diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
| -rw-r--r-- | 2004-en/Chapter_8.html | 3652 |
1 files changed, 3652 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2004-en/Chapter_8.html b/2004-en/Chapter_8.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b14c5f --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/Chapter_8.html @@ -0,0 +1,3652 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title>Chapter 8</title> +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- +.style2 { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; + font-weight: bold; + color: #999999; +} +.style3 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: small; color: #0000FF; } +.style5 {color: #000000; font-weight: bold;} +.style6 { + font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style8 {color: #FF0000} +.style9 { + font-size: large; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style10 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif} +.style11 { + font-size: x-small; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style12 {font-size: small} +.style13 { + font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; + font-size: large; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style14 {font-size: large} +.style15 {font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } +.style17 {font-size: x-small} +.style18 {font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; } +.style19 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; } +.style20 { + font-size: smaller; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style21 {font-weight: bold; font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;} +.style22 {font-size: xx-small} +.style23 { + font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: large; +} +.style24 {color: #FF0000; font-style: italic; } +.style7 {color: #000000} +.style25 { + font-size: x-large; + font-weight: bold; +} +.style27 {font-weight: bold; font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FF0000; } +.style28 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FF0000; } +.style29 {color: #FF0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;} +.style30 { + font-weight: bold; + color: #FF0000; +} +.style32 { + font-size: small; + font-weight: bold; + color: #FF0000; +} +--> +</style> +</head> + +<body> +<h2 align="center" class="style2">Ilaksh: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</h2> +<table width="100%" border="0"> + <tr> + <td width="26%" rowspan="7"><div align="center"><span class="style2"><img src="images/ilaksh-logo.gif" alt="Ilaksh Logo" width="140" height="159" align="top" /></span></div></td> + <td width="22%"><p class="style3"> </p></td> + <td width="24%"><p class="style3"> </p></td> + <td width="28%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="18"><span class="style21"><a href="http://www.ithkuil.net">Home</a></span></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_4.html"><span class="style21">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_9.html"><span class="style21">9 Syntax</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="18"><span class="style21"><a href="Ilaksh_Intro.html">Introduction</a></span></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_5.html"><span class="style21">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_10.html"><span class="style21">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="18"><a href="Chapter_1.html"><span class="style21">1 Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_6.html"><span class="style21">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_11.htm"><span class="style21">11 The Writing System</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="Chapter_2.html"><span class="style21">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_7.html"><span class="style21">7 Affixes</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_12.htm"><span class="style21">12 The Number System</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="Chapter_3.html"><span class="style21">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_8.html"><span class="style21">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Lexicon.htm"><span class="style21">The Lexicon</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="21"> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2 align="center" class="style5">Chapter 8: Adjuncts </h2> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="2%"> </td> + <td width="28%"> </td> + <td width="25%"><a href="#Sec8o1">8.1 Personal Reference Adjuncts </a> </td> + <td width="2%"> </td> + <td><a href="#Sec8o4">8.4 Combination Adjuncts </a></td> + <td width="3%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Sec8o2">8.2 Aspectual Adjuncts </a> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Sec8o5">8.5 Bias Adjuncts </a></td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Sec8o3">8.3 Affixual Adjuncts </a></td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The notion of adjuncts was introduced in <a href="Chapter_2.html#Sec2o6o2">Section + 2.6.2</a>. We have already discussed details of some kinds of adjuncts — valence adjuncts and modality adjuncts were introduced in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="Chapter_6.html">Chapter + 6</a>. </font>In this chapter, several +additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</p> +<p> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.1 PERSONAL REFERENCE ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o1" id="Sec8o1"></a></div></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating + to personal reference. By “personal reference” is meant the grammatical + description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this + is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English he, she, it, I, + you, him, her, mine, ours, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished + by “person” (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English + we, us, and ours). Ilaksh accomplishes the equivalent function by means of + personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and + dual-referent. </p> +<p align="justify">Like other adjuncts in Ilaksh, personal reference adjuncts are + highly synthetic in their structure, comprised of at least two morphemes and + usually more. Before we examine the componential structure of personal reference + adjuncts themselves, we must first introduce the personal reference categories + they refer to. </p> +<table width="100%" border="1"> + <tr> + <td><p align="center"><strong>NOTE TO PERSONS FAMILIAR WITH ITHKUIL</strong></p> + <p>Personal reference adjuncts in Ilaksh operate nearly identically to those of Ithkuil, the sole differences being the elimination of two personal reference categories (the generic animate and the generic inanimate) and the fact that the actual phonological markers for the various referents and their cases are, of course, different in many cases from those of Ithkuil. </p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h3 align="justify"><br /> + 8.1.1 Personal Reference Categories<a name="Sec8o1o1" id="Sec8o1o1"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">The morpho-semantic delineations of Ilaksh personal reference + categorization are based on inclusion or exclusion in relation to an utterance. + These delineations begin with identifying whether or not the party speaking + is included or excluded in relation to the utterance. The next delineation made + is whether the party being addressed (i.e., the audience/listener) is included + or excluded, then finally whether any third party (i.e., a party other than + the speaker and the addressee) is included or excluded.</p> +<p align="justify">There are 46 personal reference categories in Ilaksh, each + of which is represented by a single consonant affix plus a corresponding low + or high tone as shown in Table 23 below. The various terms and abbreviations + used in the table are explained following the table.<br /> +</p> +<p align="left"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 23(a) + and (b): Personal Reference Categories<a name="Table23" id="Table23"></a></font></strong></p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> + <tr> + <td width="57%" valign="top"><table width="90%" border="1"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5"><div align="center" class="style6">PRONOUNCED WITH LOW TONE </div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="11%"> </td> + <td width="19%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Label</font></td> + <td width="16%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Speaker Included </font></td> + <td width="21%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Addressee Included </font></td> + <td width="33%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd Party Included </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>t</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>s</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>š</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>k</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>p</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>r</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ma</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>đ</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ua</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ç</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Col</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Collective</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>l</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ea</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">universal animate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>y</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IDa</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">indefinite