diff options
Diffstat (limited to '2004-en/ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | 2004-en/ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm | 2993 |
1 files changed, 2993 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2004-en/ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2a5ec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2993 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 5: Verb Morphology</title> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +//--> onLoad="javascript:changenav5();" +</script> +</head> + +<body> +<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br> + <img src="Images/Title-Script5.gif"><br> + <br> +</div> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h2 align="center"> </h2> +<h2 align="center">Chapter 5: Verb Morphology</h2> +<div align="center"> + <table width="39%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="296"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o1">5.1 Illocution</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o2">5.2 Valence</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o3">5.3 Version</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o4">5.4 Conflation, Derivation and Format</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="17"><font size="2"><a href="Ch-5%20Verbs%20Contd.htm">Chapter + 5 Continued: Sections 5.5 through 5.7</a></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The Ithkuil verbal formative (termed “verb” in + this chapter for simplicity’s sake) is the workhorse of the language, + inflecting for twenty-two different morphological categories. These include + the eight categories shared by all formatives and already discussed in <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">Chapter + 3</a>: <strong>Configuration, Affiliation, Perspective, Extension, Focus, Essence, + Context, </strong>and<strong> Designation</strong>. Additionally the following + fourteen categories apply solely to verbs: <strong>Illocution, Valence, Version, + Conflation/Derivation, Format, Modality, Level, Case-Frame, Validation, Phase, + Sanction, Aspect, Mood, </strong>and<strong> Bias</strong>. The verb can also + theoretically take any number of the over 1300 affixes available to formatives. + Such affixes are analyzed in <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm" target="mainFrame">Chapter + 7</a>. </p> +<p align="justify">The full structure of a Ithkuil verbal formative is tripartite, + i.e., having three distinct words, these being an<strong> aspectual adjunct</strong>, + a <strong>conflation </strong>(or<strong> valence</strong>)<strong> adjunct</strong>, + and the <strong>verb</strong> itself. In simple sentences, either or both of + the two adjuncts may be missing. The following extreme example of a fully inflected + Ithkuil verb illustrates all 22 morphological components of the tripartite structure:</p> +<table width="93%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="2%" height="43"> </td> + <td width="37%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0e.gif" width="214" height="31"></td> + <td width="44%"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">____</font><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0a.gif" width="262" height="22"></div></td> + <td width="17%"><div align="center"><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-1.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">______</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + </div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="5"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="47%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0b.gif" width="144" height="174" align="top"></td> + <td width="32%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0c.gif" width="159" height="174"></td> + <td width="21%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0d.gif" width="252" height="258"></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">A highly stilted but approximate English translation of the + above, capturing as many of the nuances of the Ithkuil phrase as possible, would + be: ‘<em>…despite apparently being on the verge, contrary to the + allegation, of just so happening to want to succeed in vowing to maybe return + periodically to the honorable practice of superlative architecture for others + to follow by example</em>’ </p> +<p align="justify">In this chapter we will examine eight of the 14 morphological + categories particular to verbal formatives. The six categories specific to aspectual + adjuncts will be described in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Chapter + 6</a>.</p> +<p> </p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><a name="Sec5o1"></a><strong><font size="4">5.1 + ILLOCUTION</font></strong></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Illocution refers to what in linguistics is usually termed + types of speech acts, i.e., the general purpose of a statement such as whether + it is an assertion, a command, a declaratory pronouncement, a question, a warning, + etc. This is a category which is not generally marked within Western languages + in any consistent grammatical sense, the nearest equivalent grammatical category + usually being Mood. In Ithkuil, Mood (which will be discussed in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Chapter + 6</a>) functions in a much narrower grammatical range than in Western languages. + When the moods of Western language actually relate to types of speech acts, + the equivalent function in Ithkuil is shown by the category of Illocution.</p> +<p align="justify">There are seven illocutions in Ithkuil: <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font>, + <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font>, <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font>, <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font>, + <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font>, <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> and <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font>. + They distinguish the type of speech act being performed by the speaker, with + a specific focus on the type of commitment being made on the part of either + the speaker or the hearer to the truth or purpose of the utterance. They are + marked by a consonantal affix to the verb which immediately follows the Affiliation/Extension/Conflation + prefix (see <a href="#Sec5o4o1">Section 5.4.1</a>) and precedes the C<font size="1">1</font> + radical consonant. The illocutions and their prefixes are described below.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assertive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> illocution is unmarked + by any affix. The <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> is used to express propositions + which purport to describe or name some act, event, or state in the real world, + with the purpose of committing the hearer to the truth of the proposition. Thus, + an utterance in the <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> illocution is one that can + be believed or disbelieved, and is either true or false. Such utterances would + include general statements, descriptions, and explanations. </p> +<p> </p> +<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DIR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Directive</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution is marked by + the affix -<strong>’</strong>- (i.e., the glottal stop). For stems whose + C<font size="1">1</font> radical is a single stop or affricate consonant (i.e., + <img src="Images/Ch%205/5-1-2a.gif" width="271" height="18" align="absbottom"> + plus corresponding ejectives or aspirates) in mutational grades 1 through 8, + this illocution is shown by gemination of the initial consonant of C<font size="1">1</font> + consonantal form rather than by a glottal stop (e.g., <strong> <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">aqq<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absmiddle">wet</font></strong>, + not <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>a’q<font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absmiddle"></font>wet</strong></font>). + The <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution is for the purpose of committing + the hearer to undertake a course of action represented by the proposition, where + the proposition describes a mental wish, desire, or intention on the part of + the speaker. Thus, an utterance in the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> is one + that is neither true nor false because it is not describing something that purports + to exist in the real world; rather, it describes an act or situation which can + potentially be made real, i.e., that can be fulfilled or carried out. Such utterances + include commands, orders, and requests and would generally be marked in Western + languages by either the imperative, optative, or subjunctive moods. The commitment + on the part of the hearer is not belief or disbelief, but rather whether to + obey, comply with, or grant. <br> +</p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMV</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Commissive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font> illocution is marked by + the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></strong>- + (with alternative affixes -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>m</strong></font>- + or -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">- + where euphonically appropriate). Preceding a C<font size="1">1</font> form beginning + with -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></strong>-, + -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r</font></strong>-, or -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">-, + the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">m</font></strong>- + is used. The <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font> illocution is similar to the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> + above, except that the listener and the speaker are the same person, i.e., the + statement is a wish or command directed at oneself as in a promise, vow, pledge, + oath, contract, or guarantee. </p> +<p> </p> +<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EXP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Expressive</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font> illocution is marked by + the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">f</font></strong>-, + with alternate forms -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">- + or -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>z</strong></font>- where + euphonically appropriate or where necessary to avoid confusion with a geminated + C<font size="1">1</font> form (i.e., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">azvar</font></strong> + and <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>a<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absmiddle">far</strong></font> + rather than <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">afvar</font></strong> + and <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>affar</strong></font>). + The <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font> is used for various types of specialized + utterances where the truth-value of the proposition is taken for granted and + the commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of acceptance or non-acceptance. + Such utterances include welcomes, offers, congratulations, condolences, and + apologies. </p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Declarative</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font> illocution is marked + by the affix -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ç</strong></font>- + with alternate forms -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p</strong></font>-, + -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong>- or -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k</strong></font>- + where euphonically appropriate and/or to avoid confusion with a geminated C<font size="1">1</font> + consonantal form. The <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font> is used for utterances + whose purpose is to themselves effect a change upon the real world, based upon + convention, cultural rules, law, subjective authority, or personal authority + or control of a situation. The commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of + recognition or non-recognition. Such utterances include declarations, announcements, + proclamations, and various “performative” expressions. Certain languages + mark this function of a verb using a mood known as hortative. Examples would + be: <em>I dub thee “Clown Master”!, The king will hear all grievances + at noon each day, This court is now in session, We hereby declare this treaty + null and void!