomplishing little
Degree 4somewhat + wasteful / accomplishing somewhat less than expected
Degree 5adequate(ly) + [in terms of efficiency]
Degree 6rather + efficient(ly) / fairly efficient(ly) / accomplishing somewhat more than + expected
Degree 7efficient(ly) + / with little or no waste(d effort)
Degree 8 extremely + efficient(ly) / with no waste(d effort) whatsoever
Degree 9a synergy + of… / sum beyond total of parts / a synergistic composite of ; to + X synergistically
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3q
ERR
Degree of Correctness versus Error
Degree 1totally + wrong / totally mis- or mal-; totally in error / erroneous(ly) / incorrect(ly)
Degree 2wrong/incorrect(ly) + / mis- / mal- ; in error / erroneous(ly) / incorrect(ly)
Degree 3fairly + wrong / fairly incorrect(ly)
Degree 4somewhat + wrong / more wrong than right
Degree 5so-so; + barely adequate(ly) / barely correct(ly)
Degree 6somewhat + right / more right than wrong
Degree 7fairly + right / fairly correct(ly)
Degree 8 right / + correctly
Degree 9totally + right / totally correct(ly) / totally well-X’d
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0k
MAT
Degree of Maturation
Degree 1undeveloped + / immature(ly) / seed / embryo
Degree 2under-developed + / newborn [stage, not age] / seedling / baby
Degree 3growing + / budding / youthful / young
Degree 4maturing + / developing / getting stronger or bigger or more complex or sophisticated
Degree 5fully developed + / fully mature(d) / robust / ripe
Degree 6overly + developed / overripe / showing signs of wear and tear / stressed / under + stress / fatigued
Degree 7declining/fading; + trail off/fade / getting softer or weaker / faded / decrepit / has-been + / past one’s prime
Degree 8 disintegrating + / utterly deteriorated / beyond repair or rehabilitation / irreparable / + dying
Degree 9dead / + defunct / disintegrated
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0z
SBT
Degree of Subtlety
Degree 1too subtle(ly) +
Degree 2very subtle(ly) +
Degree 3subtle(ly) +
Degree 4somewhat + subtle(ly)
Degree 5somewhat + unsubtle(ly)
Degree 6unsubtle(ly) + / lumbering(ly) rather obvious/ fairly blatant / belabored ; belabor / lumber + along X-ing
Degree 7obvious(ly) + / blatant(ly) / exaggerated(ly)
Degree 8 very obvious(ly) + / very blatant(ly)
Degree 9over-the-top + / in-your-face / to obvious(ly) / too blatant(ly)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1kš
DRC
Degree of Directness
Degree 1too indirect(ly)
Degree 2very indirect(ly) +
Degree 3indirect(ly) +
Degree 4somewhat + indirect(ly)
Degree 5somewhat + direct(ly)
Degree 6fairly + direct(ly) / rather direct(ly)
Degree 7direct(ly) + / straightforward
Degree 8 very direct(ly) + / very straightforward
Degree 9too direct(ly) + / painfully straightforward
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0mš
SUD
Degree of Suddenness
Degree 1too slow(ly) + in happening, too long in X-ing, overdue, delayed
Degree 2very slow(ly) + in happening or developing
Degree 3slow(ly) + ; long in developing or happening
Degree 4somewhat + slow(ly) ; somewhat long in developing or happening
Degree 5taking + just the right amount of time to develop or occur
Degree 6somewhat + immediate / somewhat sudden; somewhat imediately / somewhat suddenly
Degree 7immediate + / sudden; imediately / suddenly
Degree 8 very immediate + / very sudden; very imediately / very suddenly
Degree 9too immediate + / too sudden; too imediately / too suddenly
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
PCN
Degree of Care, Precision or Scrutiny
Degree 1utterly + sloppy(ily) / totally careless(ly)
Degree 2 very sloppy(ily) + / very careless(ly)
Degree 3 sloppy(ily) + / careless(ly) / with poor attention to detail
Degree 4somewhat + sloppy(ily) / somewhat careless(ly)
Degree 5less than + careful(ly) / with only some degree of care
Degree 6somewhat + careful(ly) / fairly precise(ly)
Degree 7precise(ly) + / careful(ly) / detailed
Degree 8 extremely + precise(ly) / with great care or precision or scrutiny / meticulous(ly)
Degree 9overly + precise(ly) / ‘nit-picky’ / with too much scrutiny / overly + meticulous(ly)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2kš +
CNC
Degree of Concern or Consideration
Degree 1…the + hell…! / what the hell . . . / . . . who cares
Degree 2self-centered(ly) + / without thought or concern for others
Degree 3at the + very least / at the least level of concern required
Degree 4 without + concern / indifferent(ly) / without consideration / unconcerned(ly) / thoughtless(ly)
Degree 5reluctant(ly)
Degree 6at best + / with the most concern one can muster
Degree 7concerned(ly) + / with concern / with consideration for others
