diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
| -rw-r--r-- | 2004-en/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm | 1423 |
1 files changed, 1423 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2004-en/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2307087 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1423 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 7: Using Affixes</title> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +//--> +</script> +</head> +<body> +<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br> + <img src="Images/Title-Script5.gif"><br> + <br> +</div> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h2 align="center"> </h2> +<h2 align="center">Chapter 7: Using Affixes</h2> +<div align="center"> + <table width="70%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="257"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o1">7.1 Distinction in Suffixes + by Affix-Type</a></font></td> + <td width="275"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o5">7.5 Morpho-Phonological + Rules for Suffixation</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o2">7.2 Suffixes Modifying Other Suffixes</a></font></td> + <td width="275"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o6">7.6 Rules for Optional + Prefixation </a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o3">7.3 The Five Affix Classes</a></font></td> + <td width="275"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o7">7.7 List of Affixes</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec7o4">7.4 Personal Reference Suffixes</a></font></td> + <td width="275"><font size="2"><a href="Ch-7%20Using%20Affixes%20Contd.htm">Sec. + 7.7 Continued</a></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify"><br> + All Ithkuil formatives are capable of taking various consonant-based + affixes. Like affixes in other languages, these are used to modify the stem + in a variety of ways and to derive new concepts. In Ithkuil, such affixes usually + appear as suffixes (i.e., are added sequentially following the stem), however, + it is possible for Ithkuil affixes to optionally appear as prefixes (i.e., added + on to the front of a stem) under certain circumstances. It is for this reason + these morphological elements are referred to as affixes and not more specifically + as prefixes or suffixes. Nevertheless, the rules for prefixation of Ithkuil + affixes are subordinate and secondary to the rules for suffixation. Therefore, + in the following discussion I will first describe the rules for using Ithkuil + affixes as suffixes, followed by a section on the options for prefixation.</p> +<p align="justify">The morpho-phonological structure of suffixes (how they are + formed from consonants and vowels) has already been briefly discussed in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7">Section + 2.7</a>. This chapter will describe the actual function of the particular affixes + themselves.</p> +<p align="justify">There are 153 different consonantal suffix categories, each + of which divides into the nine degrees previously discussed in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Section + 2.7.2</a> giving a total of 1377 distinct suffixes. As described in that section, + each degree of a suffix has a distinct meaning, often representing a point along + a continuum in terms of how much or how little the underlying semantic sense + of the affix category is being manifested by the particular formative. </p> +<p align="justify">It is important to remember that, since all morpho-semantic + stems are both nominal and verbal in meaning, all suffixes to a stem have both + a nominal and a verbal meaning. Therefore, the choice whether to translate the + suffixes below into their nominal or verbal meaning is entirely dependent on + the morpho-syntactical structure of the word within the context of its use in + a phrase or sentence as a whole. </p> +<p align="justify">We have seen in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7">Section + 2.7</a> that consonantal suffixes fall into three affix-types, each having nine + degrees. It is the combination of affix-type and degree which determines the + vowel infix which accompanies each consonantal suffix. For example, the suffix + -<strong>nt</strong> of Type 1 takes the following forms for its nine degrees: + <strong>-int, -ent, -änt, -önt, </strong>(<strong>a</strong>)<strong>nt, + -ünt, -ïnt, -ont, -unt</strong>. Compare this to the same affix -<strong>nt</strong> + of Type 2, whose nine forms are: <strong>-înt, -ênt, -ânt, + -ønt, -uint, -ÿnt, -ënt, -ônt, -ûnt</strong>; and + the suffix -<strong>nt</strong> of Type 3, whose nine forms are: <strong>-ient, + -iënt, -iunt, -iont, -iänt, -uänt, -uont, -uënt, -uent</strong>. + These vowel infixes for suffixes are shown in Table 21 below (this table already + appeared in Chapter 2 as Table 9; it is repeated here for convenience).</p> +<p></p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 21: + Vocalic Infixes for Consonantal Suffixes by Affix Type </font></strong></p> +<table width="80%" border="1" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="12%" rowspan="2"> </td> + <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix + Type 1: -V<font size="1">1</font>C</font></strong></div></td> + <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix + Type 2: -V<font size="1">2</font>C</font></strong></div></td> + <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix + Type 3: -V<font size="1">3</font>C</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="18%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard + form </font></strong></div></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional + reversed form</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="21%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard + form </font></strong></div></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional + reversed form</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="13%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard + form </font></strong></div></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional + reversed form</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 1</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-iC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cai</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-îC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cëi</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ieC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Caï</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 2</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-eC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cei</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-êC / -eiC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Ceu </div></td> + <td><div align="center">-iëC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Ceï</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 