animate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>v</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">M</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/p/a/i </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ř</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IPa</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">impersonal animate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ŧ</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+ma</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>n</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+ua</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>x</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+ma</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ň</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+ua</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>f</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+ma</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>m</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+ua</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>h</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+ma</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>z</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+ua</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>w</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+ma</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ž</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+ua</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + <td width="43%" valign="top"><table width="442" border="1" align="center"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5"><div align="center"><span class="style6">PRONOUNCED WITH HIGH TONE</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="21"> </td> + <td width="59"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Label</font></td> + <td width="52"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Speaker Included </font></td> + <td width="66"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Addressee Included </font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd Party Included </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>t</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m+M</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/p/a/i </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>s</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+M</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/p/a/i </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>š</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+M</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/p/a/i</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>k</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+M</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/p/a/i</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>p</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+M</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/p/a/i</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>r</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>đ</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ui</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ç</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Abt</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Abstract</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>l</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ei</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">universal inanimate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>y</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IDi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">indefinite inanimate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>v</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Obv</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Obviative</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ř</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IPi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">impersonal inanimate </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ŧ</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+mi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>n</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+ui</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>x</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+mi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ň</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+ui</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>f</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+mi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>m</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+ui</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>h</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+mi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>z</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+ui</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>w</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+mi</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ž</strong></font></div></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+ui</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td> + <td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td> + <td width="169"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>1 </strong> = Inclusion of speaker <br /> + <strong>2</strong> = Inclusion of addressee <br /> + <strong>m</strong> = monadic (single party) <br /> + <strong>u</strong> = unbounded (more than one party) <br /> + <strong>a</strong> = animate 3rd party <br /> + <strong> i</strong> = inanimate 3rd party<br /> + </font><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>E</strong> = universal ('everyone/everything')<br /> + <strong>M</strong> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate + or <font size="1">MONADIC</font>+<font size="1">UNBOUNDED</font>)<br /> + <strong>IP</strong> = Impersonal ('one')<br /> + <strong>ID</strong> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<br /> + <strong>Obv</strong> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<br /> + <strong>Col</strong> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<br /> + <strong>Abt</strong> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)<br /> + </font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">The following sections explain the terminology in the above + table.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.1 Monadic vs. Unbounded</strong>. These terms were discussed in detail in <a href="Chapter_3.html#Sec3o3">Sec. + 3.3</a> on Perspective. For simplicity’s sake, the difference between + a <font size="2">MONADIC</font> third party versus an <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font> third party can be thought of as the difference between ‘he/she/it’ + and ‘they.’</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.2 Speaker and Addressee</strong>. These terms refer respectively to the party + speaking (in Western grammar the first person), the party being spoken to (the + second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person). + Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons + divided into singular and plural), Ilaksh divides personal reference along + logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker’s utterance. </p> +<p align="justify">From the viewpoint of Ilaksh grammar, only a single individual + can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance + simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is + one speaker. Therefore, the “first person” of Ilaksh, the speaker, + can be only <font size="2">MONADIC</font>, never <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>. + Thus, in Ilaksh, there is no true equivalent to the word “we,” + since inherent in the various categories which translate “we” is + the concept of “I plus some other entity or entities.” From this + we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker’s + utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.</p> +<p align="justify">The “second person” in Ilaksh is the addressee, + the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more + than one addressee, i.e., <font size="2">MONADIC</font> or <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>.</p> +<p align="justify">The “third person” in Ilaksh is where things get + very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or + the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence + of animacy, being <font size="2">MONADIC</font> versus <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>, + being referred to as a collective entity, being an intangible abstraction, being + indefinite, being an impersonal generic reference, or being a combination of + two or more of these categories. These distinctions are explained below.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.3 Animate vs. Inanimate</strong>. This is as it sounds. As we saw in earlier chapters, + particularly <a href="Chapter_4.html#Sec4o1">Sec. 4.1</a>, several + important morphological categories in Ilaksh are dependent on whether the party + to the act, condition, or event is a living entity or inanimate. Note that the + distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does + not exist in the Ilaksh personal reference system. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.4 “Mixed” Third-Party Reference</strong>. It is possible for the third + party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For + example a speaker could make reference to “I, you, and they” where + “they” consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic + animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible + concept such as ‘happiness’ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such + cases, Ilaksh personal reference categories provide for such “mixed” + parties to be included in a particular personal referent.