Degree 8 very concerned(ly) + / highly concerned(ly) / with great concern or consideration for others
Degree 9overly + concerned(ly) / worrisome(ly) / with too much concern or consideration for + others / altruistically
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
SPH
Degree of Sophistication
Degree 1too crude(ly) + / too primitive(ly)
Degree 2very crude(ly) + / very primitive(ly)
Degree 3crude(ly) + / primitive(ly)
Degree 4somewhat + crude(ly) / somewhat primitive(ly)
Degree 5with expected/normal + degree or level of sophistication
Degree 6somewhat + sophisticated or refined
Degree 7 sophisticated + or refined
Degree 8 very sophisticated + or refined
Degree 9too sophisticated + or refined
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0çt
CVT
Degree of Covertness versus Overtness
Degree 1too secretive(ly) + / overly covert(ly)
Degree 2very secretive(ly) + / highly covert(ly) / hidden / well behind the scenes
Degree 3secretive(ly) + / covert(ly) / behind the scenes / between the lines / under the table / + “back-room”
Degree 4somewhat + secretive(ly) / somewhat covert(ly)
Degree 5not too + secretive(ly) / not so open(ly)
Degree 6somewhat + open(ly) / somewhat “up front”
Degree 7open(ly) + / overt(ly) / “up front” / out in the open / honest / forthcoming(ly)
Degree 8 very open(ly) + / very overt(ly) / very “up front” / flaunting(ly) / brutally + honest
Degree 9too open(ly) + / too overt(ly) / overly flaunting(ly) / vulgar(ly)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
EFT
Degree of Effort
Degree 1too difficult + / overly difficult
Degree 2very difficult + / so difficult
Degree 3strained + / difficult; strain to / with difficulty / struggle to / to work at X-ing + / to X hard
Degree 4somewhat + difficult / not that easy
Degree 5neither + easy nor difficult
Degree 6somewhat + easy; not so difficult
Degree 7 easy / + certain / unhindered / with ease / without resistance / effortlessly
Degree 8 very easy + / so easy
Degree 9too easy + / overly easy
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0m
DSG
Degree of Design or Purposefulness
Degree 1purposeless(ly) + /random(ly) / utterly unorganized / chaotic(ally)
Degree 2haphazard(ly) + / without plan or guidance/ disorganized(ly) / poorly planned
Degree 3 fairly + haphazard(ly) / not well-planned / not well-organized
Degree 4somewhat + haphazard(ly) / somewhat disorganized
Degree 5slightly + disorganized / less than well-planned
Degree 6somewhat + organized / somewhat well-planned
Degree 7organized(ly) + / purposeful(ly) / well-planned
Degree 8 very organized + / very structured
Degree 9too organized + / overly structured / “anal(ly)”
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3sq
DCS
Degree of Decisiveness, Commitment or Emphasis
Degree 1indecisive + / meandering; indecisively / first one way then another
Degree 2wishy washy + / flaky
Degree 3some sort + of / some kind of / sort of (like) / ”kind of”; in a way / halfway + / does and doesn’t
Degree 4apparent(ly); + seeming(ly)
Degree 5mere(ly) + / only (a); merely / only
Degree 6deliberate + / decisive; deliberately / decisively / purposefully
Degree 7a real + / certainly a ; really / certainly [emphasis, not genuineness or veracity]
Degree 8 the (one); + in the only way that counts
Degree 9what (a) + ...!; how . . .! ; Boy! Did (does) X ever …
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3št
CTN
Degree of Contrariness to Expectation(s) or Shift in Subject
Degree 1but X would… + / if things were otherwise X WOULD… / on the contrary, X WOULD [affirmation + of hypothetical contrary to statement/suggestion otherwise
Degree 2but / X + DOES/IS . . . / on the contrary … [affirmation of fact contrary to + suggestion or statement otherwise]
Degree 3like it + or not…/ well, as much as we didn’t want to think it would happen...
Degree 4against + expectation or belief ‘… after all’ ‘well, what + do you know…X!’
Degree 5a genuine + / real / true ; really do, [contrary to expectation]
Degree 6as a matter + of fact
Degree 7‘at + least/at any rate’
Degree 8 ‘by + the way/ just to mention’
Degree 9not to + change the subject but…/ sorry to change the subject, but…/ + I don’t mean to change the subject, but…
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3’
PHY
Degree of Physical Control
Degree 1uncontrolled/helpless(ly) + ; without control/ out of control
Degree 2almost + completely out of control / almost totally helpless
Degree 3losing + control / losing the ability to…
Degree 4insufficiently + trained in...
Degree 5amateur(ishly) + / superficially able to…
Degree 6learn(ing) + to… / begin(ning) to be able to…
Degree 7w/ growing + proficiency or expertise (in)
Degree 8 proficient(ly)
Degree 9in full + control / expert(ly)
+