3</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-äC / -aeC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cia</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-âC /-aiC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Câ</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-iuC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Ciï</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 4</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-öC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cua</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-øC / -euC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Ciu</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ioC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Coï</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 5</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-(a)C</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Ca</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-uiC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cui</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-iäC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cuï</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 6</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-üC / -ëuC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cü</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ÿC / -auC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cau</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-uäC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cäi</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 7</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-ïC / -ëiC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cï</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ëC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cëu</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-uoC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cöi</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 8</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-oC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Coi</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ôC / -oiC / -ouC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cou</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-uëC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cäu</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 9</font></td> + <td><div align="center">-uC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cu</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ûC</div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cû</div></td> + <td><div align="center">-ueC </div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center">-Cöu</div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"></p> +<p align="justify">NOTE: For convenience’ sake, when referring to a particular + affix of specific type and degree, we will use the notation in the paragraph + above, followed by a slash and a number indicating the degree. Thus, the affix + -<strong>nt</strong> of Type 1 and 4th degree will be written <strong>-V<font size="1">1</font>nt/4</strong>, + while the affix -<strong>r</strong> of Type 3 and 8th degree would be written + <strong>-V<font size="1">3</font>r/8</strong>, and so forth.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td height="26"> <p><font size="4"><strong>7.1 DISTINCTION IN SUFFIXES BY + AFFIX-TYPE<a name="Sec7o1"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The meaning and usage of each affix by type is particular to + each individual affix. For example, some affixes of Type 1 have a completely + different meaning than their Type 2 or Type 3 counterparts, while other affixes + can be used as both Type 1 or Type 2 with the affix having the same meaning + but conveying a different effect on the overall connotation of the word to which + they are affixed. Still other affixes retain their meaning across all three + affix types but again convey a different overall connotation on the words to + which they are affixed. </p> +<p align="justify">For example, the Type 1 suffix -<strong>ej</strong> (or -<strong>jei</strong>), + i.e., -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font>j/2</strong>, means ‘hardly any + (of)…’ as in the word <strong>qumjéi</strong> ‘hardly + any persons,’ while its Type 2 counterpart -<strong>êj</strong> + (or -<strong>jeu</strong>), i.e., -<strong>V<font size="1">2</font>j/2</strong>, + has the completely different meaning of ‘somewhat like/sort of like…’ + as in <strong>qumjéu</strong> ‘sort of like some persons.’ + Compare this, however, to the Type 1 suffix -<strong>up</strong> (or -<strong>pu</strong>), + i.e., -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font>p/9</strong>, and its Type 2 counterpart + -<strong>ûp</strong> (or -<strong>pû</strong>), i.e., -<strong>V<font size="1">2</font>p/9</strong>, + which both mean ‘exactly similar to…/identical…,’ the + difference in usage being that the Type 1 affix conveys merely a circumstantial + or incidental similarity, while the Type 2 suffix implies that the similarity + is an integral aspect of the word. In English, such a distinction would most + likely be conveyed by using a different word. For example, note the difference + when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word <strong>qum</strong> ‘person’: + <strong>qumpu</strong> means ‘identical-looking person,’ whereas + <strong>qumpû</strong> means ‘twin.’ In this way, we can say + that the suffix -<strong>Vp</strong> with Type 1 vocalic infixes conveys a circumstantial + application of its meaning to a stem, while with Type 2 vocalic infixes, it + conveys a derivational application of its meaning (i.e., wholly new concepts + or words are derived from the stem).</p> + +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>7.2 SUFFIXES MODIFYING OTHER SUFFIXES<a name="Sec7o2"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">In addition to the patterns of suffix usage described above, + there is another class of suffixes which not only can be used to distinguish + a circumstantial versus derivational aspect like -<strong>Vp</strong> above, + but can also be used to modify an adjacent suffix rather than the stem. This + is somewhat analogous to the way that adverbs can be used to modify descriptive + adjectives in English. For example, in the phrase <em>suddenly blue sky</em>, + it is the blueness that is sudden, not the sky. In Ithkuil, certain suffixes + can be used to modify another suffix (usually the one following, unless there + are only two affixes on the stem, in which case the suffix order is irrelevant); + this is done by using Type 3 vocalic infixes. For example, the suffix -<strong>Vd/5</strong>, + which means ‘enough / sufficient(ly),’ can be used both circumstantially + (using Type 1 infixes) and derivationally (using Type 2 infixes) to modify a + stem, or can be used to modify only the adjacent suffix (using Type 3 infixes). + This is