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.5 Collective Reference</strong>. This corresponds to the <font size="2">NOMIC</font> Perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example, + the word ‘dog’ in the sentence <em>The dog is a noble beast</em> refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This <font size="2">COLLECTIVE</font> category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ilaksh, depending + on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.6 Abstract Reference</strong>. This corresponds to the <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font> perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns + ending with -<em>hood</em>, -<em>ness</em>, etc. In Ilaksh, all nouns can be + spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <em>“bookhood”</em> = the + sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system + provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities + are included in the context of the utterance.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><a name="Sec8o1o1o7" id="Sec8o1o1o7"></a>8.1.1.7 Obviative (4th Person) Reference</strong>. This category has no equivalent in + Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages. + It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which + would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises, + this category is usually termed the obviative or “fourth” person. + For example, the English sentence <em>He saw his book</em> is ambiguous because + we are uncertain whether ‘he’ and ‘his’ refer to the + same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another + who owns the book). In Ilaksh, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter + third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent, + would be marked using the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font>, not the third person. + This disambiguation of third person referents is the purpose of the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font>. + Its translation into English is therefore dependent on a preceding personal + referent. (See <a href="#Sec8o1o4">Sec. 8.1.4</a> below for more information + about the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font>).</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.8 Indefinite Reference</strong>. This category indicates that the third party + refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the + referent <span class="style10"><strong>y</strong></span> indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English ‘anyone’ or + ‘anybody,’ while the referent <span class="style10"><strong>y<em><strong>¯</strong></em></strong></span> indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English ‘anything.’ </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.9 Universal Reference</strong>. This category indicates that the third party refers + to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent <span class="style10"><strong> l</strong></span> indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English ‘everyone’ or + ‘everybody,’ while the referent <span class="style10"><strong>l<strong><em><strong>¯</strong></em></strong></strong></span> indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English ‘everything.’ </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.10 Impersonal Reference</strong>. This category corresponds to the German pronoun <em>man</em> or French pronoun <em>on</em>, as well as the various circumlocutions + used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., ‘one,’ ‘you,’ + ‘they,’ the passive voice, and certain usages of ‘someone’). + Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><em><strong>·</strong> <strong>One</strong> should + never speak to clowns alone.<br /> + <strong>·</strong> To dance the tango <strong>you</strong> need a partner.<br /> + <strong>·</strong> <strong>They</strong> say it never rains in August.<br /> + <strong>·</strong> That town <strong>is said</strong> to be haunted.<br /> + <strong>·</strong> She just wants to talk to <strong>someone</strong> without being criticized.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity</strong>. Since + Ilaksh personal reference adjuncts are designed to specify who among the speaker, + addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of + the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible + in Ilaksh for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions + would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying ‘we,’ + the speaker would have to specify ‘the two of us,’ or ‘I and + he but not you,’ or ‘I, you, and they.’ Similarly, the English + word ‘you’ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to ‘you + (singular),’ ‘you (plural),’ ‘you (singular) and it,’ + ‘you and those people,’ ‘you and those things,’ etc.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br /> + 8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<a name="Sec8o1o2" id="Sec8o1o2"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent + adjuncts and have three forms: (1) a short form, (2) a long form, and (3) a + conjunct form, as shown in Table 24 below. <br /> +</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 24: + Morphological Structure of a Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct<a name="Table24" id="Table24"></a></strong></font> </p> +<table width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="46%" height="41" valign="middle"><strong>Form 1: C<span class="style17">R</span> + V<span class="style17">K</span> </strong></td> + <td>Example:<span class="style14"> <strong>p</strong>(w/high tone) + <strong>oi</strong> <strong>→</strong> <strong>pōi</strong> </span></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="53" valign="middle"><strong>Form 2: (V<span class="style12">a)</span> + C<span class="style17">R</span> + V<span class="style17">K1</span> + V<span class="style12">z</span> </strong></td> + <td>Example: <span class="style14"> <br /> + <strong>au + t</strong>(w/high tone) + <strong>iw + u + </strong></span>[tone shift]<span class="style14"> <strong>→</strong> <strong>autí’wu</strong></span><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="55" valign="middle"><strong>Form 3: (V<span class="style12">a)</span> + C<span class="style17">R</span> + V<span class="style17">K1</span> + V<span class="style17">d</span> + C<span class="style12">s (</span>+ V<span class="style12">z</span> + (C<span class="style12">b</span>))</strong></td> + <td>Example:<span class="style14"><strong> <br /> + o + k</strong> + <strong>uiw + e<strong> + st + e</strong></strong></span><span class="style14"> <strong><strong><strong> + ç</strong></strong><strong><strong><strong>ç</strong></strong></strong> →</strong> <strong>okui<strong>’</strong>weste<strong><strong><strong>ç</strong></strong><strong><strong><strong>ç</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td colspan="2"><table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><strong>Where:</strong></td> + <td width="88%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>C<span class="style17">R</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant indicating + Referent 1 [from <a href="#Table23">Table 23</a> above]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style17">K</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">short form of + vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1[see <a href="#Table25">Table + 25</a> below]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style12">a </span></strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix + showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation & Focus of Referent + 1 <br /> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> (see <a href="#Table26">Table 26</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style17">K1</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of + vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <a href="#Table25">Table + 25</a> below]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style12">z</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix + (+ stress) showing Context and Extension of Referent 1 + [see <a href="#Table27">Table + 27</a> below]</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><strong>V<span class="style17">d</span> = </strong></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix + showing degree of <strong>C<span class="style12">s </span></strong>(see <a href="#Table27">Table 27</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>C<span class="style12">s </span></strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix + for Referent 1 from standard suffix tables</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="38"><div align="right"> <strong>C<span class="style12">b</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias + suffix (see Table 21 in <a href="Chapter_6.html#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>))</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="32"><div align="right"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form + 2: </font></strong></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ultimate stress = </font><span class="style12"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shortcut for FML designation in absence of </font></span><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<span class="style12">a </span></strong></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="29"><div align="right"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form + 3: </font></strong></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress pattern + shows affix-type: penultimate = <strong>V<font size="1">1</font>C</strong>, + ultimate = <strong>V<font size="1">2</font>C</strong>, antepenultimate + = <strong>V<font size="1">3</font>C</strong></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Forms <br /> + 1, 2, & 3</strong>:</font></div></td> + <td valign="bottom"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone + shift shows RPV essence for Referent 1: low → falling, high → rising</font></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + </tr> +</table> +</p> +<p align="justify">The short form of the adjunct consists of a single consonant + (labeled <strong>C<font size="1">R</font></strong> in the diagram) plus tone, + corresponding to one of the 44 particular referents (as described in <a href="#Sec8o1o1">Sec. + 8.1.1</a> above). This is followed by a single vocalic suffix <strong>V<font size="1">K</font></strong> indicating the case of the personal referent (see <a href="Chapter_4.html">Chapter 4</a> on Case). The 81 + possible values for this suffix are shown in Table 25 below. <br /> +</p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 25: Case Suffixes/Infixes +for Personal Reference Adjuncts</font></strong><a name="Table25" id="Table25"></a></p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="47%" valign="top"><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div> </div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>Label</strong></div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div><strong>CASE</strong> </div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V</strong><span class="style11">K</span> </div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style17">K1</span></strong> </div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>1</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">OBL</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Oblique</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-a’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>2</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">IND </div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Inducive</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ia</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-a’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>3</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABS</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Absolutive</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">e</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-e’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>4</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ERG</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ergative</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">o</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-o’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>5</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EFF</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Effectuative</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">u</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-u’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>6</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">AFF</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Affective</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ua</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-u’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>7</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DAT</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Dative</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">i</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-i’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>8</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">INS</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Instrumental</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ö</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ö’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>9</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ACT</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Activative</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ü</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ü’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div>10</div></td> + <td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DER</div></td> + <td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Derivative</div></td> + <td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ä</div></td> + <td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ä’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>11</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">SIT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Situative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öi’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>12</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">POS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Possessive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ai</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ai’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>13</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Proprietive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ei</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ei’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>14</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">GEN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Genitive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eo</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-i’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>15</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ATT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Attributive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oi’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>16</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PDC</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Productive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">äi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-äi’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>17</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ITP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interpretative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ëi’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>18</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">OGN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Originative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ui</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ui’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>19</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PAR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Partitive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ëu’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>20</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CRS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Contrastive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">äu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-äu’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>21</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CPS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Compositive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öu’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>22</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRD</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Predicative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öe</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ë’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>23</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">MED</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Mediative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eö</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ë’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>24</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">APL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Applicative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">au</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-au’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>25</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PUR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Purposive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eu’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>26</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CSD</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Considerative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ea</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-e’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>27</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ESS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Essive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aú</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-a-u’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>28</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ASI</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Assimilative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eú</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-e-u’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>29</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">FUN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Functive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iú</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-i-u’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>30</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">TFM</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Transformative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oú</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-o-u’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>31</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">REF</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