+

7.7.11 Modality Affixes

+

Many of these correspond to the vocalic modality suffixes used with valence + or conflation adjuncts (see Sec. 5.5). The nine degrees associated with each + affix allow a speaker control over the extent to which the modality category + should apply to the utterance. These affix forms function, then, as an alternative + to adjunct forms for greater nuance in the applicability of the modality category + and to apply them to nouns. The nine degrees of each affix are as follows:

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Degree 1not at + all
Degree 2to too + little a degree; to an insufficient degree
Degree 3hardly + at all
Degree 4to a small + degree
Degree 5to a fair + degree/somewhat
Degree 6fairly + much/more so than not
Degree 7very much + so / decidedly so / to a great degree
Degree 8 too much + so / to too great a degree
Degree 9to the + exclusion of all else / without consideration for anything else
+

The specific modality affixes are as follows:

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3bb
resigned to
-V3dd devoted; committed to / devoted to
-V3 desired / sought-after; want to
-V3 attempted, attempt at a …; try to, attempt to
-V3çç +  capable, able; can / able to / capable of
-V3cc knowledgeable; can = know how to / familiar with
-V3ff mandatory; must / have to
-V3xx required; should / be to
-V3 expected; be supposed to
-V3hh intended; mean to / intend to / shall
-V3gg chosen, selected; choose to / elect to
-V3 …on impulse; feel like X-ing
-V3  promised; promise to
-V3 well-liked; like (to)
-V3 feared; fear (to)
-V3 willing; willing to
-V3 prepared / ready; prepared to/ready to
-V3 necessary / needed; need to
-V3 Daring; dare to
-V3hq decided-upon; decide to
-V3pf offered/offer of; offer to
-V33t aided / assisted; help to / aid in X-ing
-V3hk not unexpected; be prone to / be apt to / tend to
-V3ç’ +  agreed-upon; agree to
-V3x’ +  responsible for/in charge of
-V3 remember to
-V3 feel a need to / feel one should / feel one must / feel driven to
-V3 to guess or think [that]…
-V3’ +  available; available to/for
-V3kk potential; can = have potential to
-V3tt +  permitted; can = permitted to
-V3qq +  hoped-for; hope/wish to
-V3pp X by inclination; be inclined to
+

+

7.7.12 Agential/Participant Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0n
AGC
Degree of Agency
Degree 1[AGENT] + = one who forces/causes
Degree 2[ENABLER] + = one who enables to happen
Degree 3[INFLUENCE] + = one who persuades/influences
Degree 4ENABLER + BY PERMISSION] = one who permits/allows/lets happen
Degree 5[PATIENT] + = one who does/is made to do
Degree 6[EXPERIENCER] + = one who undergoes/experiences
Degree 7[INSTRUMENT] + = instrument which causes
Degree 8 [STIMULUS] + = one whose status is as stimulus of affective experience
Degree 9[SOURCE] + = that which gives rise to, provides underlying reason for, source of
+

This affix and the following identify a formative as filling a specific semantic + role corresponding in many cases to the semantic roles discussed in Sections + 4.1.1 and 4.1.2. In + several instances, these affixes would translate the English “agentive” + suffixes -er, or -or.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0m
ROL
Role
Degree 1that which + contains or functions as the enclosure / container / house / shelter of + or for
Degree 2that which + results from
Degree 3 [RECIPIENT] + = one who receives / has / "-ee"
Degree 4one who + is / acts as / functions as
Degree 5one who + is characterized by / described by...
Degree 6one who + is similar to/functions or acts similarly to
Degree 7one whose + responsibility is / who is responsible for / runs the business of (operationally + speaking)
Degree 8 one who + constructs / makes / creates
Degree 9one who + manages / oversees / supervises / coordinates / runs the business of (managerially + speaking)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0p
UTE
Utilitative or Enabling Means
Degree 1