</em></p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IRG</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interrogative<a name="Sec5o1o6"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> illocution is marked + by the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r</font></strong>- + with alternate form -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>n</strong></font>- + used where euphonically appropriate and/or to avoid confusion with a geminated + C<font size="1">1</font> consonantal form. The <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> + is used for utterances corresponding to questions in other languages. Questions, + as such, do not exist in Ithkuil. All inquiries and interrogatives are treated + as a type of directive in which the speaker tells the addressee to validate + the truth of an assertion or provide missing information specified by an interrogative + affix to a formative, i.e., when using the <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font>, + one is not asking <em>Would you like to dance with me?</em> Rather, one is expressing + what can only be translated either a specialized command <em>(State whether) + you will dance with me</em> or a specialized assertion <em>(I inquire whether) + you will dance with me</em>. One does not say <em>What’s your name?</em>, + but rather <em>Tell me your name</em>. </p> +<p align="justify">Indeed, Ithkuil has no words corresponding to the English words + ‘question’ or ‘ask,’ the nearest equivalents being derived + from the words for ‘investigation’ and ‘determine.’ + Consequently, there is no question mark used at the end of the sentence, nor + does the pitch of the voice rise as is usual with Western languages when asking + questions. The commitment on the part of the listener in regard to the <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> + is one of compliance or non-compliance in divulging the information sought, + and the truth value of the utterance is neutral pending the reply.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ADM</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Admonitive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> illocution is marked by + the affix -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>l</strong></font>- + with alternate forms -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">- + or -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absbottom">- + used where euphonically appropriate and/or to avoid confusion with a geminated + C<font size="1">1</font> consonantal form. The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> + is used for admonitions and warnings, corresponding to English phrases such + as ‘(I) caution you lest…,’ ‘(I) warn you against…,’ + or ‘Be careful not to….’ The utterance is neither true nor + false because it describes only a potential act or situation which may occur + unless avoided. The commitment on the part of the hearer is to assess the degree + of likelihood of the potentiality, followed by a choice whether to heed or ignore/defy + the utterance. </p> +<h3><br> + 5.1.8 Examples of Illocution in Use</h3> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-1-8.gif" width="333" height="508"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown7.GIF" width="83" height="101" border="0"></a><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-2.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">___</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><a name="Sec5o2"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.2 VALENCE</strong></font></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">In Ithkuil, the term <strong>Valence</strong> is used to refer + to the manner of participation of two separate entities or parties to any given + verb, i.e., participation by one party automatically implies participation by + another party to the same act, event, or state in either a parallel, corollary, + or complementary fashion. Such dual participation occurs naturally in the verbs + of world languages and is the province of what is known as “co-active” + verbs. While all languages implicitly have co-active verbs, Ithkuil explicitly + shows this dual participation in a formal and systematic way. To illustrate + the concept of co-activity in English compare the following pairs of sentences:</p> +<table width="71%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="43%">1a) <em>I found an old man.</em></td> + <td width="7%"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"></td> + <td width="50%">1b) <em>I found an empty can.</em></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>2a) <em>I threw the ball at Sam.</em></td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td> + <td>2b) <em>I threw the ball at the window.</em></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>3a) <em>I performed in front of her.</em></td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td> + <td>3b) <em>I performed in front of the wall.</em></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Note that the first member of each sentence pair has an animate + object of the verb (<em>an old man, Sam, </em>and<em> her</em>), while the second + member of each pair has an inanimate object (<em>an empty can, the window, </em>and<em> + the wall</em>). Now compare this set of sentence pairs to the similar set below: +</p> +<table width="71%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="39%">1c) <em>I met an old man.</em></td> + <td width="7%"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"></td> + <td width="54%">1d) <em>* I met an empty can.</em></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>2c) <em>I threw Sam the ball.</em></td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td> + <td>2d) <em>* I threw the window the ball.</em></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>3c) <em>I entertained her.</em></td> + <td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td> + <td>3d) <em>* I entertained the wall.</em></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> The asterisk * indicates that the second sentence of these + pairs is semantically unacceptable to English speakers. Why?</p> +<p align="justify">The second set of sentence pairs parallel the first set except + that the verbs <em>find</em>, <em>throw at</em>, and <em>perform</em> have been + replaced by the semantically similar <em>meet</em>, <em>throw</em>, and <em>entertain</em>. + Nevertheless, the use of inanimate objects with these latter three verbs appears + unacceptable. The reason is that the verbs in the first set are “mono-active,” + i.e., they do not require that the object participate in the action in any way, + whereas the verbs in the second set are “co-active,” requiring that + the object participate in the action along with the subject. Thus, while I can + <em>find</em> an old man without the old man doing anything about it or even + being aware of it, I cannot <em>meet</em> an old man without the old man also + meeting me. I can <em>throw a ball at Sam</em> without Sam noticing, but if + I <em>throw Sam a ball</em> it implies that he is expected to participate by + catching it. Similarly, I can <em>perform</em> in front of someone even if they’re + asleep, but I can’t <em>entertain</em> them unless they are participating + in the situation by observing me. </p> +<p align="justify">The participatory relationship involving the second party of + a co-active verb differs depending on the context. It can be a parallel relationship + (i.e., both parties participate identically) as implied by the English adverb + ‘together’ in <em>He and I jog together</em>, or a reciprocal relationship + as in the sentence <em>I met the old man</em> (i.e., and so he met me) or in + verbs used with the adverbial phrase ‘each other,’ as in <em>We + love each other</em>. The relationship can be one of accompaniment as in <em>I + played along with him</em> (e.g., as he sang), or a complementary relationship + as in <em>I threw Sam the ball</em> (i.e., and so he caught it).</p> +<p align="justify">Other sorts of co-active relationships are possible. It is + the differences in these relationships that are systematized in Ithkuil into + the category called valence. In English and other languages co-activity is rarely + explicit and systematic (the use of adverbs such as ‘together,’ + ‘each other,’ or prefixes such as ‘out-’ as in <em>out-perform</em> + are some exceptions), and when lexified within a verb itself, are implicitly + specific to that verb, giving rise to monoactive/co-active pairs such as <em>find/meet, + throw at/throw, perform/entertain</em>, etc. </p> +<p align="justify">In Ithkuil, co-activity is explicitly shown morphologically, + and the types of co-active relationships, i.e., the valences of the verb, are + systematic and fully productive for all verbs. As a result, no mono-active versus + co-active lexical distinctions are necessary, i.e., all verbs can function monoactively + as well as co-actively.</p> +<p align="justify">There are fourteen valences in Ithkuil: the <font size="2">MONOACTIVE, + PARALLEL, COROLLARY, RECIPROCAL, COMPLEMENTARY, NONRELATIONAL, DUPLICATIVE, + DEMONSTRATIVE, RESISTIVE, IMITATIVE, CONTINGENT, PARTICIPATIVE, INDICATIVE</font>, + and <font size="2">MUTUAL</font>. Valence is shown by the initial vocalic affix + to a type of adjunct known as either a valence adjunct or a conflational adjunct, + depending on whether the verb manifests a derivative conflation (explained later + in <a href="#Sec5o4">Sec. 5.4</a>). For now we will concentrate solely on the + valence adjunct form. Thirteen of these fourteen vocalic prefixes signify co-active + relationships while the first constitutes a neutral valence corresponding to + monoactivity. The initial prefix also indicates the additional morphological + category of <strong>Version</strong>, a separate morphological category described + later in <a href="#Sec5o3">Section 5.3</a>. </p> +<p align="justify">The form of a valence adjunct is <strong>V<font size="1">v</font></strong> + + <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">, + where <strong>V<font size="1">v</font></strong> is the vocalic prefix signifying + the valence and version of the verb. These prefixes are shown below in Table + 12. Following the table are explanations of each valence. It should be noted + that placement of a glottal stop infix -<strong>’</strong>- between the + <strong>V<font size="1">v</font></strong> prefix and <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + assigns positive focus <strong>+FC</strong> to the main verb.