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diff --git a/2004-en/index.htm b/2004-en/index.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4117a7a --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/index.htm @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Philosophical Language</title> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- + + +function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0 + var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array(); + var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++) + if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}} +} +//--> +</script> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +function MM_reloadPage(init) { //reloads the window if Nav4 resized + if (init==true) with (navigator) {if ((appName=="Netscape")&&(parseInt(appVersion)==4)) { + document.MM_pgW=innerWidth; document.MM_pgH=innerHeight; onresize=MM_reloadPage; }} + else if (innerWidth!=document.MM_pgW || innerHeight!=document.MM_pgH) location.reload(); +} +MM_reloadPage(true); +//--> +</script> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +function changenavhome() { +top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelhome.htm"; +} +//-->changenavhome(); +</script> +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- +.style2 { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; + font-weight: bold; + color: #999999; +} +.style10 {font-size: larger} +.style12 {font-size: larger; font-style: italic; } +.style14 {font-weight: bold; font-size: smaller; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } +.style15 {font-size: smaller} +.style16 { + font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style7 { font-size: large +} +.style3 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: small; color: #0000FF; } +.style51 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;} +.style53 { font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-size: smaller; + font-weight: bold; +} +--> +</style> +</head> + +<body> + +<h2 align="center" class="style2">Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language<br /> + <img src="images/masthead.jpg" width="465" height="50"></h2> +<table width="88%" border="0" align="center"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td width="4%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td width="19%"><p class="style3"><span class="style15"></span></p></td> + <td width="23%"><p class="style3"><span class="style15"></span></p></td> + <td width="20%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td width="20%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style14"><a href="index.htm">Home</a></span></td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td height="24"><a href="00_intro.html"><span class="style14">Introduction</span></a></td> + <td><a href="04_case.html"><span class="style14">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="08_adjuncts.html"><span class="style14">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td> + <td><a href="12_numbers.htm"><span class="style14">12 The Number System</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style14"><a href="faqs.html">FAQs</a></span></td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td height="18"><a href="01_phonology.html"><span class="style14">1 Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="05_verbs_1.html"><span class="style14">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="09_syntax.html"><span class="style14">9 Syntax</span></a></td> + <td><a href="abbreviations.html"><span class="style14">List of Abbreviations</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style14"><a href="links.html">Links of Interest</a></span></td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td height="18"><a href="02_morpho-phonology.html"><span class="style14">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="06_verbs_2.html"><span class="style14">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="10_lexico-semantics.html"><span class="style14">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td> + <td><a href="lexicon.htm"><span class="style14">The Lexicon</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td><a href="03_morphology.html"><span class="style14">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="07_suffixes.html"><span class="style14">7 </span><span class="style14">Suffixes</span></a></td> + <td><a href="11_script.htm"><span class="style14">11 The Writing System</span></a></td> + <td><span class="style15"><span class="style51"><a href="texts.html">Texts</a></span></span></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="left"> </p> +<p align="right" class="style16"> Update: <a href="links.html"><em>The Ithkuil Grammar Is Now Available in Book Form!</em></a> </p> +<p align="left"> </p> +<h2 align="center">Welcome<strong>!</strong><font size="+1"><span class="style2"><strong><br> +</strong></span></font></h2> +<p align="justify"><font size="+1"><br> +</font> <span class="style10">This website presents a comprehensive grammar of a constructed human language, <strong>Ithkuil</strong>. The original version of the language was posted to the Internet in January 2004. A variation on the language called Ilaksh, designed for easier pronunciation was posted in June 2007. These two versions of the language have now been replaced by a new, definitive (and final) version of the language as of July 2011.</span></p> +<p align="justify" class="style10">For those familiar with the history of artificial language construction, Ithkuil represents a cross between + an <em>a priori philosophical language</em> and a <em>logical language</em>. + It is by no means intended to function as a “natural” human language. + Ithkuil exists as an exercise in exploring how human languages <em>could</em> function, +not how human languages <em>do</em> function. </p> +<p align="justify" class="style10">While I enjoy the idea of inventing fictional languages which + mimic natural languages, it is not enough for me to add simply another language + to the thousands that already exist or have existed. For me, the greater goal + is to attempt the creation of what human beings, left to their own devices, + would never create naturally, but rather only by conscious effort — an idealized language whose aim is the highest possible degree of logic, efficiency, + detail, and accuracy in cognitive expression via spoken human language, while + minimizing the ambiguity, vagueness, illogic, redundancy, polysemy (multiple + meanings) and overall arbitrariness that is seemingly ubiquitous in natural + human language. This new version of Ithkuil represents the culmination of over thirty years +of personal effort toward creating such a language.