tool/device/apparatus + specifically designed for X-ing

+
Degree 2medium + by/through which one X’s
Degree 3conduit-like + tool/apparatus for X-ing
Degree 4natural/standard + body part for X-ing
Degree 5object + employed circumstantially as implement for X-ing
Degree 6covering/protective + element employed to allow/permit X-ing
Degree 7enabling + element/device/apparatus to allow/foster X-ing
Degree 8 environment/situaton/circumstances/setting + which allows/fosters X-ing
Degree 9FORCE which + causes/permits X-ing
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0ž
CNS
Degree of Consent
Degree 1deliberately + without consent of knowledge
Degree 2without + consent or knowledge as a precaution or “for their own good”
Degree 3without + consent or knowledge due to circumstances
Degree 4with their + knowledge but w/o consent; against their will
Degree 5consent + obtained under pressure, threat, coercion
Degree 6w/ reluctant + consent
Degree 7willingly; + with full consent
Degree 8 with enthusiastic + approval and support
Degree 9at their + request
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0t
MEC
Type of Mechanical Instrumentality = ‘by means of’ +
Degree 1the body’s + natural method of doing so (e.g., on foot, by hand, etc.)
Degree 2a manually + manipulated generic tool or implement
Degree 3a specialized + tool for that specific purpose or activity
Degree 4a machine + or via mechanical means or process
Degree 5 a virtual, + electronic means or via engineering
Degree 6mental + power, force of will, concentration
Degree 7a redirection + or collation of energy specially applied
Degree 8 a collective + pooling of manual labor resources
Degree 9a collective + pooling of electronic/mechanical/engineering resources
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
BOD
Bodily Instrumentality = ‘by means of’
Degree 1

a hand

+
Degree 2an arm
Degree 3a foot
Degree 4a leg
Degree 5one’s + eyes
Degree 6both legs
Degree 7both feet
Degree 8 both arms
Degree 9both hands
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0mp
DBI
Additional Bodily Instrumentality = ‘by means of’ +
Degree 1

a finger

+
Degree 2a thumb
Degree 3a knee
Degree 4one’s + head
Degree 5one’s + teeth
Degree 6one’s + lips
Degree 7one’s + tongue
Degree 8 one’s + elbow
Degree 9one’s + fingers
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
SOC
Type of Social Instrumentality = ‘by means of’ +
Degree 1via lackeys, + grunt labor, go-fors or henchmen
Degree 2by coercion, + threat, blackmail
Degree 3 “fronts”, + or disguised go-betweens
Degree 4indirectly + through actions of others (unbeknownst to them)
Degree 5indirectly + through actions of others (with their knowledge)
Degree 6by leveraging + existing resources / personnel (deploying existing methods in a new application)
Degree 7via a proxy + or proxies
Degree 8 hired help + or staff
Degree 9by delegation + of task to experts
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0šš
RSN
Reason for an Emotional State or Motivation for an Action +
Degree 1for evil + or perverse reasons
Degree 2for foolish + or naďve reason
Degree 3due to + deception by another
Degree 4due to + faulty information provided by another [no deception intended]
Degree 5due to + or based on faulty perception or misinterpretation of information or evidence
Degree 6despite + negative circumstances or reasons not to
Degree 7for no + reason
Degree 8 for appropriate + reasons / for good reason
Degree 9for virtuous, + healthy reasons
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0t
XPT
Expectation of Outcome
Degree 1shockingly + unexpected; without precedent or rumour
Degree 2surprise + X / unexpected X; completely by surprise/ completely unexpected(ly)
Degree 3manage + to X despite inadequacy of preparation or effort
Degree 4manage + to X despite misguided or misdirected preparation or effort
Degree 5managed + to X despite hindrance(s) or obstacles; hard-won
Degree 6manage + to X due to hindrances or obstacles being overestimated; easier than thought + to be
Degree 7manage + to X due to excellent preparation / planning / execution
Degree 8 completely + as expected / totally as anticipated / as predicted
Degree 9pat; outcome + pre-ordained or predetermined
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V3t
DLB
Degree of Deliberateness/Agency
Degree 1accidental(ly) + / inadvertent(ly) and unaware of consequences
Degree 2unintended + / unintentional(ly) / without meaning to and unaware of consequences
Degree 3accidental(ly) + / inadvertent(ly) but now aware of consequences
Degree 4unintended + / unintentional(ly) / without meaning to but now aware of consequences
Degree 5unforseeable + / unpredictable; unforeseeably / unpredictably
Degree 6without + realizing or considering potential consequences
Degree 7thinking + one can get away without reaping consequences / furtive(ly)
Degree 8 realizing + potential risks or consequences / cognizant of potential risks or consequences
Degree 9intentional(ly) + / deliberate(ly) / on purpose / by choice; choose to
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0mz
MOT
Degree of Self-Conscious Deliberation or Motivation
Degree 1affected, + ostentatious; affectedly/ostentatiously
Degree 2self-conscious(ly) +
Degree 3guilty + / guiltily
Degree 4half-hearted(ly) +
Degree 5against + better judgement / can’t help but / can’t help it
Degree 6ingrained, + by upbringing
Degree 7learned + / habitual; by habit / trained to
Degree 8 natural(ly) + / un-self-conscious(ly)
Degree 9autonomic + / unaware, automatic
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V11k
ENB
Degree of Enablement
Degree 1by inadvertent + gesture/word/sign taken as order or permission
Degree 2by granting + of permission
Degree 3by cajoling + or persuasion
Degree 4by direct + request or imploring
Degree 5by direct + order based on one’s real or perceived authority
Degree 6by inadvertent + removal of hindrance
Degree 7by inadvertent + action that initiates a chain of events
Degree 8 by deliberate + removal of hindrance
Degree 9by deliberate + action that initiates a chain of events
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0ms
AGN
Degree of Agency, Intent or Effectiveness
Degree 1with the + anticipated max. resulting effect possible
Degree 2with the + anticipated resulting effect to a high degree
Degree 3with the + anticipated resulting effect to a moderate degree
Degree 4with the + anticipated resulting effect but only to a marginal, superficial or baredly + noticable degree
Degree 5with no + noticeable effect or resulting change
Degree 6with only + marginal, superficial, or barely noticeable effect or resulting change unanticipated
Degree 7with moderate + effect or resulting change — unanticipated
Degree 8 with the + resulting effect to a high degree — unanticipated
Degree 9with the + max. resulting effect possible — unanticipated
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V21k
IMP
Degree of Impact on Patient/Target or Enablement of Outcome
Degree 1target + can do nothing - utterly inevitable
Degree 2target + chooses to do nothing - resigned to fate
Degree 3target + tries to prevent/avoid but fails
Degree 4target + tries to prevent/avoid and does so partially or mitigates impact somewhat
Degree 5target + tries to prevent/avoid and succeeds
Degree 6target + helps/enables outcome inadvertently
Degree 7target + helps/enables outcome against own interest (i.e., without thinking)
Degree 8 target + helps/enables outcome intentionally despite negative consequences
Degree 9target + helps/enables outcome intentionally for own benefit
+