illustrated below:</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>qumad</strong> (or <strong>qumda</strong>): ‘a + sufficient person’ (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)<br> + <strong>qumuid</strong> (or <strong>qumdui</strong>): ‘a recruit’ + (i.e., one able to meet performance or entry requirements)<br> + <strong>qumüxduï</strong> (or <strong>qumiädüx</strong>): + ‘a sufficiently large person’ (where suffix <strong>-V<font size="1">1</font>x/6</strong> + = ‘large’)</p> + +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>7.3 THE FIVE AFFIX CLASSES<a name="Sec7o3"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">All in all, there are five different patterns in which the + meanings/functions of affixes are distributed. There are those like -<strong>ej</strong> + and -<strong>êj</strong> above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely + different than that of Type 2. We will label these classes of affixes <strong>V<font size="1">1</font>C</strong> + affixes and <strong>V<font size="1">2</font>C</strong> affixes respectively, + as they represent two totally independent affixes. </p> +<p align="justify">Additionally there are those like -<strong>up</strong> and + -<strong>ûp</strong> which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function + that alternates between Type 1 and Type 2 infixes to distinguish a circumstantial + versus a derivational aspect in the stem to which they are affixed. We will + label such affixes <strong>V<font size="1">0</font>C</strong> suffixes. </p> +<p align="justify">Then there are suffixes like -<strong>(a)d/-uid/-iad</strong> + shown above which alternate the circumstantial/derivational distinction using + Type 1 versus Type 2 infixes, but then go a step further by using Type 3 vocalic + infixes to indicate modification of an adjacent suffix; we will label these + <strong>V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong> suffixes. </p> +<p align="justify">Lastly there is a class of suffixes labeled <strong>V<font size="1">S</font>C</strong> + suffixes; this class of suffix operates like a <strong>V<font size="1">1</font>C</strong> + suffix (i.e., an independent affix which modifies the stem circumstantially, + but not derivationally) but then also uses Type 2 infixes to apply the same + meaning to the adjacent affix, similarly to the use of Type 3 infixes for <strong>V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong> + suffixes.</p> +<p align="justify">These five classes of affixes are summarized below:</p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="79%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">1</font>C</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="88%"><div align="justify">Takes Type 1 vocalic infixes only. + Can be either circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), + depending on the particular affix.</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">2</font>C</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="justify">Takes Type 2 vocalic infixes only. Can be either + circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), depending + on the particular affix.</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">0</font>C</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="justify">Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes. Use + of Type 1 infix means affix applies circumstantially to the particular + instance of the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix is derivational + and generates an emergent concept for the stem constituting a new semantic + whole.</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">S</font>C</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="justify">Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes, but + use is circumstantial only, not derivational. Use of Type 1 infix means + affix aplies the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix applies to + the adjacent affix only.</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="31"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="justify">Same as <strong>V<font size="1">0</font>C</strong> + affixes where Type 1 infix operates circumstantially and Type 2 infix + operates derivationally; but also takes Type 3 vocalic infixes which + function to modify an adjacent affix (as with <strong>V<font size="1">S</font>C</strong> + suffixes when using Type 2 infixes)</div></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>7.4 PERSONAL REFERENCE SUFFIXES<a name="Sec7o4"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">There is one additional class of suffixes which must await + analysis until the next chapter on adjuncts. In <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec. + 8.1</a> we will encounter a type of adjunct known as a personal reference adjunct + which roughly corresponds to the function of personal pronouns in Western languages. + These adjuncts come in two types: single-referent and dual-referent. We will + see that the 46 single-referent adjuncts have corresponding suffix forms which + utilize Type 3 vocalic infix patterns, and that the nine degrees associated + with each suffix correspond to nine specific nominal cases (specifically the + seven Associative cases described in <a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4">Sec. + 4.4</a> and two of the Appositive cases described in <a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5">Sec. + 4.5</a>). These suffixes will be discussed in detail in <a href="ithkuil-intro.htm#Sec8o1o5">Sec. + 8.1.5</a>.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td height="26"> <p><font size="4"><strong>7.5 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL RULES + FOR SUFFIXATION<a name="Sec7o5"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">When adding suffixes to a stem, several factors affect how + suffixation takes place. For example, when adding the 5th degree suffix -<strong>(a)s</strong> + to the stem <strong>ruk</strong>, one cannot simply append the suffix directly + as in <strong>ruks</strong> because the resulting final consonant combination + of -<strong>ks</strong> would be misinterpreted as the Grade 4 mutation of the + C<font size="1">2</font> radical <strong>s</strong> (i.e., the reader would + misinterpret the word to be based on the stem <strong>rus</strong> instead of + <strong>ruk</strong>). In this case, there are two options. The suffix can take + its optional vowel component, giving <strong>rukas</strong>, or the suffix can + be reversed to give <strong>ruksa</strong>. Such reversals are permitted under + certain circumstances such as when the suffix is word-final, as is the case + here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldn’t the -<strong>ks</strong>- + conjunct in <strong>ruksa</strong> once again be mistaken for the Grade 4 mutation + of <strong>s</strong> as it was in <strong>ruks</strong>? In this case, the + answer is no because there is no other reason for the final -<strong>a</strong> + to be there. In words where a final vowel appears for no possible reason, then + it means it is the vocalic portion of a “reversed” suffix. However, + one must be certain there is not another reason for the final vowel. For example, + in the word <strong>ïruksá</strong>, one might be tempted to interpret + the final vowel as being the vocalic portion of a reversed -<strong>(a)s</strong> + suffix, however, in fact this word represents the word <strong>rus</strong> + with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical <strong>s</strong>, declined into the + <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font> perspective, a morphological category shown by + ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., “extra”) + vowel, in this case, the word-initial <strong>ï- </strong>(see <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o3o3">Secs. + 2.7.3.3</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</a>).