</p> +<p align="justify" class="style10"><strong>Acknowledgements:</strong> I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil, including Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article “The Speed of Thought” brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people in the Russian-speaking world. Спасибо, Стас! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original Ithkuil site into Russian and to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the <a href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank">2008 Smiley Award</a>. </p> +<p align="justify" class="style10">And I am grateful to Dr. Oleg Bakhtiyarov of the University for Effective Development in Kyiv, Ukraine for his interest in my work and for giving me the opportunity to visit him and his colleagues and students both in Kyiv and in Elista, Kalmykia. </p> +<br> +<table width="99%" border="0"> + <tr> + <td width="65%"> </td> + <td width="35%"><span class="style12">—John Quijada</span></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="center" class="style10"><br> + <a href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank"><img src="images/smiley_award.GIF" width="214" height="80"></a></p> +<blockquote> + <div align="right"><a href="00_intro.html" class="style10"><strong>Proceed to Introduction>></strong></a><font size="+1"><br> + </font></div> +</blockquote> +<a name="booklink"></a><br> +<table width="88%" border="0" align="center"> + <tr> + <td width="14%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td width="4%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td width="19%"><p class="style3"><span class="style15"></span></p></td> + <td width="23%"><p class="style3"><span class="style15"></span></p></td> + <td width="20%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td width="20%"><span class="style15"></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style14"><a href="index.htm">Home</a></span></td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td height="24"><a href="00_intro.html"><span class="style14">Introduction</span></a></td> + <td><a href="04_case.html"><span class="style14">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="08_adjuncts.html"><span class="style14">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td> + <td><a href="12_numbers.htm"><span class="style14">12 The Number System</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style14"><a href="faqs.html">FAQs</a></span></td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td height="18"><a href="01_phonology.html"><span class="style14">1 Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="05_verbs_1.html"><span class="style14">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="09_syntax.html"><span class="style14">9 Syntax</span></a></td> + <td><a href="abbreviations.html"><span class="style14">List of Abbreviations</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style14"><a href="links.html">Links of Interest</a></span></td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td height="18"><a href="02_morpho-phonology.html"><span class="style14">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="06_verbs_2.html"><span class="style14">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="10_lexico-semantics.html"><span class="style14">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td> + <td><a href="lexicon.htm"><span class="style14">The Lexicon</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td> + <td><span class="style15"></span></td> + <td><a href="03_morphology.html"><span class="style14">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="07_suffixes.html"><span class="style14">7 </span><span class="style14">Suffixes</span></a></td> + <td><a href="11_script.htm"><span class="style14">11 The Writing System</span></a></td> + <td><span class="style15"><span class="style51"><a href="texts.html">Texts</a></span></span></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="98%" border="0"> + <tr> + <td width="18%" height="219"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/a-grammar-of-the-ithkuil-language/18672158?productTrackingContext=search_results/search_shelf/center/1" target="_blank"><img src="images/front_cover-small.png" alt="Cover of Ithkuil Grammar book" width="164" height="212" border="0" /></a></td> + <td width="66%" valign="top"><p class="style7"> </p> + <p class="style10">For those who would like a copy of the Ithkuil Grammar<br /> + in book form, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/a-grammar-of-the-ithkuil-language/18672158?productTrackingContext=search_results/search_shelf/center/1" target="_blank">it is now available!</a> </p> + <p align="right" class="style10">And while you’re at it, you can check out the novel I co-<br /> + wrote with my twin brother Paul, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/beyond-antimony/18666681?productTrackingContext=search_results/search_shelf/center/1" target="_blank">also now available!</a> </p> + <p align="right"><span class="style10">(It’s a political thriller/science fiction story that explores the<br /> + philosophical implications of quantum physics, and features<br /> + Ithkuil as a “para-linguistic” interface to a quantum computer.)</span></p></td> + <td width="16%" valign="middle"><p class="style7"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/beyond-antimony/18666681?productTrackingContext=search_results/search_shelf/center/1" target="_blank"><img src="images/front_cover-novel.png" alt="Cover of "Beyond Antimony" by John & Paul Quijada" width="149" height="217" border="0" align="top" /></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="left"><br> + ©2004-2011 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website for private, individual, or personal use which is non-commercial in nature and not for purposes of profit. Otherwise, you may copy or excerpt brief portions of the contents of this website in published, web-accessible, or commercially distributed articles, papers or webpages for purposes of review, commentary or analysis, provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </p> +<p align="left"> </p> + +<!