 

+

7.7.13 Miscellaneous Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1_’
TPF
Topic, Frame and Focus
Degree 1[sentence + topic]
Degree 2[end of + frame]
Degree 3[head of + relative clause]
Degree 4[sentence + topic + head of relative clause]
Degree 5[end of + frame + head of relative clause]
Degree 6[sentence + topic + end of frame]
Degree 7[sentence + focus + end of frame + head of rel. clause]
Degree 8 [sentence + focus]
Degree 9[sentence + focus + end of frame]
+

The various functions of the above affix are explained in Sec. + 3.5 on Focus, Sec. 5.7 on + Frames, and Sec. 9.2 on pragmatic roles + including Sentence Topic.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2_’
SWR
Switch Reference & Obviative Specification (For an explanation + and illustration of this affix, see Sec. + 8.1.1.7 and Sec. + 8.1.4)
Degree 1nearest + preceding referent
Degree 22nd to + nearest preceding referent
Degree 33rd party + not previously mentioned
Degree 4referring + to sentence focus
Degree 5first referent + mentioned
Degree 6referring + to sentence topic
Degree 73rd party + non-transrelative referent
Degree 8 2nd order + transrelative referent
Degree 9higher + order transrelative referent
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0s
PLA
Place, State, Setting Where…
Degree 1place where + one learns to
Degree 2place where + one does, performs, carries out X
Degree 3place where + one obtains
Degree 4place where + one stores or inventories
Degree 5place where + one keeps or shelters
Degree 6place where + one sees or views
Degree 7natural + habitat or environment of
Degree 8 place where + one deals with/ treats/ confronts
Degree 9place where + one feels affected by
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1mm
APT
Aspects
Degree 1yet, still
Degree 2‘even’ + as in “I don’t even like them” = in the least bit, to + the slightest extent
Degree 3Contemplative: + upon reflection/ in hindsight
Degree 4upon deep + introspection / following careful consideration or meditation on the matter
Degree 5on first + blush / at first / upon initial impression / [my] first thought is/was…
Degree 6natural(ly) + / obvious(ly) / clear(ly) [in terms of naturalness, not blatancy]
Degree 7Experiential: + ever
Degree 8 Regressive: + return to previous state
Degree 9Protractive: + over a long period of time / long-delayed
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2mm
TEM
Alternative Temporal Aspects
Degree 1Inceptive: + begin to / start to
Degree 2Resumptive: + begin again / start again / resume
Degree 3Continuative: + keep on / still / continue / stay / yet
Degree 4Incessative: + to X away / not stop
Degree 5tire of + X-ing / get tired of X-ing / become weary of X-ing
Degree 6Cessative: + stop / discontinue / cease
Degree 7 Pausal: + take a break from [stop with intention to re-sume]
Degree 8 Recessative: + stop again
Degree 9Terminative: + finish / complete
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1
DRV
Format/Derivation Alternates
Degree 1Instrumentative + Format
Degree 2Authoritative + Format
Degree 3Precurrent + Format
Degree 4Resultative + Format
Degree 5Derivation: + translative motion
Degree 6Subsequent + Format
Degree 7Concommitant + Format
Degree 8 Objective + Format
Degree 9Derivation: + attend to, deal with
+