</p> +<p><br> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a name="Table12"></a>Table + 12: Valence / Version* Prefixes</strong></font><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%205/5-2a.gif" width="599" height="324"> <br> + <font size="2">*</font> <font size="2">see <a href="#Sec5o3">Section 5.3 below</a> + for an explanation of Version</font></p> +<p align="justify"> <br> + The fourteen valences are explained as follows:<br> +</p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>MNO</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Monoactive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">MONOACTIVE</font> valence is the default + valence and indicates a lack of co-activity, i.e., no participation by a second + party is implied.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Parallel</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARALLEL</font> valence indicates that a + second party is engaging in the same activity as the first party at same time. + It would be used in translating sentences such as <em>The children all sang + together, We both went jogging on the parkway</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CRO</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Corollary</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COROLLARY</font> valence is similar to the + <font size="2">PARALLEL</font>, except that the second party engages in related + activity at the same time as the first party, rather than the same activity. + It would be used in translating sentences such as <em>The children played in + the yard </em>(i.e., each child engaged in a different play activity) or <em>The + band played my favorite song</em> (implying that not everyone in the band was + playing the same instrument, or perhaps that someone in the band sang as opposed + to playing an instrument).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>RCP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Reciprocal<a name="Sec5o2o4"></a></strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">RECIPROCAL</font> valence indicates identical + activity by each party directed at the other, thus translating the English adverbial + phrases ‘each other’ and ‘one another,’ as in <em>They + looked at each other, The clown and the grocer despise one another</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPL</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Complementary</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPLEMENTARY</font> valence indicates that + the second party performs a complementary activity to that of the first party. + By “complementary” is meant an activity different from that of the + first party, but necessary to complete the whole of the joint activity, i.e., + the “other half” of the joint activity. This is exemplified in sentences + such as <em>The man and his son played catch, Hortense took me into the woods, + The clown read the children a story</em>, where ‘played catch’ implies + the complementary activities of throwing and catching, ‘took (into the + woods)’ implies someone leading while the other follows, and ‘read’ + implies a reader and an audience.</p> +<p align="justify"></p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>NNR</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Nonrelational</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">NONRELATIONAL</font> valence indicates that + a second party engages in a completely unrelated activity from the first, i.e., + an incidental or circumstantial co-activity. There is no direct way to exemplify + this valence in English translation other than to add a periphrastic clause + such as ‘while the other did something else’ as in <em>He shaved + while she did something else</em>. The way an Ithkuil sentence would utilize + this valence would be in sentences overtly constructed to say, for example, + ‘They were in the house’ with the <font size="2">NONRELATIONAL</font> + valence rendering a connotation of ‘…where one party was doing one + thing while the other did something else.’</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.7</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DUP</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Duplicative</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DUPLICATIVE</font> valence indicates that + the second party copies or repeats the activity of the first party, as in the + sentences <em>Let’s draw a picture</em> (i.e., I’ll draw it first, + then you draw the same picture), <em>They both read that book</em> (i.e., first + one, then the other), <em>I bought a new car</em> (i.e., and now someone else + is buying a new car, too).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.8</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEM</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Demonstrative</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEMONSTRATIVE</font> valence indicates that + the first party demonstrates for the second party how to do something or what + to do. Thus an Ithkuil sentence constructed as <em>We played chess</em> with + the verb in the <font size="2">DEMONSTRATIVE</font> valence would mean ‘I + showed her how to play chess,’ while the sentence constructed as <em>They + fought us</em> in this valence would mean ‘They taught us how to fight.’</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.9</strong></font></td> + <td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>RES</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Resistive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">RESISTIVE</font> valence indicates that + the second party resists or attempts to avoid participating in the activity + of the first party. This sense can sometimes be suggested in English using the + adverbs ‘anyway,’ ‘nevertheless,’ or adverbial phrases + such as ‘just the same,’ as in sentences such as <em>We took the + children to see the clowns anyway</em> (i.e., they didn’t want to go), + <em>They fed me liver just the same</em> (i.e., I can’t stand liver), + <em>Nevertheless, he told us the story</em> (i.e., despite our not wanting to + hear it).</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.10</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IMT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Imitative</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">IMITATIVE</font> valence indicates that + the second party mimics, imitates, or attempts to duplicate the activity of + the first party. The Ithkuil sentence <em>The clown juggled three balls for + the child</em> in the <font size="2">IMITATIVE</font> valence implies that the + child attempted to juggle the balls as well.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.11</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNG</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Contingent</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONTINGENT</font> valence indicates that + the second party engages in the next or dependent phase of a multi-part activity, + the specific activity being dependent on context. Thus the Ithkuil sentence + <em>I started the campfire for my friend</em> in the <font size="2">CONTINGENT</font> + implies that the friend then performed the next logical step, i.e., he cooked + the food.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.12</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PTI</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Participative</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTICIPATIVE</font> valence indicates that + the parties take part in an activity involving a greater whole, translatable + by the English phrase ‘take part in.…’ Thus, the Ithkuil sentence + <em>They raced </em>in the <font size="2">PARTICIPATIVE</font> means ‘They + each took part in the race.’</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.13</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IDC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Indicative</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INDICATIVE</font> valence indicates that + the second party perceives a cue, nuance, or implication from the first party’s + activity. Thus the sentence <em>I looked at her</em> in the <font size="2">INDICATIVE</font> + would mean ‘She understood what I meant from my looking at her’ + while the sentence <em>I spoke to them</em> would mean ‘They gleaned what + I really meant from my words.’</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.14</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>MUT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Mutual</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">MUTUAL</font> valence indicates that both + parties alternate performing an activity, as in <em>She and I take turns cleaning</em> + or <em>They both alternate teaching the beginning and advanced classes</em>.</p> +<h3><br> + 5.2.15 Examples of Valence in Use</h3> +<p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-2-15a.gif" width="473" height="105"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown1.GIF" width="102" height="102" border="0" align="top"></a></strong><strong><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-3.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF"> + </font>Listen!</a> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + <br> + </strong></p> +<p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-2-15b.gif" width="543" height="256"></strong></p> +<p> </p> +<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><a name="Sec5o3"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.3 VERSION</strong></font></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Version refers to a six-way aspectual distinction indicating + whether the verb refers to an act, event or state which is goal- or result-oriented, + and/or whether it has been successfully actualized subsequent to one’s + initial intention. Like many Ithkuil morphological categories, version addresses + semantic distinctions which are usually rendered by lexical differentiation + (i.e., word choice) in other languages. </p> +<p align="justify">Version is shown by one of six forms of the vocalic valence + prefix to a conflational adjunct as previously discussed and shown in <a href="#Table12">Sec. + 5.2, Table 12</a>). The six versions are <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font>, <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font>, + <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> + and <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font>. They are explained below.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.1</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Processual</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> describes all acts, conditions, + or events which are ends in themselves and not goal-oriented, i.e., are not + focused on an anticipated outcome or final purpose toward which a progressive + effort is being made. It is the default or neutral version and is shown by the + first form of the valence prefix (as shown in <a href="#Table12">Table 12</a>) + or, where there is no conflational or valence adjunct, is unmarked.