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diff --git a/2004-en/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..839d9da --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1422 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 8: Adjuncts</title> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +//--> +</script> +</head> + +<body> +<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br> + <img src="Images/Title-Script5.gif"><br> + <br> +</div> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h2 align="center"> </h2> +<h2 align="center">Chapter 8: Adjuncts</h2> +<div align="center"> + <table width="63%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="209"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec8o1">8.1 Personal Reference + Adjuncts </a></font></td> + <td width="267"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec8o4">8.4 Affixual Adjuncts</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec8o2">8.2 Subsidiary Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td width="267"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec8o5">8.5 Alternate Indicators + for Vocalic Mutation</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec8o3">8.3 Combination Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td width="267"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec8o6">8.6 Additional Information + on Bias</a></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify"><br> + The notion of adjuncts was introduced in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o6o2">Section + 2.6.2</a>. We have already discussed some details of various kinds of adjuncts: + valence adjuncts and conflation adjuncts were introduced in <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2">Secs. + 5.2</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">5.4</a>, modality + adjuncts were mentioned in <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</a>, + and aspectual adjuncts were described in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Chapter + 6</a>. In this chapter, more information is given about these adjuncts and several +additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</p> +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>8.1 PERSONAL REFERENCE ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o1"></a></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating + to personal reference. By “personal reference” is meant the grammatical + description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this + is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English he, she, it, I, + you, him, her, mine, ours, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished + by “person” (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English + we, us, and ours). Ithkuil accomplishes the equivalent function by means of + personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and + dual-referent. </p> +<p align="justify">Like all adjuncts in Ithkuil, personal reference adjuncts are + highly synthetic in their structure, comprised of at least two morphemes and + usually more. Before we examine the componential structure of personal reference + adjuncts themselves, we must first introduce the personal reference categories + they refer to. </p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 8.1.1 Personal Reference Categories<a name="Sec8o1o1"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">The morpho-semantic delineations of Ithkuil personal reference + categorization are based on inclusion or exclusion in relation to an utterance. + These delineations begin with identifying whether or not the party speaking + is included or excluded in relation to the utterance. The next delineation made + is whether the party being addressed (i.e., the audience/listener) is included + or excluded, then finally whether any third party (i.e., a party other than + the speaker and the addressee) is included or excluded.</p> +<p align="justify">There are 46 personal reference categories in Ithkuil, each + of which is represented by a single consonant affix plus a corresponding falling + or high tone as shown in Table 22 below. The various terms and abbreviations + used in the table are explained following the table.<br> +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 22(a) + and (b): Personal Reference Categories<a name="Table22"></a></font></strong></p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="50%"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1a.gif" width="371" height="655"></td> + <td width="50%"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1b.gif" width="378" height="655"></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</p> +<blockquote> +<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>1 + </strong> = Inclusion of speaker <br> + <strong>2</strong> = Inclusion of addressee <br> + <strong>m</strong> = monadic (single party) <br> + <strong>u</strong> = unbounded (more than one party) <br> + <strong>a</strong> = animate 3rd party <br> + <strong> i</strong> = inanimate 3rd party<br> + </font><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>E</strong> + = universal ('everyone/everything')<br> + <strong>M</strong> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate + or <font size="1">MONADIC</font>+<font size="1">UNBOUNDED</font>)<br> + <strong>IP</strong> = Impersonal ('one')<br> + <strong>ID</strong> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<br> + <strong>Obv</strong> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<br> + <strong>Col</strong> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<br> + <strong>Abt</strong> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)<br> + </font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">The following sections explain the terminology in the above + table.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.1 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-1a.gif" width="23" height="20" align="absbottom"> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-1b.gif" width="19" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Monadic vs. Unbounded</strong>. These terms were discussed in detail in <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3">Sec. + 3.3</a> on Perspective. For simplicity’s sake, the difference between + a <font size="2">MONADIC</font> third party versus an <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font> + third party can be thought of as the difference between ‘he/she/it’ + and ‘they.’</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.2 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-2a.gif" width="16" height="19" align="absbottom"> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-2b.gif" width="15" height="19" align="absbottom"> + Speaker and Addressee</strong>. These terms refer respectively to the party + speaking (in Western grammar the first person), the party being spoken to (the + second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person). + Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons + divided into singular and plural), Ithkuil divides personal reference along + logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker’s utterance. +</p> +<p align="justify">From the viewpoint of Ithkuil grammar, only a single individual + can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance + simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is + one speaker. Therefore, the “first person” of Ithkuil, the speaker, + can be only <font size="2">MONADIC</font>, never <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>. + Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word “we,” + since inherent in the various categories which translate “we” is + the concept of “I plus some other entity or entities.” From this + we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker’s + utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.</p> +<p align="justify">The “second person” in Ithkuil is the addressee, + the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more + than one addressee, i.e., <font size="2">MONADIC</font> or <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>.</p> +<p align="justify">The “third person” in Ithkuil is where things get + very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or + the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence + of animacy, being <font size="2">MONADIC</font> versus <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>, + being referred to as a collective entity, being an intangible abstraction, being + indefinite, being an impersonal generic reference, or being a combination of + two or more of these categories. These distinctions are explained below.