The above affix forms function as alternates to the Format infix of a conflation + or valence adjunct (see Sec. 5.4.2). The SCHEMATIC format + is considered the default and therefore has no affix. Additionally, two of the + affixes refer to two common derivations (see Sec. 5.4.3).
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2
ILL
Illocution/Mood/Validation Alternates
Degree 1Directive + Illocution
Degree 2Commissive + Illocution
Degree 3Expressive + Illocution
Degree 4Declarative + Illocution
Degree 5Interrogative + Illocution
Degree 6Admonitive + Illocution
Degree 7Subjunctive + Mood
Degree 8 Inferential + Validation
Degree 9Hortative + Validation
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
PTF
Part/Whole Functional Metaphors
Degree 1engine + / motor / heart / pump / core / driver mechanism
Degree 2brain / + computer / chip / instruction set
Degree 3input / + feeder / access point
Degree 4exit point + / anus / exhaust / tailpipe / smokestack / vent
Degree 5wing/ arm + / branch / extensor / manipulator
Degree 6support + / leg / stand / base
Degree 7skeleton + / frame
Degree 8 wiring + / conduits / plumbing
Degree 9sensor + / eye / ear / antennae
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0š
PTG
Part/Whole Gestalt Componential Metaphors
Degree 1“base”portion + (e.g., upper arm)
Degree 2“extension” + portion (e.g., forearm) or “flange”
Degree 3“trunk” + or central bulk portion
Degree 4middle + or divisional segment or joint
Degree 5top/upper + component relative to gravity or natural vector of movement
Degree 6bottom/lower + component relative to gravity or natural vector of movement
Degree 7side/flank/ + lateral component
Degree 8 “head” + extension or main interface area
Degree 9extension/”arm”
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0qt
MET
Metonymic Categories
Degree 1part for + whole
Degree 2producer + for product
Degree 3object + used or owned for user/owner
Degree 4controller + for controlled
Degree 5institution + for people responsible
Degree 6place for + inhabitants/occupants
Degree 7place for + event
Degree 8 place for + institution
Degree 9attribute + or characteristic for owner
+

Metonymy is the reference to an entity via one of its attributes, associations + or activities, as in The ham-and-cheese wants fries with + his order or The White House has its nose in our business.
+
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1t’
SSD
Stem-Specific Derivatives
Degree 1derivative + 1
Degree 2derivative + 2
Degree 3derivative + 3
Degree 4derivative + 4
Degree 5derivative + 5
Degree 6derivative + 6
Degree 7derivative + 7
Degree 8 derivative + 8
Degree 9derivative + 9
+

This affix is used to distinguish particular instantiations of a more generic + entity; their meaning is semantically specific to the particular stem.
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2t’
SBS
 Subset of Configurative Set
Degree 1single + specific member (random, i.e., any given member)
Degree 2natural + first level subset, e.g., a cell among a network, a clique within a + club, a row of an orchard
Degree 3natural + 2nd level subset, e.g., a section of a network, a subcommittee within + a club, a section of an orchard
Degree 4complex + natural system or pattern within a set (e.g., the circulatory system, + the heating system)
Degree 5subset + of set (unknown if natural or select subconfiguration)
Degree 6complex/circumstantial + select pattern/arrangement within a set (e.g., the parts/things of a + house damaged by fire)
Degree 72nd level + subset (externally determined), e.g., select section of trees of an + orchard
Degree 8 first level + subset (externally determined), e.g., select rocks from a pile, select + trees of an orchard
Degree 9single + select member (externally determined)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1k’
ATN
Degree of Attention or Determination
Degree 1concentrate + fully upon; pay utmost attention to
Degree 2concentrate + to point of distraction, to be ‘lost’ in X-ing
Degree 3pay strict + attention to
Degree 4determined + to
Degree 5pay attention + to; attend to; be careful that you…; heed
Degree 6keep an + eye on
Degree 7take some + notice of
Degree 8 barely + notice; take little notice of
Degree 9ignore + completely
+
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1šk
DPR
Dispersion or Separability of a Configurative Set
Degree 1in total + contact / contiguous mass of; pile, “ball of…”
Degree 2non-contiguous + but closely connected, interlinked, each linked to adjacent via connecting + medium (like web); cluster
Degree 3connected + via intervening central medium (like a vine or branches); bunch
Degree 4not physically + connected but with immediate accessibility and knowledge of other member + actions
Degree 5scattered + - contact with nearest member possible but less possible with others
Degree 6“virtual” + association only
Degree 7temporal + (iterative) set – iteration at long intervals
Degree 8 temporal + (iterative) set – iteration at frequent intervals
Degree 9temporal + (iterative) set – iteration at very short, immediate intervals / one + after another
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1nd
SEP
Spatio-Temporal Separability of a Configurative Set
Degree 1