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.2</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPT</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Completive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> describes acts, conditions, + or events which achieve, or are intended to achieve, an anticipated outcome, + i.e., which are oriented toward the achievement of some purpose, outcome, or + final state. Such a distinction is usually handled by word choice in Western + languages. The dynamism of version can be seen in the following comparisons:</p> +<blockquote> + <p><font size="2"><strong>PROCESSUAL <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + COMPLETIVE</strong></font></p> + <p><em>hunt <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to hunt down <br> + to be losing <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to lose <br> + to study <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to learn <br> + to be winning <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to win<br> + to strive for <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to accomplish, achieve <br> + to risk <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to defeat the odds; win<br> + to work <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to build, construct, make <br> + to displace; infiltrate <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + infest, to take over; vanquish<br> + to pour out <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to drain <br> + to remove (incrementally) <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to eliminate<br> + to increase <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to maximize <br> + to read <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to read to the end; finish reading<br> + to decrease <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + minimize <br> + to flank <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to surround<br> + to enlarge <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to make gigantic <br> + to spread upon or over <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to cover, engulf, envelop<br> + to shrink <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + miniaturize <br> + to chase <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to catch up to<br> + to eat <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> eat + all up <br> + to pursue <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to capture<br> + to compete <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to win <br> + to be pregnant <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to give birth<br> + to throw at <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to hit (with a throw) <br> + to run low on <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to run out of, deplete<br> + to grow <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to grow up <br> + to use <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> use + up<br> + to possess, hold <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> to keep <br> + to tear/ rip <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to tear/rip up or to pieces<br> + to join together <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to unify <br> + to accelerate, speed up <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to achieve maximum speed<br> + to pour into <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to fill (up) <br> + to bleed <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to bleed to death<br> + to run <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> to + run all the way <br> + to descend, go down <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to get to the bottom<br> + to brighten <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to illuminate <br> + to decelerate, slow down <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to stop<br> + to search for, seek <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to find <br> + to polish <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to burnish<br> + to practice <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to perfect <br> + to darken <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to make dark<br> + to ascend, rise <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to reach the top <br> + to explore <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> + to discover</em></p> + +</blockquote> +<br> +<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.3</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INE</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ineffectual</strong></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">This version, the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, and the + next, the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, operate in parallel fashion to + the <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> and the <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> + versions respectively but are specific to acts, events, or states initially + expressed (whether explicitly or implicitly) as unrealized intentions, attempts, + desires, needs, etc., often in conjunction with a modality affix to the verb + (see <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</a>). Such “unrealized” + verbs are exemplified in the following sentences: <em>I want to dance, She needs + to work, I tried to finish, She must find him, I choose to celebrate</em>. Each + of these sentences in itself does not specify whether the action was “realized” + or not, i.e., just because I want to dance doesn’t necessarily mean that + I actually do dance; her need to work doesn’t tell us by itself whether + she in fact will work, etc.</p> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> version indicates that + the outcome of an “unrealized” <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> + verb is unsuccessful. Thus the sentence <em>I want to dance</em> in the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> + would be translated as <em>I want to dance but I’m not going to</em>, + while the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> + means <em>I tried to eat but couldn’t</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.4</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Incompletive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font> version indicates that + the outcome of an “unrealized” <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> + verb is unsuccessful. It functions identically to the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, + except that it refers to a verb that is result/goal-oriented, as illustrated + in the comparative chart shown above for the <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> + version. Thus, the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font> + means <em>I tried to eat all of it but couldn’t</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.5</strong></font></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PST</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Positive</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Complementing the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> + version indicates an intention brought to reality. Thus the sentence <em>I want + to dance</em> in the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> would be translated as <em>I + want to dance and so I’m going to</em>, while the sentence <em>I tried + to eat</em> in the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> means <em>I succeeded in eating + something</em>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="18%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.6</strong></font></td> + <td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EFC</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td> + <td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Effective</strong></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Likewise, the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> version complements + the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, indicating the same successful effort + implied by the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> version, only applied to goal-/result-oriented + verbs. Thus <em>I wanted to finish</em> in the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> + implies that the desire was successfully carried out; <em>I tried to eat</em> + in the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> means <em>I succeeded in eating it all + up</em>.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 5.3.7 Examples of Version in Use</h3> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-3-7.gif" width="609" height="375"> + <br> + <strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-4.mp3">Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-4.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + <br> + </strong> </p> +</blockquote> +<p> </p> + +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><a name="Sec5o4"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.4 CONFLATION, DERIVATION + AND FORMAT</strong></font></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p>Many languages, including English, are able to combine two separate meanings + into a single verb, a process termed <strong>conflation</strong>. This is illustrated + in the following English sentences:</p> +<blockquote> + <p>1. <em>He bicycled south. = </em>He traveled south by bicycle.<br> + 2. <em>She dolled herself up</em>. = She made herself look as pretty as a + doll.<br> + 3. <em>They’re shelving the books</em>. = They’re putting the + books on the shelf/shelves.<br> + 4. <em>Slide me a beer</em>. = Give me a beer by sliding it (e.g., along the + bar).</p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">The above sentences show four verbs which respectively carry + inherent senses of vector movement, transformation, positioning/placement, and + giving. The patterning of such “conflated” verbs is usually random + and haphazard in any given language. For example, the English <em>to bicycle</em> + in sentence (1) means ‘to travel by means of bicycle,’ not ‘to + make a bicycle’ or ‘to be a bicycle.’ On the other hand, the + verb <em>to doll up</em> does not mean to ‘travel by doll,’ but + rather ‘to make appear like a doll.’ Yet, <em>to shelve</em> means + ‘to place on a shelf,’ not ‘to travel by means of shelves’ + or ‘to make appear like a shelf.’ And none of the verbs in the first + three sentences connotes the idea of giving or conveyance as does <em>slide</em> + in sentence (4).</p> +<p align="justify">As can be seen, verb conflation is essentially a “short-cut” + way of combining an unspoken primary verbal sense (such as movement, transformation, + placement, giving, etc.) with an overtly expressed verb that conveys a secondary + sense such as means, manner, or location. This can be formally notated for our + four sentences above as follows:</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">He [1: + (TRAVEL+past tense) south] [2: (BY-MEANS-OF) bicycle] <br> + =<em> <strong>He bicycled south</strong></em>.