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.3 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-3a.gif" width="18" height="20" align="absbottom"> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-3b.gif" width="14" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Animate vs. Inanimate</strong>. This is as it sounds. As we saw in earlier chapters, + particularly <a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1">Sec. 4.1</a>, several + important morphological categories in Ithkuil are dependent on whether the party + to the act, condition, or event is a living entity or inanimate. Note that the + distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does + not exist in the Ithkuil personal reference system. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.4 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-4.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom"> + “Mixed” Third-Party Reference</strong>. It is possible for the third + party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For + example a speaker could make reference to “I, you, and they” where + “they” consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic + animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible + concept such as ‘happiness’ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such + cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such “mixed” + parties to be included in a particular personal referent.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.5 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-5.gif" width="25" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Collective Reference</strong>. This corresponds to the <font size="2">NOMIC</font> + Perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example, + the word ‘dog’ in the sentence <em>The dog is a noble beast</em> + refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This <font size="2">COLLECTIVE</font> + category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ithkuil, depending + on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.6 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-6.gif" width="27" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Abstract Reference</strong>. This corresponds to the <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font> + perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns + ending with -<em>hood</em>, -<em>ness</em>, etc. In Ithkuil, all nouns can be + spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <em>“bookhood”</em> = the + sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system + provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities + are included in the context of the utterance.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><a name="Sec8o1o1o7"></a>8.1.1.7 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-7.gif" width="31" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Obviative (4th Person) Reference</strong>. This category has no equivalent in + Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages. + It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which + would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises, + this category is usually termed the obviative or “fourth” person. + For example, the English sentence <em>He saw his book</em> is ambiguous because + we are uncertain whether ‘he’ and ‘his’ refer to the + same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another + who owns the book). In Ithkuil, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter + third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent, + would be marked using the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font>, not the third person. + This disambiguation of third person referents is the purpose of the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font>. + Its translation into English is therefore dependent on a preceding personal + referent. (See <a href="#Sec8o1o4">Sec. 8.1.4</a> below for more information + about the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font>).</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.8 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-8a.gif" width="28" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Indefinite Reference</strong>. This category indicates that the third party + refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the + referent <em></em> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-8b.gif" width="47" height="20" align="absbottom"> + indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English ‘anyone’ or + ‘anybody,’ while the referent <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-8c.gif" width="48" height="20" align="absbottom"> + indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English ‘anything.’ +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.9 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-9a.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Universal Reference</strong>. This category indicates that the third party refers + to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent + <strong> <em>-l</em></strong> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-9b.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom"> + indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English ‘everyone’ or + ‘everybody,’ while the referent <em><strong>-l¯</strong></em> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-9c.gif" width="16" height="20" align="absbottom"> + indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English ‘everything.’ +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.10 <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-1-10.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom"> + Impersonal Reference</strong>. This category corresponds to the German pronoun + <em>man</em> or French pronoun <em>on</em>, as well as the various circumlocutions + used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., ‘one,’ ‘you,’ + ‘they,’ the passive voice, and certain usages of ‘someone’). + Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:</p> +<blockquote> +<p align="justify"><em><strong>·</strong> <strong>One</strong> should + never speak to clowns alone.<br> + <strong>·</strong> To dance the tango <strong>you</strong> need a partner.<br> + <strong>·</strong> <strong>They</strong> say it never rains in August.<br> + <strong>·</strong> That town <strong>is said</strong> to be haunted.<br> + <strong>·</strong> She just wants to talk to <strong>someone</strong> + without being criticized.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity</strong>. Since + Ithkuil personal reference adjuncts are designed to specify who among the speaker, + addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of + the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible + in Ithkuil for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions + would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying ‘we,’ + the speaker would have to specify ‘the two of us,’ or ‘I and + he but not you,’ or ‘I, you, and they.’ Similarly, the English + word ‘you’ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to ‘you + (singular),’ ‘you (plural),’ ‘you (singular) and it,’ + ‘you and those people,’ ‘you and those things,’ etc.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> +8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<a name="Sec8o1o2"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent + adjuncts and have three forms: (1) a short form, (2) a long form, and (3) a + conjunct form, as shown in Table 23 below. <br> +</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 23: + Morphological Structure of a Single-R<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2b.gif" width="155" height="23" align="absbottom">eferent Personal Reference Adjunct<a name="Table23"></a></strong></font> +<table width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="46%" height="41" valign="middle"><strong>Form 1:</strong> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2a.gif" width="54" height="18" align="absbottom"></td> + <td>Example: </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="53" valign="middle"><strong>Form 2:</strong> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2c.gif" width="139" height="18" align="absbottom"></td> + <td>Examples: <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2d.gif" width="183" height="18" align="absbottom"><br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2e.gif" width="357" height="19"></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="55" valign="middle"><strong>Form 3:</strong> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2f.gif" width="260" height="20"></td> + <td>Example: <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2g.gif" width="374" height="21"></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td colspan="2"><table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><strong>Where:</strong></td> + <td width="88%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant indicating + Referent 1 [from <a href="#Table22">Table 22</a> above]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2i.