Logical + connectedness only (spatial)

+
Degree 2Loosely + integrated spatially – one positioned far away from another
Degree 3Loosely + integrated spatially – one positioned a little ways away from another
Degree 4Well-integrated + spatially – one positioned right next to or behind another
Degree 5Both spatially + and temporally well-integrated (one right after another)
Degree 6Well-integrated + temporally – one right after the other
Degree 7Loosely + integrated temporally – one a little while after the other
Degree 8 Loosely + integrated temporally – one a long while after the other
Degree 9Logical + connectedness only (temporal)
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0k
SDP
Subset of Duplex Set
Degree 1first, + top, front, lefthand or lead “half” of duplex set or pair (e.g., + upper lip, inhale/inhalation, left hand)
Degree 2beginning + or leading “edge” of the first, top, front, lefthand or lead + “half” of a duplex event or object
Degree 3middle + section of the first, top, front, lefthand or lead “half” of + a duplex event or object
Degree 4ending + or trailing “edge” of the first, top, front, lefthand or lead + “half” of a duplex event or object
Degree 5midpoint, + peak, or lull between the 2 halves of a duplex set or pair
Degree 6beginning + or leading “edge” of 2nd, bottom, back, righthand or trailing + “half” of a duplex event or object
Degree 7middle + section of 2nd, bottom, back, righthand or trailing “half” of + a duplex event or object
Degree 8 ending + or trailing “edge” of 2nd, bottom, back, righthand or trailing + “half” of a duplex event or object
Degree 92nd, bottom, + back, righthand or trailing “half” of duplex set or pair (e.g., + lower lip, exhale/exhalation, right hand)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0xt
NEW
Degree of Newness/Revision
Degree 1new = original + new, i.e., never before seen
Degree 2new = never before seen within current context, e.g., a new student
Degree 3new = role, i.e., never functioning/existing in this capacity/manner before
Degree 4new/other = replacement + new
Degree 5new/other = additional instance + new
Degree 6new/other = revision + additional
Degree 7new/other = revision + replacement
Degree 8 new/other/different = different, not seen/used before within current context; status as addition/replacement unknown
Degree 9new/other/different = different + new; status as addition/replacement unknown
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0 ln
SPR
Spread/wake/trail/area/expanse created by passage of entity
Degree 1quasi-linear “trail” or wake left behind on path of linear movement; trail or wake is not composed of the moving entity itself but shows effect of its passage (e.g., slime trail left by snail, footprints left on snow, mowed down foliage left by moving convoy, etc.)
Degree 2quasi-linear spread of entity stretching behind linearly moving “head” (e.g., a line of soldiers put in place to create a front, a line left on a piece of paper as written by an ink pen, path of a ball of string or skein of yarn as it unravels while rolling down an incline)
Degree 3quasi-linear trail/wake/spread left behind passage as line of demarcation/boundary/barrier
Degree 42-d quasi-planar wake left behind on path of movement; wake is not composed of the moving entity itself but shows effect of its passage (e.g., aftermath of a forest fire, cleaned area of dirty floor or wall after it has been wiped by a mop or dustcloth)
Degree 52-d quasi-planar spread stretching behind moving front (e.g., area of spreading flames in a forest fire, area being inundated by a flood, area of a wall being covered up by plaster by workmen, coating of an apple dipped in chocolate, area of floor covered up by a rug)
Degree 62-d quasi-planar wake/spread left behind passage as area of demarcation/zone/restricted area
Degree 73-d volume left behind a moving front; volume is not composed of or inundated with the moving entity itself but shows effect of its passage (e.g., area left behind the passage of a tidal wave, column of superheated air left behind the passage of a rocket
Degree 8 3-d volume inundated by spread of moving front (e.g., spread of a gas within a room, area inundated by fog, volume of a container taken up by substance placed/poured/stuffed into it)
Degree 93-d volume left behind passage of moving front as volume/spatial area of demarcation/zone/restricted space
+

The above affix distinguishes movement of an entity from the “trail” or spread left behind, e.g., movement which leaves behind a wake or affected area; used with motion roots as well as roots designating shapes/forms. Use of the above suffixes in conjunction with the various roots pertaining to paths of translative movement allows for very nuanced translations of English words such as surround, cover, inundate, enclose, expand, spread out, encompass, etc.