-- Start of StatCounter Code --> +<script type="text/javascript"> +var sc_project=7057807; +var sc_invisible=1; +var sc_security="86f5bf92"; +</script> + +<script type="text/javascript" +src="http://www.statcounter.com/counter/counter.js"></script><noscript><div +class="statcounter"><a title="drupal analytics" +href="http://statcounter.com/drupal/" target="_blank"><img +class="statcounter" +src="http://c.statcounter.com/7057807/0/86f5bf92/1/" +alt="drupal analytics" ></a></div></noscript> +<!-- End of StatCounter Code --> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/2004-en/index.html b/2004-en/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6cd66a --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language</title> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- + + +function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0 + var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array(); + var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++) + if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}} +} +//--> +</script> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +function MM_reloadPage(init) { //reloads the window if Nav4 resized + if (init==true) with (navigator) {if ((appName=="Netscape")&&(parseInt(appVersion)==4)) { + document.MM_pgW=innerWidth; document.MM_pgH=innerHeight; onresize=MM_reloadPage; }} + else if (innerWidth!=document.MM_pgW || innerHeight!=document.MM_pgH) location.reload(); +} +MM_reloadPage(true); +//--> +</script> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +function changenavhome() { +top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelhome.htm"; +} +//-->changenavhome(); +</script> +</head> + +<body onLoad="MM_preloadImages('Images/Buttons/Button%201.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%201a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%202a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%203a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%204a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%205a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%206a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%207a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%208a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%209a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%2010a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%2011a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%2012a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%2013a.gif','Images/Buttons/Button%2014a.gif');"> +<h1 align="center"><em><a href="Update.htm"></a></em>Welcome!</h1> +<table width="100%" border="0"> + <tr> + <td width="45%" height="21"> </td> + <td width="25%" rowspan="4"><div align="right"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_top"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A Grammar<br> + of the + Ilaksh Language</font></strong> </a></div></td> + <td width="30%" rowspan="4"><div align="left"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_top"><img src="Images/ilaksh-logo.gif" alt="Ilaksh Logo" width="230" height="260" border="0"></a></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="41"><div align="center"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm" target="_top"><img src="Images/ithkuil-logo.gif" alt="Ithkuil Logo" width="324" height="61" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm" target="_top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>A Grammar + of the Ithkuil Language</strong></font></a></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="70" valign="top"> </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The above two links will take you to the comprehensive grammars +of two artificially constructed human languages: the first is <strong><font size="+1">Ithkuil</font></strong>, originally introduced in January 2004. The second is <strong><font size="+1">Ilaksh</font></strong>, which is new as of June 2007. Ilaksh represents a complete revision of the sound system (phonology and morpho-phonology) of Ithkuil, designed for the many persons who have expressed an interest in wanting to learn and speak Ithkuil, but have been daunted by its complex sound system. </p> +<p align="justify">Both Ithkuil and Ilaksh represent a cross between + an <em>a priori philosophical language</em> and a <em>logical language</em>. + They are by no means intended to function as “natural” human languages. + Ithkuil and Ilaksh exist as exercises in how human languages <em>could</em> function, + not as human languages <em>do</em> function. </p> +<p align="justify">While I enjoy the idea of inventing fictional languages which + mimic natural languages, it is not enough for me to add simply another language + to the thousands that already exist or have existed. For me, the greater goal + is to attempt the creation of what human beings, left to their own devices, + would never create naturally, but rather only by conscious intellectual effort — an idealized language whose aim is the highest possible degree of logic, efficiency, + detail, and accuracy in cognitive expression via spoken human language, while + minimizing the ambiguity, vagueness, illogic, redundancy, polysemy (multiple + meanings) and overall arbitrariness that is seemingly ubiquitous in natural + human language. Ithkuil and Ilaksh represent the culmination of over a quarter-century +of personal effort toward creating such a language.</p> +<p align="justify">I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil and Ilaksh. I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article “The Speed of Thought” brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. Спасибо, Стас! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original <a href="http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/">Ithkuil site into Russian</a>. And finally, my appreciation to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the <a href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank">2008 Smiley Award</a>. </p> +<p align="center"> — <em>John Quijada</em> +<p align="center"><a href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank"><img src="smiley_award.GIF" alt="Smiley Award" width="214" height="80" border="0" longdesc="http://dedalvs.free.fr/smileys/2008.html"></a></p> +<p align="left"><br> +<br> +</p> +<p align="left"><font size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or + excerpt any portion of the contents of either the Ithkuil or Ilaksh web pages provided you give full attribution +to the author and this website. </font></p> +<p align="left"> </p> +<p align="left"> </p> +</body> +</html> |