</font></p> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">She [1: + (CAUSE-TO-RESEMBLE+past tense+reflexive)] [2: (IN-THE-MANNER-OF) doll] <br> + = <em><strong>She dolled herself up</strong></em>.</font></p> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">They [1: + (PUT+progressive) the books] [2: (TO-LOCATION-OF) shelves] <br> + = <em><strong>They’re shelving the books</strong></em>.</font></p> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[1: (GIVE+imperative)] + a beer [2: (BY-MEANS-OF) sliding] to me <br> + = <em><strong>Slide me a beer</strong></em>.</font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Note that the particular unspoken covert and overt senses (shown + by the numerals 1 and 2 in the above analyses) are specific to any given verb + and must be subjectively learned by the listener, i.e., a speaker of English + must learn that <em>to hand</em> means to GIVE by MEANS of one’s hand, + but <em>to shoulder</em> does <strong>not</strong> mean to GIVE by MEANS of + one’s shoulder. </p> +<p align="justify">Thus, while conflation of verbs presents a potential opportunity + for instantiating verbs with patterns of overt and covert meaning, the lack + of systemization prevents one from knowing with certainty what pattern to use + when attempting to interpret the usage of a verb form. For example, imagine + an English speaker using a new verb form such as ‘to apple,’ as + in <em>Let’s ‘apple’ today</em>. Would this mean <em>to pick + apples?, to eat apples?, to plant apples?, to bake apples?, to buy apples?, + to turn something into an apple?, to wear apple-related clothing?</em> Without + a standardized system of conflation, the meaning of such a form could only be + learned from hearing others using it in context.</p> +<p align="justify">Ithkuil systemizes verb conflation into a complex, productive + scheme, in which a verb can convey any of eight covert senses, called <strong>formats</strong>, + which can then conflate with seven primary overt senses and 245 derivative overt + senses to theoretically yield 2016 possible semantic combinations. In this manner + the Ithkuil verb corresponding to English <em>to shelve</em>, can by systematic + conflation be made to indicate meanings as diverse as:</p> +<table width="62%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="8%" height="152"><em><br> + </em></td> + <td width="42%"><em>to build shelves<br> + to be a shelf <br> + to make straight as a shelf<br> + to remain a shelf <br> + to seem like a shelf <br> + to support on a shelf<br> + to compare shelves <br> + to reserve a shelf </em></td> + <td width="50%"><em>to convey with a shelf<br> + to make as long as a shelf <br> + to cover with shelves <br> + to arrange on shelves<br> + to place on a shelf<br> + to hurt someone with a shelf <br> + to push using a shelf <br> + to exchange for a shelf</em></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Note, however, that being completely systematic for all verbs, + the Ithkuil conflation system generates forms which, for any particular verb, + will often be semantically questionable, even anomalous, e.g., <em>to travel + by shelf, to taste of shelves, to make as warm as a shelf, to spend time as + a shelf</em>, etc. (The fact that such semantically anomalous forms are morphologically + permissible presents no problem from a logical perspective and is inherent in + human language, as exemplified in English by morphologically permissible but + semantically anomalous forms such as ‘re-laugh’ or ‘co-beer.’)</p> +<p align="justify">The specifics of primary conflation, format, and derivative + conflation are detailed in the following sections.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<h3 align="justify"><a name="Sec5o4o1"></a>5.4.1 (Primary) Conflation</h3> +<p align="justify">Primary Conflation, which we will hereafter simply termed Conflation, + refers to seven overt senses with which the main verb conflates. These conflations + are shown in conjunction with Affiliation and Extension by a vocalic prefix + to the main verb. We previously encountered these prefixes for nouns in Table + 11 of <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">Sec 3.4</a>. + Here, these prefixes are expanded to include the seven primary conflations. + The senses of the seven conflations are explained in Table 13 below, while the + prefixes themselves are shown in Table 14.</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + <strong>Table 13: Conflations</strong></font></p> +<table width="84%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <td><div align="center"><font size="2"><strong>LABEL</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font size="2"><strong>CONFLATION</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><font size="2"><strong>MEANING</strong></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPR</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">To perform the action + of X; to do what X does; to carry out X’s function</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STA</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stative manifestation, + i.e. to be in a (temporary) state; does NOT mean “be” in the + sense of copula identification as in “I am John”</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MNF</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">To manifest or be identified + as a specific entity; this is the nearest equivalent to the “be” + copula of identification in Western languages</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DSP</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Descriptive manifestation, + i.e., to appear or manifest in the manner of; this sense is the nearest + Ithkuil equivalent to English adjectives</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ATV</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Either action or motion + <em>in situ</em>, i.e., action performed or movement in place (as in shaking, + spinning, wagging, jumping, etc.)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PSN</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Position or location, + i.e. to be situated in a location/position in space</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ICH</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Transformation from + one state to another or formation of an identity</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> <br> + <br> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 14: Conflation Prefixes + by Extension & Affiliation</strong></font><br> + <br> + <img src="Images/Ch%205/5-4-1.gif" width="718" height="549"> <br> + <em>*</em> <font size="2">This <strong>a-</strong> prefix is optional if the + nominal versus verbal status of the formative can be determined from other morphological + elements or if the meaning of the phrase or sentence is clear regardless of + knowing the formative's nominal or verbal status.</font><br> +</p> +<h3><a name="Sec5o4o2"></a>5.4.2 Format </h3> +<p align="justify">As described above, any conflated verb carries both an overt + sense and a covert sense. The covert sense constitutes the <strong>format</strong> + of the verb. Format is shown by variation in the -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + suffix to a valence adjunct, as previously described in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="#Sec5o2">Sec. + 5.2</a></font>. The eight formats are explained in Table 15 below along with + their respective suffixes to a valence adjunct. </p> +<p align="justify">The astute reader may have noted in Table 14 above that the + prefixes for the <font size="2">OPERATIVE</font> conflation are the same as + the default (i.e., “conflation-less”) Extension/Affiliation prefixes + for nouns previously shown in Table 11 of <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">Sec. + 3.4</a>. One may ask, then, how one knows whether or not these particular prefixes + are meant to show <font size="2">OPERATIVE</font> conflation on a formative. + The answer is that, in the absence of one of the formats below, the prefixes + do not indicate such conflation.</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><br> + Table 15: Format Suffixes to Valence/Version Adjuncts</strong></font></p> +<table width="81%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><strong><font size="2">LABEL</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td width="19%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">FORMAT</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">SUFFIX</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="63%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">EXPLANATION (COVERT + SENSE OF VERB)</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SCH</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SCHEMATIC</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/m-double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="24" height="13"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies the manner of the conflated primary sense, e.g., <em>I’m + speeding through the book</em> = reading speedily; <em>Clouds blanketed + the city</em> = cover like a blanket</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ISR</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INSTRUMENT-ATIVE</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="10" height="16" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates the means, + cause, or instrument of causation of the conflated primary sense, e.g., + <em>I clubbed him</em> = I hit him with a club; <em>She drove him there</em> + = She transported him there by driving </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ATH</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AUTHORITIVE</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-cedilla-acute.gif" width="15" height="16" align="absbottom"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies the indirect/enabling cause or circumstance which gives rise + to the conflated primary sense, e.g., <em>He sang her cares away</em> = + his singing allowed her to forget her cares</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRECURRENT</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-grave.