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">short form of + vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1[see <a href="#Table24">Table + 24</a> below]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix + showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation & Focus of Referent + 1 <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> (see <a href="#Table25">Table 25</a> + below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of + vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <a href="#Table24">Table + 24</a> below]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix + (+ stress) showing Context: <br> + <strong><font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font>-a</strong> = EXS; <strong>-u</strong> + = FNC; <strong>-a</strong> + ultimate stress = SYM; <strong>-u</strong> + + ultimate stress = AMG</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix + showing degree of <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">(see + <a href="#Table26">Table 26</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix + for Referent 1 from standard suffix tables</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix + showing Context for Referent 1: <strong>-a</strong> = EXS; <strong>-u</strong> + = FNC; <strong>-û</strong> = SYM; <strong>-â</strong> + = AMG</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="38"> + <div align="right"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias + suffix (see Table 20 in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>))</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form + 3: </font></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress pattern + shows affix-type: penultimate = <strong>V<font size="1">1</font>C</strong>, + ultimate = <strong>V<font size="1">2</font>C</strong>, antepenultimate + = <strong>V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> + <div align="right"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Forms + <br> + 1, 2, & 3:</font></div></td> + <td valign="bottom"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone + shift shows RPV essence for Referent 1: falling<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + broken, high <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + rising</font></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + </tr> +</table></p> +<p align="justify">The short form of the adjunct consists of a single consonant + (labeled <strong>C<font size="1">R</font></strong> in the diagram) plus tone, + corresponding to one of the 46 particular referents (as described in <a href="#Sec8o1o1">Sec. + 8.1.1</a> above). This is followed by a single vocalic suffix <strong>V<font size="1">C</font></strong> + indicating the case of the personal referent (see Chapter 4 on Case). The 81 + possible values for this suffix are shown in Table 24 below. <br> +</p> +<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 24: Case Suffixes/Infixes +for Personal Reference Adjuncts <a name="Table24"></a><br> +</font></strong> +<table width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"> </td> + <td width="86%"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2r.gif" width="359" height="554"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2s.gif" width="359" height="525"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2t.gif" width="359" height="551"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2u.gif" width="359" height="525"></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">As for the long form of the adjunct, the first part is an optional + vocalic prefix<strong> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + which indicates the Configuration, Affiliation, and Designation of the personal + referent (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">Chapter 3</a> + for a discussion of these morphological categories). The possible values for + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + are shown in Tables 25(a) and (b) below.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + Table 25(a) and (b): <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">Prefixes + for Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<a name="Table25"></a></font></strong></p> +<p><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>25(a) Designation + of Referent 1 = INFORMAL<br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2v.gif" width="594" height="202"><br> + </strong></font><br> + <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>25(b) Designation + of Referent 1 = FORMAL<br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2w.gif" width="594" height="203"> </strong></font></p> +<p align="justify"><br> + The second part of the long form of the adjunct is the single consonant (<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">) + plus tone shown previously in <a href="#Table22">Table 22</a>, corresponding + to the personal referent. The third part of the long form of the adjunct is + a syllabic infix (<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">) + which shows the case of the personal referent; it is a combination of a vowel + or diphthong followed by the consonant <strong>y</strong> or <strong>w</strong>. + The 81 possible values for this <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> + infix are shown in the last column of <a href="#Table24">Table 24</a> above. + The final term of the long form of the adjunct is a single vowel suffix -<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> + which, in conjunction with syllabic stress, indicates the Context of the personal + referenct (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o6">Sec. + 3.6</a> on Context). The four values for this -<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> + suffix are shown in <a href="#Table23">Table 23</a> above. </p> +<p align="justify">As for the third type, or conjunct form of the adjunct, the + first three terms of are identical to those of the long-form. The new terms + are <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">, + which is merely a standard suffix used with formatives, as analyzed in <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. + 7.7</a>, and a vocalic infix, <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">, + which indicates the degree of <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">. + The values of <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"></font></strong> + are shown in Table 26 below. The affix-type <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"> + of is shown by the adjunct’s stress pattern. Optional terms are <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">, + one of four vocalic suffixes showing the Context of the personal referent, and + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">, + a consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>. The use of <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> + is optional if the context of the referent is already known (or can be inferred) + from the utterance. The appearance of the <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">, + i.e., <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> + must appear if <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + is to appear, although <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> + can appear in word-final position without any <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + bias suffix.<br> +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 26: + Values for <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"><a name="Table26"></a></font></strong></p> +<table width="29%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"> </td> + <td width="85%"><table width="82%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="54%">Degree 1</td> + <td width="46%"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 2</td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">u</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 3</td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 4</td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 5 </td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 6 </td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ö</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 7</td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 8</td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 9 </td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">For all three forms of the adjunct, shift from falling to broken + tone, or from high to rising, indicates the <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> + essence of the personal referent. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.1 Use of the Short Form</strong>. The short form + of a single-referent personal reference adjunct is used when it is clear from + the surrounding context of the utterance which previously identified noun participant + is being referred to, so that it is unnecessary to indicate the Configuration, + Affiliation, Designation, Focus, and Context of the referent. The short form + of the adjunct merely indicates the party itself and its case. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.2 Use of the Long Form</strong>: The long form + of the adjunct is used when necessary to indicate the context and/or the Configuration, + Affiliation, Designation, and Focus of the referent when the surrounding sentences + do not provide or make clear this information. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.3 Use of the Conjunct Form</strong>: Form 3 of + the adjunct, the conjunct form, is a single-referent adjunct which combines + with a standard formative affix, allowing an affix category to be applied to + a personal referent, just as an affix category would normally apply to the formative + to which it is affixed. This allows personal referents to be spoken of in contexts + created by affix categories, such as when combining -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">/7</strong> + ‘there (by addressee)’ with <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">paw(a)</font></strong> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2-3.gif" width="49" height="18" align="absbottom"> + to give the form <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">pawo<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"></font></strong> + meaning ‘you people there.’ </p> +<div align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.4 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference + Adjuncts in Use </strong> + <blockquote> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2-4a.gif" width="433" height="682"><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2-4b.gif" width="281" height="296"><br> + </blockquote> +</div> +<h3 align="justify">8.1.3 Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts <a name="Sec8o1o3"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">Ithkuil allows a personal reference adjunct to show the personal + reference category and associated case for two separate parties all in one adjunct. + This is called a dual-referent adjunct and serves to combine two unrelated personal + referents into one adjunct, no matter what their associated cases may be. There + is only one form of a dual-referent adjunct, shown in Table 27 below.</p> +<p align="justify"><br> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 27: Morphological Structure + of a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct<a name="Table27" id="Table27"></a></strong></font> +</p> +<table width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="46%" height="55" valign="top"><strong>Form 3:</strong> <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3a.gif" width="331" height="19"> </td> + <td><p>Examples: <strong>p’awik</strong><br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </font><strong>ûksaiwénz</strong><br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </font><strong>ççäyokluss</strong></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="369" colspan="2"> + <table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><strong>Where:</strong></td> + <td width="88%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix + showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation & Focus of Referent + 1 <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> (see <a href="#Table25">Table 25</a> + above and <a href="#Table28">Table 28</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant(s) + indicating Referent 1 and Referent 2 [see <a href="#Table30">Table + 30</a>]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of + vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <a href="#Table24">Table + 24</a> above]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix + showing Context & Designation of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table29">Table + 29</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix + showing Case and Configuration of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table31">Table + 31</a>; 9 degrees of case suffix correspond to the 9 configurations)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> + =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix + showing Affiliation of Referent 2: -<strong>a</strong> = CSD, -<strong>u</strong> + = ASO, -<strong>û</strong> = VAR, -<strong>â</strong> + = COA</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="42"> + <div align="right"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias + suffix (see Table 20 in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="42"> <div align="right"> <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone + </font>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Combinations + of Ref. 1& 2: <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> falling + falling = falling, high + + high = high, falling + high = rising, <br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> high + falling = broken</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right"> <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress + </font>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shows Ref. 2 + Essence & Focus: penultimate = -RPV/-FC, ultimate = -RPV/+FC, + antepenult = +RPV/-FC, preantepenult = +RPV/+FC</font></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + represents the same optional vocalic prefix as used with single-referent adjuncts + (see <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Section 8.1.2</a>) and is used to give Configuration, + Affiliation, Focus, and Designation information about the first referent, Referent-1; + the values for <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + when Referent-1 is in the NORMAL essence are as shown in <a href="#Table25">Tables + 25(a) and (b)</a>. For dual-referent adjuncts where the essence of Referent-1 + is the REPRESENTATIVE, the values for <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + are given in the Tables 28(a) and (b)below.</p> +<p><br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 28(a) - (b): <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + Prefixes for Dual-Referent Pers. Ref. Adjuncts<a name="Table28"></a><br> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_______________</font>( <font size="2">Where Essence of + Referent-1 = RPV)</font></font></strong></p> +<p> <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">28(a) Designation + of Referent 1 = INFORMAL<br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3g.gif" width="574" height="202"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">28(b) Designation + of Referent 1 = FORMAL<br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3h.gif" width="573" height="203"> </font></strong></p> +<p> </p> +<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 29: Values for</strong></font> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"><a name="Table29"></a></p> +<table width="50%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <td width="31%"> + <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">DESIGNATION</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="32%"> + <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONTEXT</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="37%"> + <div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-FR<br> + INFORMAL</font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">EXS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center">FNC</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center">RPS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center">AMG</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+FR<br> + FORMAL</font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">EXS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center">FNC</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i/u</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center">RPS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center">AMG</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"> + is a vocalic suffix indicating the Context and Designation of Referent-2; its + values are shown in Table 29 immediately above. The composite prefix (labeled + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">) + is a synthetic consonantal prefix formed from the combination of the Referent-1 + prefix and the Referent-2 prefix. For example, the combination of the prefix + <strong> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">s</font></strong>- with the + prefix <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>f</strong></font>- + renders the composite prefix <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sf</strong></font>-, + while the combination of the prefix <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong>- + with the prefix <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q</strong></font>- + gives the composite <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>t’</strong></font>-. + Table 30 below illustrates how the 23 single-consonant prefixes combine with + each other.