</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 7.5.1 Multiple Affixation</h3> +<p align="justify">When adding two or more suffixes to a stem, the suffixes generally + can be added to the stem in any order desired, with the exception of suffixes + which modify an adjacent suffix (i.e., <strong>V<font size="1">S</font>C</strong> + suffixes utilizing Type 2 vocalic infixes and <strong>V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong> + suffixes utilizing Type 3 vocalic infixes). Such suffixes must immediately precede + the suffix they are modifying, unless they are in word-final position, in which + case they modify the immediately preceding suffix. </p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 7.5.2 Reversal of Suffixes<a name="Sec7o5o2"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">As mentioned above, the form of a suffix can be optionally + reversed from vowel+consonant to consonant+vowel under certain circumstances. + The main reason for reversing suffixes is for euphonic purposes to preserve + a CVC format for the stressed syllable whenever possible (see <a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec. + 1.4.5</a>). We have seen in the example ruksa above, that such reversals are + possible when a suffix is in word-final position if it will not cause confusion + regarding interpretation of any resulting consonantal conjunct. The same is + true of suffix reversals within a word as well, i.e., the reversal is permissible + as long as the reversal does not cause ambiguity in interpreting which vowels + go with which consonant, or that a resulting consonant conjunct is misinterpreted + as a biconsonantal suffix form or C<font size="1">2</font> radical. For example, + the stem <strong>peix</strong> plus the two suffixes -<strong>(a)r</strong> + (-<strong>V<font size="1">1</font>r/5</strong>) and -<strong>uic</strong> (-<strong>V<font size="1">2</font>c/5</strong>) + can be realized either as <strong>peixruic, peixarcui, peixuicra, peixcuira, + peixracui</strong> or <strong>peixuicar</strong> . However, the stem <strong>stis</strong> + plus the two suffixes -<strong>(a)k</strong> and -<strong>(a)t</strong> (-<strong>V<font size="1">1</font>k/5</strong> + and -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font>t/5</strong>) can only be realized as <strong>stisatka, + stisatak</strong> or <strong>stisakat</strong>, since the forms <strong>stiskat</strong>, + <strong>stistak</strong>, or <strong>stisakt</strong> could be respectively + misinterpreted as <strong>stisk+at</strong>, <strong>stist+ak</strong>, and + <strong>stis+akt</strong>.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="97%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td height="26"> <p><font size="4"><strong>7.6 RULES FOR OPTIONAL PREFIXATION<a name="Sec7o6"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Under a certain narrow range of circumstances, a formative + may have one consonantal affix appear as a prefix to the stem rather than being + suffixed. The sole reason for doing so is for euphonic purposes, either to decrease + the number of syllables or to avoid euphonically awkward combinations of consonants + and vowels among the suffixes to the stem. Because of the morpho-phonological + restrictions on consonantal prefixation as described below, prefixes are uncommon. +</p> +<p align="justify">The rules for optional prefixation depend on whether or not + the formative has a word-initial vocalic prefix (i.e., the Affiliation/Extension + [+ Conflation] prefix as described in <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o2">Sections + 3.2</a>, <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">3.4</a>, and + <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o3">5.3</a>. These two possibilities + are each detailed in the sections which follow.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 7.6.1 Prefixation Rules for Formatives Without Vocalic Prefixes</h3> +<p align="justify">If the formative is a noun with no word-initial vocalic Affiliation/Extension + prefix, then the consonant is placed in word-initial position before the C1 + radical. If the resulting consonantal conjunct (with the C1 consonantal form) + is phonaesthetically impermissible or it causes ambiguity over the interpretation + of C<font size="1">1</font> (i.e., the prefix + C<font size="1">1</font> conjunct + could be misinterpreted as one of the mutational grades of that or a different + C<font size="1">1</font> radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -<strong>ï</strong>- + must be inserted between the prefixed consonant and the C<font size="1">1</font> + consonant. For example <strong>s</strong> + <strong>kuil</strong> becomes <strong>sïkuil</strong>, + not <strong>skuil</strong>, since the <strong>sk</strong>- initial conjunct + of the latter would be misinterpreted as the C<font size="1">1</font> radical + of an entirely different stem. </p> +<p align="justify">As for the vocalic portion of the affix (the portion which + indicates which of nine degrees is to be associated with the affix), the vocalic + portion is suffixed to the stem in word-final position (and therefore its word-final + form) in a manner so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted as being associated + with another suffix. Thus <strong>kuil</strong> + <strong>es</strong>, if prefixed, + becomes <strong>sïkuilei</strong>. For prefixed consonants which do not + cause confusion over the interpretation of the C<font size="1">1</font> radical, + these can be directly adjoined to the C<font size="1">1</font> radical, preceded + by a word-initial <strong>ï</strong>- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., + <strong>guil</strong> + <strong>uj</strong> becomes <strong>jguilu</strong>, + while <strong>kuil</strong> + <strong>up</strong> becomes <strong>ïpkuilu</strong>. +</p> +<p align="justify">Note that forms such as <strong>sïkuilei</strong> and + <strong>ïpkuilu</strong> above are considered highly affected morphological + forms, since their “standard” forms are far more euphonically desirable + (i.e., <strong>kuiles</strong> and <strong>kuilpu</strong>). In such cases, + these “affected” prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing + or highlighting the affix as having exaggerated significance.