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absbottom"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies an initial event immediately preceding or continuing on into + the conflated sense, where the overt sense is not the cause of the conflated + sense, i.e., the conflated sense would have occurred anyway, e.g., <em>I + bought some lunch</em> (conflated sense: EAT)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">RSL</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">RESULTATIVE</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/rr-cedilla-grave.gif" width="13" height="18" align="absbottom"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies the concurrent result of the conflated sense, i.e., an event + which occurs in conjunction with the conflated sense but is also caused + by it, e.g., <em>The plane crashed into the water</em> (conflated sense: + FLY)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SBQ</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUBSEQUENT</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/mm-grave.gif" width="25" height="16" align="absbottom"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies the subsequent cause-and-effect result or purpose (not the + concurrent result) of the conflated sense, e.g., <em>I’ll look in + on the stew</em> (conflated sense: GO [to kitchen])</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CCM</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CONCOMITTANT</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-double%20grave.gif" width="7" height="14"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies an incidental simultaneous event having no causal relationship, + e.g., <em>She wore jeans to church</em> (conflated sense: GO); <em>He sweated + through her recital</em> (Conflated sense: LISTEN)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OBJ</font></strong></font></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OBJECTIVE</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/rr-cedilla-acute.gif" width="13" height="17" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the + verb specifies the Patient (see <font color="#FF0000"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o1">Sec. + 4.1.1</a></font>) of the underlying conflated sense, e.g., <em>She dusted + the table</em> (conflated sense: REMOVE); <em>They fish that river each + spring</em> (conflated sense: GATHER/COLLECT)</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h3 align="justify"> <br> + <br> + 5.4.3 Derivation and Conflation Adjuncts<a name="Sec5o4o3"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">In addition to the seven primary conflations signified by vocalic + prefix to the verb, there are 245 additional overt conflation senses which utilize + the same seven verbal prefix patterns in conjunction with an additional conflation + adjunct preceding the verb. Because these 245 conflations are derived by adding + a special adjunct to the verb along with the same verb prefixes of the seven + primary conflations, they are called derivations, to distinguish them from the + seven conflations. Note that when a derivation is present (evidenced by a conflation + adjunct), it is the derivation that determines the conflative meaning of the + verb, not the conflation shown by the main verb.</p> +<p align="justify">The conflation adjunct used with these derivations is the same + adjunct as the valence adjunct already analyzed in <a href="#Sec5o2">Section + 5.2</a>. By adding an additional consonantal prefix and the consonantal format + suffix from <a href="#Sec5o4o2">Sec. 5.4.2</a> above, we generate the following + formula:</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font> + + V<font size="1">V</font> + C<font size="1">K</font></strong></font>, where:</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>V<font size="1">V</font></strong> = A vocalic prefix + signifying the valence and version of the verb, as previously described in <a href="#Sec5o2">Sections + 5.2</a> and <a href="#Sec5o3">5.3</a> above and shown in <a href="#Table12">Table + 12</a>. In its basic form, <strong>V<font size="1">V</font></strong> always + begins either with a vowel, <em>w</em> + vowel, or <em>y </em>+ vowel.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> = A single consonant + form signifying a pattern of derivative conflation, whose exact meaning is dependent + on which of the seven primary conflation patterns is shown by the vocalic prefix + of the verb itself. For example, where <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> + is <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font></strong>, + the actual conflationary meaning differs depending on whether the main verb + shows the <font size="2">OPERATIVE, STATIVE, MANIFESTIVE, DESCRIPTIVE, ACTIVE</font>, + <font size="2">POSITIONAL </font> or <font size="2">INCHOATIVE</font> pattern. + Additionally, each <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> has three variations + depending on whether <strong>V<font size="1">V</font></strong> above begins + with a vowel, begins with <strong>w</strong>- or with <strong>y</strong>-. Where + <strong>Vv</strong> begins with a vowel, the first form of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> + (labelled <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong>) is used; where <strong>Vv</strong> + has an initial <strong>w</strong>-, the second form of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> + (labelled <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong>) is used and the initial + <strong>w</strong>- to <strong>Vv</strong> is dropped; where <strong>Vv</strong> + begins with <strong>y</strong>-, the third form of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> + (labelled <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong>) is used and the initial + <strong>y</strong>- to <strong>Vv</strong> is dropped.</p> +<p align="justify"> For example, the forms of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> + = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font></strong> + are as follows: <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong> = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font></strong>, + <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong> = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">b</font></strong>, + and <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong> = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font>’</strong>. + Thus, combining <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> = <strong>p</strong> + with the valence adjunct forms <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ei</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">, + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wei</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">, + and <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yei</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + we get the following results:</p> +<table width="75%" border="0" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p + + ei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + = pei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"></font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p + + wei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + = bei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + </font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p + + yei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"> + = p’ei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"></font></strong></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"><br> + <strong>C<font size="1">K</font></strong> = One of the eight format suffixes + shown in <a href="#Sec5o4o2">Sec. 5.4.2</a> above, indicating the covert sense + of the conflated verb. </p> +<p align="justify">Examples of basic conflation adjuncts are <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>bram<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absbottom">, + téu<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-cedilla-grave.gif" width="15" height="15" align="absmiddle">, + wiu<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">, + llëu<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-bar%20double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="13" height="16">, + and cÿ<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla%20double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="15" height="16" align="absmiddle">ua. + </strong></font></p> +<p align="justify">The following tables show the <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> + prefixes and the overt senses associated with these derivations.</p> +<p align="justify"><br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tables 16-1 through 16-40: + Derivations</font></strong></p> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"> + <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> + <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> + <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"> + <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p<br> + </font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> + <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">b</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> + <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>do, undertake, take on</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>mentally envision</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be in a certain position, put, place</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>feel, emote</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>attend to, deal with</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>translative motion; move from one place to another</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>happen, occur, take place</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">d</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>use, utilize</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>stay, remain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>comprise, make up, include</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>resemble (physically)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>act, function</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>arrange, set up</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>make, create</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absbottom"></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" align="absmiddle"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>get, induce to</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>depend upon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>model, emulate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>resemble (behaviorally)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>touch, feel</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>distribute</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>build, construct</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">g</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>let, permit, allow</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>think, speculate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>organize, coordinate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>resemble (physically and behaviorally)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>handle, manipulate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>disseminate, distribute</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>develop into</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/g-dot.gif" width="12" height="19" align="bottom"></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q</strong>’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have (someone do something)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>analyze, reason</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have order, delineate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have three-dimensional form or shape of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>strike, impact, hit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>contain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>grow, raise</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>f</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>v</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absbottom"></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>persuade, cajole</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>learn, study</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>substitute (identity)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have or take shape, form or outline of, e.g., the posse