</p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 30: Personal Reference + Adjunct Prefixes</font></strong><a name="Table30"></a><br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3n.gif" width="771" height="594"></p> +<p align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>1 + </strong> = Inclusion of speaker <br> + <strong>2</strong> = Inclusion of addressee <br> + <strong>m</strong> = monadic (single party) <br> + <strong>u</strong> = unbounded (more than one party) <br> + <strong>a</strong> = animate 3rd party <br> + <strong> i</strong> = inanimate 3rd party<br> + </font><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>E</strong> + = universal ('everyone/everything')<br> + <strong>M</strong> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate + or <font size="1">MONADIC</font>+<font size="1">UNBOUNDED</font>)<br> + <strong>IP</strong> = Impersonal ('one')<br> + <strong>ID</strong> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<br> + <strong>Obv</strong> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<br> + <strong>Col</strong> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<br> + <strong>Abt</strong> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)</font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Note that when combining two referent prefixes to form the + composite <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom"> + prefix the tones associated with each referent must also be combined (remember + it is the distinction between low and high tone that expands the 23 single-consonant + referents into 46). Since all single-referent adjuncts are either of falling + or high tone, their combination proceeds as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">falling</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + + falling<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + falling<br> + high + high <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"> high <br> + falling + high <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"> rising <br> + high + falling<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"> broken</font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">As for the Referent-1 case infix, this is the same vocalic + case-affix (VC1) we saw for single-referent adjuncts in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. + 8.1.2</a> above (with the vocalic increment ending in -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">y</font></strong>- + or -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>w</strong></font>-). The + forms for these case infixes were given in <a href="#Table24">Table 24</a>.</p> +<p align="justify">Deferring for a moment the explanation of the Referent-2 consonantal + case suffix (<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">), + the last two terms of the dual-referent adjunct are <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> + and <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">. + The former is one of four vocalic affixes representing the affiliation of Referent-2, + while the latter is the consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>. The use of <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> + is optional if the affiliation of the referent is already known (or can be inferred) + from the context of the utterance. The appearance of the <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">, + i.e., <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> + must appear if <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + is to appear, although <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> + can appear in word-final position without any <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + bias suffix. </p> +<p align="justify">The four-way combination of Essence and Focus for Referent-2 + is shown by the four available stress patterns: penultimate stress indicates + <font size="2">NORMAL</font> + <font size="2">UNFOCUSED</font>, ultimate stress + indicates <font size="2">NORMAL</font> + <font size="2">FOCUSED</font>, antepenultimate + indicates <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> + <font size="2">UNFOCUSED</font>, + and preantepenultimate indicates <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> + <font size="2">FOCUSED</font>. + (See <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o8">Sec. 3.8</a> on + Essence, and <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o5">Sec. 3.5</a> + on Focus.)</p> +<p align="justify">The Referent-2 consonantal case suffix (<img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">) + is a consonantal suffix associated with each of the 81 noun cases. Note that + each of these case-frame adjunct markers has nine forms (a default form and + eight mutations). These nine variants are used to indicate the configuration + of Referent-2 (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o1">Sec. + 3.1</a> on Configuration). The values for are shown in Tables 31 below.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + Table 31: <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom"> + Suffixes for Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<a name="Table31"></a></font></strong></p> +<table width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3i.gif" width="635" height="700"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3j.gif" width="635" height="671"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3k.gif" width="635" height="599"></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"><br> + <strong>8.1.3.1 Special Use of Short Adjunct Form.</strong> The short form of + the single-referent adjunct discussed in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</a> + above (utilizing the abbreviated <strong></strong> <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-2i.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> + suffix from <a href="#Table24">Table 24</a>) can be used with the special dual-referent + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom"> + composite prefixes from <a href="#Table30">Table 30</a> under the following + circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case + and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns + in English by ‘and’ as in <em>He and I went to the store</em> or + <em>The man looked at them and me</em>. Examples: <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksau¯</font></strong>, + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong>xnû</strong></font>, + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong>hhea<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></strong></font>. + Note in the last example <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hhea<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></strong></font> + how the combination of a low-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines + to give a rising-toned adjunct.