Referential</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëú</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ëu’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>32</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CLA</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Classificative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oa</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-o’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>33</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNV</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Conductive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ou</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ou’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>34</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">IDP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interdependent</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öé</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öe’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>35</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">BEN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Benefactive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ie</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eu’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>36</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">TSP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Transpositive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ue</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iu’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>37</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CMM</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Commutative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">i-u</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ä’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>38</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">COM</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Comitative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">io</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ö’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>39</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNJ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Conjunctive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uo</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uo’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>40</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">UTL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Utilitative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ü’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>41</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABE</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Abessive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ao</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-au’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>42</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CVS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Conversive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aé</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a-e’y</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top">43</td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style10">COR</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><span class="style10">Correlative</span></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">ë</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iu’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>44</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style10">DEP</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><span class="style10">Dependent</span></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">ä-í</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">-ai’y-</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>45</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PVS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Provisional</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ió</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-io’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>46</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PTL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Postulative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iá</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ia’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>47</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DFR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Deferential</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uá</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ua’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>48</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CON</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Concessive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aó</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ea’w-</div></td> + </tr> + + + </table></td> + <td width="53%" valign="top"><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div> </div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>Label</strong></div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div><strong>CASE</strong> </div></td> + <td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V</strong><span class="style11">K</span> </div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style17">K1</span></strong> </div></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>49</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EXC</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Exceptive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eó</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eo’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>50</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">AVR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Aversive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ö-í</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ö-i’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>51</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CMP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Comparative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ë-í</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ëi’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>52</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">SML</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Simultaneitive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aö</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oi’y-</div></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>53</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ASS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Assessive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ö-á</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öi’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>54</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Concursive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ié</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ie’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>55</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ACS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Accessive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ué</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ue’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>56</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DFF</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Diffusive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uó</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uo’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>57</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PER</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Periodic</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oe</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oe’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>58</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRO</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Prolapsive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oé</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oe’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>59</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PCV</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Precursive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eá</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ea’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>60</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PCR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Postcursive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oá</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oa’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>61</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ELP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Elapsive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öa</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oa’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>62</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ALP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Allapsive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üa</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ua’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>63</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">INP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interpolative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öá</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öa’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