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 7.6.2 Rules for Formatives With Vocalic Prefixes</h3> +<p align="justify">For formatives that are either verbs or nouns with a vocalic + Affiliation/Extension prefix, the rules for consonantal prefixation are more + constrained, as no forms using an anaptyctic vowel are permitted. The consonantal + affix is infixed between the word-initial vocalic prefix of the formative and + the C<font size="1">1</font> radical. This is only permissible if the infix + does not cause ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting consonant conjunct, + i.e., it will not be confused with either a different radical or an Illocution + affix (see <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o1">Sec. 5.1</a>). The + vocalic portion of the consonantal affix which indicates the degree of the affix + is suffixed in word-final position so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted + as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, <strong>woikâl</strong> + + <strong>uc</strong> becomes <strong>woickâlu</strong>. If placement + of the vocalic suffix indicating degree results in ambiguity as to which consonantal + affix it applies to, then prefixation of the consonantal affix is not permitted. + For example, the form <strong>ébdortui</strong> would be impermissible + because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to <strong>édorta+bui</strong>, + <strong>édora+</strong>(<strong>a</strong>)<strong>t+bui</strong>, or + <strong>édora+tui+</strong>(<strong>a</strong>)<strong>b</strong>.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td height="26"> +<p><font size="4"><strong>7.7 LIST OF AFFIXES</strong></font><a name="Sec7o7"></a></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The 153 affix categories are given in the sections which follow. + Each affix indicates which of the five classes of affixes it belongs (<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">1</font>C, + V<font size="1">2</font>C, V<font size="1">0</font>C, V<font size="1">S</font>C, + </font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or<strong> V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong></font>), + the consonant-form associated with it, its overall function, its three-letter + label used in morphological analysis, and the meaning or translation of each + of its nine degrees. For most degrees, a nominal and verbal meaning is given. +</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 7.7.1 Demonstrative Affixes</h3> +<p align="justify">These affixes correspond to various determiners and modifying + adjectives in English having to do with denoting or identifying a noun within + a larger context or discourse.</p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kt</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>DEF</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Degree Of Definiteness</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">any (number + of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive “any”]; in + any manner</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">almost + any; in almost any (number of) way(s)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some X + or other; in some way or other</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some certain + X ; in some certain way [identity unknown]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this X + or that; a certain X or more; in this way or that [identity almost known + – choices limited]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a certain + / a particular; in a certain or particular way [identity ascertainable]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">presumably + this/that; apparently this X ; in that way presumably [tentatively identified] + </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this/that/said; + in said manner/(in) that way [identity known]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">at hand/under + discussion/this one now/instant; in this manner [identity = present context]</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p><table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">2</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kt</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>INL</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Degree Of Discretion</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">announced/advertised/heralded; + w/ public disclosure</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">open & + well-known; with full public knowledge</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">open/public; + for all to see/publicly/openly </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shown, + open, or available by request/ by request</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">semi-public(ly), + exclusive(ly)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">own/personal; + personally</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">own private; + privately </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">secret; + secretly</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">confidential/classified</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle"></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>INL</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Degree Of Inclusion</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">not a(ny), + not one, no X whatsoever, none of X; in no such manner </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">hardly + any, barely any X; in hardly any such manner</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some few/a + few certain … ; in a few certain ways</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some (of)/certain + . . .; in certain ways</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">several + / more than a few / various / in various ways / in several different ways</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a significant + portion of/a fair number of; in a fair number of ways</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">most/in + most ways</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">almost + every; in almost every way</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">each/every; + in each way</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">2</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle"></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>EXT</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Exactness of Identity / Identity As a Referent Or Standard</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nothing + like that X; nothing like that ; in no way similar</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + like that X; somewhat so</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearly + or almost that X; nearly or almost so</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just about + . . . / for all intents and purposes</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kind of + / type of / this sort of; typically</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">such (a); + in such a manner </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">clear (case + of); clearly / certainly / indeed[in negative sentences = no way / at all]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just like + that; just so, thus(ly)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the exact + X / the very (one); exactly thus / exactly so</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">0</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"><strong>s</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>FAM</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Degree Of Familiarity</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unknowable + / alien; unable to even try X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">totally + unfamiliar; totally unaccustomed to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unfamiliar; + unaccustomed to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + unfamiliar; somewhat unaccustomed to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">only just + (recently) familiar; only just recently familiar to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + familiar; somewhat accustomed to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">familiar/known; + accustomed to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">well-known + / utterly familiar with / ingrained; inherently accustomed or used to X-ing</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">intimate + with; intimately involved with / intimately accustomed to</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">0</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>SIM</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Degree Of Similarity</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">opposite; + as different as possible / at the other extreme</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">completely + different/dissimilar; in a totally different or dissimilar way</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">rather + different / barely similar / almost completely different or dissimilar; + in an almost completely different way</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">other [=different]; + in another [=different] way</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + different, only superficially similar; somewhat differently</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">similar + in the ways that count/similar down deep, some sort of X; similarly at deep + level</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">(somewhat) + similar, only superficially different, sort of like, something like, X-like; + similarly</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">very similar; + very similarly</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[exactly + the] same, indistinguishable from; in the [exactly] same way</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<h3> 7.7.2 Deictic Affixes</h3> +<p align="justify">Deictic affixes refer to the grammatical process of <strong>deixis</strong>, + the act of pointing to or pointing out. The affixes correspond to the different + variants of the concepts of ‘here’ and ‘there.’ In Ithkuil, + distinctions are made in these affixes as to whether a referent is near the + speaker, near the listener, distant from both, whether it is observable or accessible, + and in some case, whether it is alienable or inalienable (i.e., whether the + entity can be separated from the associated person).<br> +</p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">1</font><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><strong>’</strong></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>DEX</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Deixis Categories</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yonder + / way over there somewhere / a long way away (not near anyone) [inaccessible + or unobservable] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">over there + somewhere (by third party) [inaccessible or observable]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there somewhere + (by listener) [inaccessible or observable] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here somewhere + (by speaker] [inaccessible or observable]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here (by + speaker and accessible] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here with + us (by speaker and listener and accessible] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there [by + listener and accessible] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there (by + third party, but accessible to speaker and listener) </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yonder + / way over there [not near any party but accessible]</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">2</font><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><strong>’</strong></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>DXX</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">More Deixis Categories</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [inaccessible]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around + listener [inaccessible]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over the place / here + and there [inaccessible]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over / here & there + [observable but inaccessible]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker + [inalienable]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker + [alienable]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker/all over the place / here + and there [accessible]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around + listener [accessible]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [accessible]</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="left"> </p> +<h3>7.7.3 Sequential Affixes<a name="Sec7o7o3"></a></h3> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>nn</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>SEQ</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Numerical Sequence</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first / + initial; first(ly) / first of all</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">second; + secondly</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">third; + thirdly </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still near + the beginning / not yet halfway</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the middle + one, in between (sequentially)/ just about halfway