</p> +<p align="justify"> <strong>8.1.3.2 Illustration of a Dual-Referent Adjunct</strong>: + Based on the above information, we can now analyze an example dual-referent + adjunct — <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><em>diawàsmûç</em></font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">:</p> +<table width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="8%" height="39"> <div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>( + )-</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td width="85%"><font size="2">INFORMAL</font> designation, <font size="2">UNIPLEX</font> + configuration, <font size="2">CONSOLIDATIVE</font> affiliation, <font size="2">NORMAL</font> + essence and negative <font size="2">FOCUS</font> for Referent No. 1</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-d<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"> + -</strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td>combination of Referent No. 1, <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong>- + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3-2a.gif" width="24" height="21" align="absbottom">, + plus Referent No. 2, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">¯</strong></font>- + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3-2b.gif" width="46" height="21" align="absbottom"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-iaw-</strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">PROLATIVE</font> case infix (meaning “along [the + surface of] X”) for Referent No. 1</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-a-</strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">INFORMAL</font> designation and <font size="2">EXISTENTIAL</font> + context for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-sm-</strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> case and <font size="2">MULTIFORM</font> + configuration for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-û-</strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">VARIATIVE</font> affiliation for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-ç</strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">REACTIVE</font> bias</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[stress]</font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td>ultimate stress indicating <font size="2">NORMAL</font> essence and positive + <font size="2">FOCUS</font> for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> <strong>Approximate translation</strong>: <em>over me</em> + [= along my body] + <em>what belongs to a rag-tag amalgamation of you</em> (singular) + <em>and all those things</em> + [sense of surprise].</p> +<p align="justify">While such a word might seem contrived at first, it nevertheless + proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek<font size="2">©</font> + character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an “assimilated” + spider from its pocket and let it loose during the night):</p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3-2d.gif" width="136" height="25"><br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3-2c.gif" width="622" height="69"><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Intro-2.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Intro-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + </p> +</blockquote> +<p> </p> +<p>Other examples of the use of dual-referent personal reference adjuncts are + given below.</p> +<blockquote> + <p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-3o.gif" width="605" height="695"><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-1.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + </strong></p> +</blockquote> +<h3><br> + 8.1.4 Use of the Switch Reference Suffix<a name="Sec8o1o4"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">In <a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o13">Section + 7.7.13</a>, the <font size="2">SWR</font> switch reference suffix was introduced. + This affix works with the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font> personal referent + (see <a href="#Sec8o1o1o7">Sec. 8.1.1.7</a>) to specifically indicate which + party is being referred to. The following is a review of this affix for all + nine degrees. By use of this affix, reference can be made immediately to any + party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned.</p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%" height="29">-V<font size="1">2<font color="#FFFFFF">_</font></font><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>SWR</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Switch Reference & Obviative Specification </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearest + preceding referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd to + nearest preceding referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party + not previously mentioned</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring + to sentence focus</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first referent + mentioned</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring + to sentence topic</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party + non-transrelative referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd order + transrelative referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">higher + order transrelative referent</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p>The following example illustrates the use of the switch reference suffix:</p> +<p><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-4.gif" width="546" height="182"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown4.GIF" width="93" height="70" border="0" align="top"></a><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p> +<p> </p> +<h3 align="justify">8.1.5 Details of Personal Reference Suffixes<a name="Sec8o1o5"></a></h3> +<p align="justify"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o4">Sec. 7.4</a> described + the existence of a special group of specialized suffixes derived from personal + reference adjunct consonantal infixes. As previously discussed in <a href="#Sec8o1o1">Sec. + 8.1.1</a>, there are 23 single consonants associated with 46 single-referent + personal reference categories (based on a distinction between low and high tone). + These 23 consonants can be combined with Type 3 vocalic infix patterns (see + <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Sec. 2.7.2</a>) to correspond + to certain Associative and Appositive noun cases. The low versus high tone distinction + for these 23 consonants (from which the 46 categories are derived) is shown + by distinguishing between the V+C standard form of the suffix and its reversed + C+V form (see <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">Sec. 7.5.2</a> on + the “reversed” form of suffixes). Unlike other -V<font size="1">3</font>C + suffixes, there are no -V<font size="1">1</font>C or -V<font size="1">2</font>C + counterparts to these suffixes (or rather, the -V<font size="1">1</font>C or + -V<font size="1">2</font>C counterparts have completely different meanings and + uses). The use of these suffixes is optional, since they are merely substitutes + for single-referent personal reference adjuncts. The noun cases associated with + the nine suffix degrees are as follows:</p> +<table width="54%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="21%"><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td width="79%" colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o1">POSSESSIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o2">PROPRIETIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o3">GENITIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o4">ATTRIBUTIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o5">ORIGINATIVE</a></font> + Case </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o6">PRODUCTIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o7">INTERPRETATIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o3">INHERENT</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o4">CONDUCTIVE</a></font> + Case</td> + </tr> +</table> +<p>Examples of Use: </p> +<p align="left"><font color="#FF0000"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-5a.gif" width="429" height="132"> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown3.GIF" width="86" height="99" border="0" align="top"></a><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + <br> + </font></p> +<p align="left"><font color="#FF0000"><img src="Images/Ch%208/8-1-5b.gif" width="476" height="388"></font></p> +<p> </p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>8.2 SUBSIDIARY ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o2"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> Subsidiary adjuncts refer to adjuncts which are essentially + subsets or “pieces” of the conflation adjunct first introduced in + Chapter 5. Conflation adjuncts comprise the morphological categories of Derivation, + Valence, Version, Format, Modality and Level, and are of the form <strong>CN + + VV + CK + Vm [+ tone]</strong>, exemplified by the word <strong>t’uillia¯ + = t’+ui+ll+ia+¯</strong>.