ringed them in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>shake, spasm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>enclose</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>strive, pursue</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17"></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>t<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absbottom"></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>influence</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>remember</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>play role of, act as</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>texture</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>touch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>inhabit, store</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>ameliorate, repair, fix</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/c-cedilla.gif" width="6" height="16"></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Yv.gif" width="12" height="19"></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla%20aspirated.gif" width="18" height="20"></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>urge, motivate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>see</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>declare, pronounce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>compare</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>derive</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>inundate with, overwhelm </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="27"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>strengthen</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>x</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Gv.gif" width="12" height="21"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17"></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hint at, suggest</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>present</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>impute, ascribe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>gather, collect</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>shelter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>enhance, improve</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">l</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/x-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Rv.gif" width="7" height="16"></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17"></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>attract</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>smell, have odor of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>exemplify, provide model for</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>imitate, mimic, act like</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>kill</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>release, let out</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="27"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>open, reveal (physically make visible/available)</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>m</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>mm</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hm</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>obey, comply</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>taste</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>introduce</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be similar, have similarity</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>regulate, establish rule</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>traverse, follow path, go</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>to (be) open, to (be/set) ajar</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>n</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>nn</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hn</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>substitute (use)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>sense, intuit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>embody, example of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>mean, signify</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>embellish, decorate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>journey</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>close, seal, hold fast</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>l</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ll</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hl</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>play, recreate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>alive, living</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>mark, reference</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>point out, indicate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>activate, turn on</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>convey, transfer, transport</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>find, discover</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="7%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="9%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="5%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="25%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>l</strong></font><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">l</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-eng%20geminate.gif" width="17" height="12" align="absbottom"></font></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">h<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>work, toil</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have aura or air of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>explain, show how</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>wave</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>prove, demonstrate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>lift, ascend, raise</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>reveal (figuratively), let know</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>h</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/h-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="19" align="absbottom"></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hh</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>command</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be ill, be sick</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>support (figurative)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>imbue with</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>create art, compose</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>lower, descend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>join, connect</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>r</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>rr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hr</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>practice, rehearse</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>injury, be injured</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>procure, obtain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>(de)limit, constrain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>consume, use (up)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>push, contact</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>establish, ordain, to found</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" align="absmiddle"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" align="absmiddle"></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>h<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" align="absbottom"></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>choose, select</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>engage in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>acknowledge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>different(iate)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>follow/disciple</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>pull, draw</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>fuse, blend, mix</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-slash.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18"></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>try out, ‘taste’</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>please, enjoy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>visit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have height, be tall</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>manage, oversee</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>destination</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>illuminate</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>s</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>z</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ss</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>probe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>pass time</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>host</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have width, be wide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>relieve of, strip of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>originate (from)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>determine, ascertain</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-cedilla.gif" width="14" height="15"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>facilitate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>occupy space, ‘cover’</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>project, emanate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have depth, be deep</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>surrender, succumb</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>arrive</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be new</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Zv.gif" width="9" height="16"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16"></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>support (physically)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>value, have value</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>honor, respect</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have length, be long</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>experiment, test</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>spread, overtake</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>react</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>c</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-bar.gif" width="9" height="11" align="absbottom"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>c’</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>ally (with)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>relish, adore</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>sanction</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have volume, have