+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0 ld
TRA
Degree of Shift/Change/Transition (used for both spatial and temporal contexts)
Degree 1sharp break, sudden shift from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another with no discernible transition period/zone (i.e., point-like/instantaneous transition)
Degree 2disjointed/non-contiguous/non-continuous break/shift from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 3extremely brief/small/barely discernible transition period or zone from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 4somewhat brief/small/discernible transition period or zone from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 5normal/standard/expected transition period or zone from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 6somewhat variable/changing/fluctuating transition period/zone from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 7highly variable/chaotic transition period/zone from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 8 smooth, gradual transition period/zone from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
Degree 9very gradual/almost imperceptible rate/degree of change/transition from one state/form/shape/set of circumstances to another
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0 lm
NNN
N-numbered angles/facets/faces/sides/points/forms
Degree 1uneven /assymmetrical n–sided 2-D obtusely angled form (e.g., quadrilateral, pentagonoid, hexagonoid
Degree 2uneven/assymetrical n-pointed 2-D acutely angled “star” formation
Degree 3uneven/assymetrical n-faceted 3-D solid
Degree 4uneven/assymmetrical n-faced 3-D solid (e.g., n-hedron-like solid)
Degree 5having n number of 3-D projections/spikes/pointed surfaces
Degree 6symmetrical n-faced 3-D solid (e.g., tetrahedron, dodecahedron)
Degree 7symetrical n-faceted 3-D solid
Degree 8 symetrical n-pointed 2-D acutely angled “star” formation (can be used with numbers as low as 2, which would refer to an elongated diamond shape)
Degree 9symmetrical n–sided 2-D form (e.g., square, pentagon, hexagon)
+

The above affix is used with the number stems (see Chapter 12) to provide words for forms, shapes, and solids bearing a distinct number of angles, points, sides, facets, etc.

+


+ 7.7.14 Locational Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0çç
LCT
Locational Quadrant Markers for Object Being Located (These + affixes will be explained and illustrated in Chapter + 10.)
Degree 1+X / +Y + / +Z = “right / ahead / above” = Quadrant 1
Degree 2+X / +Y + / -Z = “right / ahead / below” = Quadrant 2
Degree 3+X / -Y + / +Z = “right / behind / above” = Quadrant 3
Degree 4+X / -Y + / -Z = “right / behind / below” = Quadrant 4
Degree 5object + at rest relative to other object
Degree 6-X / +Y + / +Z = “left / ahead / above” = Quadrant 5
Degree 7-X / +Y + / -Z = “left / ahead / below” = Quadrant 6
Degree 8 -X / -Y + / +Z = “left / behind / above” = Quadrant 7
Degree 9-X / -Y + / -Z = “left / behind / below” = Quadrant 8
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0p’
PRX
Degree of Proximity
Degree 1too close +
Degree 2 as close + as possible without contact
Degree 3 very close + to
Degree 4close to +
Degree 5somewhat + close to
Degree 6not very + close to / somewhat far from
Degree 7far from + / distant from
Degree 8 far away + / very far from
Degree 9too far + away
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0
CTC
Degree of Contact
Degree 1melded + with / blended with / fused
Degree 2inseparable(ly) + / locked together / bonded
Degree 3linked + / attached / connected / joined
Degree 4touching + intimately / touching all over / in close contact with
Degree 5deliberately + touching at several spots or places or over a fair area
Degree 6deliberately + touching at one spot or place
Degree 7casually + or incidentally touching at several spots or places or over a fair area
Degree 8 casually + or incidentally touching at one spot or place
Degree 9barely + touching / hardly touching at all / touching at one small spot
+

 

+

+ Proceed to Chapter 8: + Adjuncts >>

+

+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 2 + Morpho-Phonology 7a + Using Affixes 12 + The Number System
  3 + Basic Morphology7b + Using Affixes (continued) The + Lexicon
 4 + Case Morphology  8 + AdjunctsRevised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
+
+©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author +and this website.
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