<br> + However, it is possible to take this same adjunct and present only select portions + of it. We already saw this in Sec. 5.2 when we were introduced to valence adjuncts, + which are essentially composed of the VV + CK “subset” of a conflation + adjunct. Similarly we can have simple modality adjuncts of the form <strong>Vm + [+ tone]</strong> as in the word <strong>ia¯</strong> which also shows + the category of Level (via the tone indication). A simple format adjunct is + possible by simply using CK by itself as a word, e.g., <strong>ll</strong>. + To this can be added the <strong>Vm [+ tone]</strong> increment to provide a + subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in <strong>llia¯</strong>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> + +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>8.3 COMBINATION ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o3"></a></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Combination adjuncts refer to adjuncts which start with an + autonomous consonantal form indicating Mood (see <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o5">Sec. + 6.5</a>), then add on various morphological categories other than those combinations + seen in conflation, subsidiary, and aspectual adjuncts. The use combination + adjuncts is optional, determined primarily by euphonic (i.e., phonotactical + and phonaesthetic) concerns in order to decrease the number of syllables which + a formative might otherwise have due to multiple affixation and mutation of + its phonemes. The various combination adjunct structures are de-tailed in the + sections below.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 8.3.1 Mood + Aspect Adjuncts</h3> +<p align="justify">The most basic combination adjunct combines Aspect with Mood. + In this adjunct, Mood is indicated by an initial <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>w</strong></font>- + or <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>y</strong></font>- plus + tone (the tone pattern is shown in Table 32 below). This is followed by one + of the 32 aspect suffixes from <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Table19">Table + 19 in Sec. 6.4.1</a>. Examples: <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wea</font></strong>¯, + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong>yaï</strong></font><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/tone-broken.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">. + Note that, in the absence of an aspectual adjunct (which normally shows mood), + this simple element can function by itself as a <strong>mood adjunct</strong> + by simply using the neutral -<strong>V<font size="1">S</font></strong> suffix, + e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wa</font></strong>, + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong>ya</strong></font>¯.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><br> + Table 32: Consonant + Tone Values for Mood Adjuncts and Mood+Aspect Adjuncts</strong></font><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-3-1.gif" width="319" height="212"><br> + <br> + <br> + 8.3.2 Phase/Validation + Format + Level + Mood + Bias Adjuncts<a name="Sec8o3o2"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">This combination adjunct has the form <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="2">j + </font>+ w/y + V<font size="1">F </font>(+C<font size="2">b</font>) + [tone + & stress]</strong></font>, where:</p> +<table width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="6%" height="68"> <div align="right"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="2">j</font></font></strong></div></td> + <td width="5%"> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td width="89%"><div align="justify">an initial vowel indicating either one + of the nine phases or one of the nine validations, as shown in Table 33 + below; a following -<strong>w</strong>- infix indicates that <strong>V<font size="2">j</font></strong> + shows Phase, while a following -<strong>y</strong>- infix indicates <strong>V<font size="1">j</font></strong> + shows Validation</div></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="29"> <div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">F</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><div align="justify">a vowel form indicating one of eight Formats and + four Levels (see <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o6">Sec. 5.6</a>), + as shown in Table 34 below</div></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="31"> <div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="2">b</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><div align="justify">one of the 48 optional Bias affixes from <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Table + 20 in Sec. 6.6</a></div></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td> <div align="right">t<font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one+ + stress</font></div></td> + <td> <div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><div align="justify">The combination of four tones with ultimate versus + antepenultimate stress signifies one of the eight moods, consistent with + the tone/stress pattern for mood used with aspectual adjuncts, as described + in Section 6.5</div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> Example: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>oweiç<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></strong></font>.</p> +<p><br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 33: V<font size="2">j</font> + Format + Level Vocalic Infixes for Combination Adjuncts</font></strong><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%208/8-3-2.gif" width="560" height="259"></p> +<p> </p> +<h3>8.3.3 Affix + Format + Mood + Bias Adjuncts</h3> +<p align="justify">This combination adjunct is structured identically to the immediately + preceding adjunct form except that the adjunct adds a word-initial affix (one + of the consonantal affix forms from <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. + 7.7</a>) and <strong>V<font size="2">j</font></strong> now indicates one of + the nine affix-degrees associated with this affix. Additionally, the first three + forms of the Format/Focus infix from Table 33 above are now used to indicate + <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o1">affix-type</a> instead of Level. + Examples: <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">psiyoul</font></strong>, + <strong> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">juwä’mm</font></strong>. +<p> </p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>8.4 AFFIXUAL ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o4"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Any single formative affix, or any two such affixes, may be + removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes + of euphony. Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally + applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used + as a “short cut” method of conveying a notion, essentially as an + abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in + English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the + affix -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">/7</strong> + connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">ï<font color="#FFFFFF" size="1">.</font>’a</strong></font>, + it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English + phrase <em>How typical!</em></p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 8.4.1 Forms for Single- and Dual-Affix Adjuncts </h3> +<p align="justify">The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CV’a</strong></font>, + where <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</font> represents the word-final + “reversed” form of a standard suffix for formatives from <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. + 7.7</a> (see <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Secs. 2.7.2</a> + and <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">7.5.2</a> on the alternate + “reversed” forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eu</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’/<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’</strong></font>iu + </strong></font>(i.e., -<strong>V<font size="1">2</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</font></font>/4</strong>) + becomes the autonomous word <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’iu’a</strong></font>, + meaning ‘scattered all around here.’