size</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>cover, apply</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>conceal, hide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>enlarge, increase</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/C%20dot.gif" width="9" height="14"></strong></font></strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-dot.gif" width="9" height="15"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/C%20dot.gif" width="9" height="14" align="absmiddle"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’</strong></font></strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>do right, best thing</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>experience, undergo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>emphasize</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>have weight or mass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>uphold, preserve</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>seek, search, look for</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>shrink, decrease</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15"></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>j</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>respond, reply</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>behave</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>encounter</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be rectilinear, be squarely aligned</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>maintain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>circle, revolve, orbit</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>clean</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>pl</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>pr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">bl</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>speak, talk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>imply</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>reserve</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>critique, criticize</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>explore</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>exchange for</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>heal, treat</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>tl</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>tr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>dl</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hail, acknowledge</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>distinguish</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>write</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>teach, train</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>entertain</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>read</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>help, aid</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kl</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>gl</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hunt</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>protect, keep safe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>provide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be fair, be just</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>dominate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>remove, rid</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>ensure, certain</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>fl</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>fr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>br</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>harm, damage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>nurture, succor</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>undermine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be unfair or unjust</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>counteract</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>trap, catch</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>ruin, break, render useless</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">l</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">r</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>dr</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>conduct, hold (e.g., a meeting)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hang, suspend</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>carry</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>learned in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>render harmless, subdue</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>set aright, position optimally</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>cook, prepare food</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>xl</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>xr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>gr</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>give</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>flap</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>obsession</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>characterize</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>take</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>be upright, vertical</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>generate, give rise to</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sl</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sr</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>zl</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>wear</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>secure, lock</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>study</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>suffer</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>bring</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>be horizontal, be flat</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>draw forth, bring out</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">l</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">r</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-cedilla.gif" width="14" height="15" align="absbottom">l</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hold</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>opine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>tolerate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>argue</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>send</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>be perpendicular, be at right angle to</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>approach</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16" align="absmiddle">l</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16" align="absmiddle">r</strong></font></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Zv.gif" width="9" height="16" align="absmiddle">l</strong></font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>harass, bother</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>lay, lie</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>hide</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>endanger</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>assault, attack</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>avoid</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>treachery</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ks</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + </font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">gz</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kst</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>commit immoral act</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>commit error</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>dote upon</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>trick, pull a ruse </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>illegal act</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>run</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>bandy, play with</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ps<br> + </font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">bz</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">pst</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>reward</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>prepare, make ready</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>extract, take out of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>ceremony/ritual</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>curtail, stop</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>linger, hang around</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>subsidize</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">st</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + </font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sn</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">st’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>waste</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>make difficult, trouble</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>circumvent, hinder</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>be or act belligerently, be hostile</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>impede, block</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>set foot in or upon, enter into or onto, be in presence of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>eat/ingest</td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td> + <td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td> + <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br> + OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING + OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sp<br> + </font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sm</font></strong></div></td> + <td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sp’</font></strong></div></td> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>practice, perform practice of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>disregard</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>joke, play around, have fun with</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>ridicule, make fun of</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>violate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td> + <td>trespass</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td> + <td>align, be in alignment</td> + </tr> +</table> +<h3><br> + <br> + 5.4.4 Examples of Conflation, Derivation and Format in Use</h3> +<p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-4-4.gif" width="591" height="576"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-5.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown5.GIF" width="79" height="97" border="0"></a><br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-5.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">__</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-5.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + </strong></p> +<p align="right"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm" target="mainFrame">Chapter + 5 continued >></a></font></strong></p> +<p align="left"> </p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="left"><font size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt + any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution + to the author and this website. </font></p> +<p align="left"><br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</body> +</html> |