>64</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EPS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Episodic</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üo</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-io’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>65</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Prolimitive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üó</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ie’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>66</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">LIM</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Limitative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üá</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ia’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>67</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">LOC</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Locative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a-í</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-a-i’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>68</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ORI</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Orientative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">e-í</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-e-i’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>69</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PSV</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Procursive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iö</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iö’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>70</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ALL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Allative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">o-í</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-o-i’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>71</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Ablative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">u-í</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-u-i’y</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>72</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">NAV</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Navigative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uö</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uö’w-</div></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>73</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP1A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative1A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iai</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a-i’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>74</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP2A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative2A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iei</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">e-i’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>75</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP3A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative3A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ioi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">o-i’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>76</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP4A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative4A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">i-ui</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-i-u’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>77</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP5A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative5A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uai</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-a-u’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>78</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP6A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative6A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uei</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-e-u’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>79</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP7A </div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative7A </div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">u-iu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">u-i’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>80</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP8A</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative8A</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uoi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-o-u’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>81</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP1B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative1B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iái</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-üa’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>82</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP2B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative2B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iéi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ei’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>83</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP3B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative3B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iói</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ao’y</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>84</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP4B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative4B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iúi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ui’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>85</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP5B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative5B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uái</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-üa’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>86</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP6B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative6B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uéi</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ue’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>87</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP7B </div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative7B </div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uíu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eo’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>88</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP8B</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative8B</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uói</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-üo’w-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>89</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP1C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative1C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iau</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-äu’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>90</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP2C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative2C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ieu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eö’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>91</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP3C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative3C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iou</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ou’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>92</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP4C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative4C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eai</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iö’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>93</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP5C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative5C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oai</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uö’y-</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>94</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP6C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative6C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eau</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ao’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>95</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP7C </div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative7C </div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iéu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a-e’w</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div>96</div></td> + <td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP8C</div></td> + <td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative8C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ióu</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eö’w-</div></td> + </tr> + + </table></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p><br /> + As for the long form of the adjunct, the first part is an optional + vocalic prefix<strong> V<span class="style12">a</span> </strong>which indicates the Configuration, Affiliation, and Designation of the personal +referent (see <a href="Chapter_3.html">Chapter 3</a> for a discussion of these morphological categories). The possible values for <strong>V<span class="style12">a</span> </strong> are shown in Tables 26 below.