</p> +<p align="justify">The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CV’’VC</strong></font>, + where the first part, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</font>, is + the same reversed form of a standard suffix as for the single-affix adjunct + above. The second part, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">VC</font>, + represents the “normal,” unreversed form of a standard suffix. When + pronouncing such an adjunct, it is important to geminate (i.e., double) the + glottal stop, so as not to confuse the word with a simple formative in Secondary + Mode, Series B vowel mutation (see <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. + 2.5</a>). So, combining the two suffixes -<strong>V<font size="1">2</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">v</font>/7</strong> + and -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</font>/9</strong> + would give the adjunct <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vë’’ukt</font></strong>, + meaning ‘probably this one.’</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 8.4.2 Combining Mood with Affixual Adjuncts</h3> +<p align="justify">Using stress and tone, it becomes possible to combine Mood + with both single- and dual-affix affixual adjuncts (with the exception of the + default FACTUAL mood which is unmarked). Because the standard forms for both + types of affixual adjuncts have at least two syllables, the regular indicators + for Mood used with aspectual adjuncts as described in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o5">Sec. + 6.5</a> (four tones + two stress patterns = 8 moods) can be applied to affixual + adjuncts as well.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> + +<div align="justify"> + <table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>8.5 ALTERNATE INDICATORS FOR VOCALIC MUTATION<a name="Sec8o5"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">In looking at the tables in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. + 2.5</a>, one can see that several vocalic mutational series cause an additional + syllable to be added to a formative (e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kad</font></strong> + <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ka’wed</strong></font>). + For phonaesthetic purposes (see <a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec. + 1.4.5</a>), it may become desirable to eliminate this extra syllable in the + formative by indicating the vocalic mutation series elsewhere. Ithkuil allows + this to be done by using word-initial vocalic prefixes to certain adjuncts as + an alternate way of indicating the vocalic mutation series of an adjacent formative. + As a result, the formative itself displays the default Series A form. The two + types of adjuncts which can take such prefixes are affixual adjuncts (both single- + and dual-affix types) and conflation adjuncts. The specific prefixes used with + the adjunct are shown in Table 34 below. </p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + Table 34: Alternate Vocalic Mutation Prefixes For Affixual Adjuncts</font></strong></p> +<table width="65%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series A</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series B</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series C</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series D</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series E</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series F</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series G</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series H</font></div></td> + <td> + <div align="center"><font size="2">Series J</font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>—</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>a-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>i-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>e-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>u-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>o-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ö-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ë-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ä-</strong></font></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"><font size="2"> </font> To illustrate this process for the + two example adjuncts <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’iu’a + </strong></font>and<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vë’’ukt</font></strong></font>, + adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>a</strong></font><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’iu’a + </strong></font>and<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + övë’’ukt</font></strong></font>. Illustrating the process + for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p’uim<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">û</strong></font> + plus Series C mutation becomes <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p’uim<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">û</strong></font>.</p> +<p> </p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>8.6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON BIAS<a name="Sec8o6"></a> + </strong></font></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Section + 6.6.1</a> describes the standard ways in which Bias is shown on aspectual adjuncts + and on formatives. In <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</a>, we saw how the conjunct + form of a single-referent personal reference adjunct can take an optional affix, + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="2">b</font></font></strong>, + to indicate Bias. And in <a href="#Sec8o3o2">Sec. 8.3.2</a>, we saw how a Bias + suffix can be added to a Mood-based combination adjunct. In the absence of these + possibilities, the following sections offer additional ways to display Bias.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 8.6.1 Adding Bias to Valence, Conflation or Subsidiary Adjuncts</h3> +<p align="justify">Both valence and conflation adjuncts (see <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2">Secs. + 5.2</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">5.4</a>), as well + as their subsidiary adjuncts (see <a href="#Sec8o2">Sec. 8.2</a>) can take a + word-final Bias suffix if needed, as long as there is a vocalic Modality suffix + present as part of the adjunct. The Bias suffix is the same consonantal form + shown in Table 20 of <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec. + 6.6.1</a>. As an example, adding the <font size="2">SUGGESTIVE</font> bias suffix + -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ps</strong></font> to the + valence adjunct <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oi<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">iu</font></strong> + gives the resulting forms <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oi<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">iups</font></strong>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 8.6.2 Informal Bias Adjuncts<a name="Sec8o6o2"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">Just as affixual adjuncts can stand on their own as informal + expressions, so can the consonantal Bias affixes (shown Table 20 of <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec. + 6.6.1</a>) be used autonomously to informally convey one’s attitude toward + a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could + state the Ithkuil equivalent to the sentence, <em>I feel a sense of awe!</em> + or one can simply hiss out a long <strong>s</strong>-sound, ‘<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ss</strong></font>,’ + which is the intensive form of the affix for the <font size="2">STUPEFACTIVE</font> + bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions + ‘Well, I’ll be!’ or ‘Who would’ve thought?!’</p> +<p align="justify">Other examples would be the expression <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla%20geminate.gif" width="16" height="12" align="absbottom"> + to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction + ‘ahhh’ in English; or the expression <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kšš</strong></font> + to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English ‘Poppycock!’ + or ‘What bullshit!’</p> +<p align="justify">It is even possible to combine two biases into a single bias + adjunct, using the form <strong>C+ï+C</strong>, where each <strong>C</strong> + represents a single consonantal bias affix. For example, combining the intensive + forms of the <font size="2">REVELATIVE</font> and the <font size="2">ASSURATIVE</font> + biases gives the adjunct <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>llïnn</strong></font>, + translatable as ‘Aha! I told you so!’</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<p align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">Proceed +to Chapter 9: Syntax >></a></strong></font></p> +<p align="right"><br> +</p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p><font size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. 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