there</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearing + the end</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">third from + last; antepenultimately</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">next to + last; penultimately</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">last / + final; last(ly) / finally (in terms of sequence)</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">2</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>nn</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>SQT</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Sequence Relative to Present Context</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">immediately + beforehand / first</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one before + preceding</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the former; + primarily</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">two before + preceding </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">current/at + hand; now/currently / at the moment [in sequence of events]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">second + one after next</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the latter; + secondarily </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one after + next</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">next / + following; then / next</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">0</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>c’</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>SQC</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Sequence of Cause and Effect</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">originating; + originally / in the first place / initially / at the outset</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">preliminary; + preliminarily</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">preparatory + / in preparation for / getting ready to</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">awaited; + waiting to/ waiting for [focus on imminency or sequential position, NOT + on anticipation] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">precursor + to; but just beforehand</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">based on + the preceding and setting the stage for what follows</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eventual + / at last; at last / finally (result) </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">following + /...which follows; then subsequent to that / following that... </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">subsequent + / consequent; then / so / thus / therefore </font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<h3> 7.7.4 Coordinative Affixes<a name="Sec7o7o4"></a></h3> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>w<br> + </strong></font>or -V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>y</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>COO</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Adjunctive Coordination</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">in conjunction + with / combined with / including X</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and / also + / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> . . . + and so forth / and so on / and all that/ and whatever else</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and at + the same time / and simultaneously</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and [all + in a series]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or [potentially + inclusive] = and/or</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">either + . . . or [exclusive or] / or else</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">. . . or + something else / or whatever / or whatever else</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">either + . . . or [exclusive or in a series] </font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> Degree 2 of this affix is used with FOCUS (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o5">Sec. + 3.5</a>) to disambiguate a sentence like <em>Our team defeated their team, too</em> + [is our team on a winning streak or is their team on a losing streak?]<br> +</p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">1</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>rr</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>CTR</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Contrastive Coordination</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still / + nevertheless / however — (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">besides + / not just . . . but also / in addition to X… also </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">even / + or even / … still [e.g., thicker still]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or [= otherwise]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">as opposed + to / but not</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">but [qualifying]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">however + / on the other hand — (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent + conflict)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">but (rather) + [= substitute]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just in + case / should the need arise</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%">-V<font size="1">2</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>rr</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>DST</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Distributive Coordination</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applying + to each equally [unfairly]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applied + selectively by decision/preference [unfairly]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively + (=to each) but in differing amounts [unfairly] </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">selectively + at random [unfairly]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively + [= applied in the sequentially spoken order]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">selectively + at random [fairly]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively + (=to each) but in differing amounts [fairly]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applied + selectively by decision/calculation [fairly]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applying + to each equally [fairly]</font></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> +<p align="right"> <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">Chapter + 7 continued >></a></font></strong></p> +<p align="left"> </p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="left"><font size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt + any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution + to the author and this website. </font></p> +<p align="left"> </p> +</body> +</html> |