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /> + Table 26:</font> <span class="style10">V</span></strong><span class="style10"><strong><span class="style12">a</span> Prefixes for Single-Referent Personal Reference Aduncts</strong></span><a name="Table26" id="Table26"></a></p> +<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="99" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#666666"><div align="center" class="style18"><br /> + <strong>DESIGNATION</strong> </div> </td> + <td width="91" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong><br /> + AFFILIATION</strong></div></td> + <td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10"><strong>CONFIGURATION</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="45" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>UNI</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>DPX</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>DCT</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>AGG</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>SEG</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>CPN</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>COH</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>CST</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style15"><strong>MLT</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="99" rowspan="4" valign="top" bgcolor="#666666"><div align="center" class="style19"><strong> </strong></div> + <div align="center" class="style19"><strong>IFL</strong></div></td> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">CSL</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>a</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>au</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ai</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ia</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ua</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ya</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yo</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ea</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>iö</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">ASO</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>u</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>iu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ui</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ie</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ue</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yë</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ae</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ao</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">VAR</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>e</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>eu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ei</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>io</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>uo</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ye</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yö</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>oa</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>oe</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">COA</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>i</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ou</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>oi</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ië</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>uë</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yi</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yä</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>eo</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>uö</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="99" rowspan="4" valign="top" bgcolor="#666666"><div align="center" class="style19"><strong> </strong></div> + <div align="center" class="style19"><strong>FML</strong></div></td> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">CSL</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>o</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wa</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wo</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>äi</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>äu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wai</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yau</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wia</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yua</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">ASO</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ü</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wë</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ë</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ï</strong> </div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wui</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yiu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wie</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yue</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">VAR</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ö</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>we</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wö</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ëi</strong> </div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ëu</strong> </div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wei</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yeu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wio</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yuo</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="91" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style10">COA</div></td> + <td width="45" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ä</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wi</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wä</strong> </div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>öi</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>öu</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>woi</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>you</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>wië</strong></div></td> + <td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>yuë</strong></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<p align="justify"> The second part of the long form of the adjunct is the single consonant (<strong>C<span class="style17">R</span></strong>) + plus tone shown previously in <a href="#Table23">Table 23</a>, corresponding + to the personal referent. The third part of the long form of the adjunct is + a syllabic infix (<strong>V<span class="style17">K1</span></strong>) + which shows the case of the personal referent; it is a combination of a vowel + or diphthong followed by the consonant <strong>y</strong> or <strong>w</strong>. + The 96 possible values for this infix are shown in the righthand columns of <a href="#Table25">Table 25</a> above. + The final term of the long form of the adjunct is a single vowel suffix -<strong>V<span class="style12">z</span> </strong> which indicates the Context and Extension of the personal + referent (see <a href="Chapter_3.html#Sec3o5">Sec. +3.5</a> on Context). The values for this -<strong>V<span class="style12">z</span> </strong> suffix are shown in <a href="#Table27">Table 27</a> below. </p> +<p align="justify">As for the third type, or conjunct form of the adjunct, the + first three terms of are identical to those of the long-form. The new terms + are <strong>C<span class="style12">s</span></strong>, + which is merely a standard suffix used with formatives, as analyzed in <a href="Chapter_7.html#Sec7o4">Sec. + 7.4</a>, and a vocalic infix, <strong>V<span class="style12">d</span></strong>, + which indicates the degree and affix-type of <strong>C<span class="style12">s</span></strong>. + The values of <strong><strong>V<span class="style12">d</span></strong></strong> are shown in Table 27 below. The affix-type of<strong> C<span class="style12">s</span></strong> is shown by the adjunct’s stress pattern (penultimate stress = Type 1, ultimate stress = Type 2, antepenultimate = Type 3). Optional terms are <strong>V<span class="style12">z</span></strong>, + the same term as explained in the preceding paragraph indicating the Context and Extension of the personal + referent, and <strong>C<span class="style12">b</span></strong>, the Bias suffix discussed in <a href="Chapter_6.html#Sec6o6">Section 6.6</a>. The use of optional elements in these adjunct is unnecessary if the particular category indicated by the optional element is already known (or can be inferred) + from the utterance. Note that the appearance of the bias suffix <strong>C<span class="style12">b</span></strong> is dependent on the appearance of <strong>V<span class="style12">z</span></strong>, as indicated by the nested pattern of parentheses + shown in Table 24 above.<br /> +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 27(a) and (b) : + Values for V<span class="style17">d</span> and V<span class="style12">z</span></font></strong><a name="Table27" id="Table27"></a></p> +<table width="82%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="38%" valign="top"><table border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<span class="style12">d</span></font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="112">Degree 1</td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>i</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 2</td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>e</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 3</td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ä</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 4</td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ö</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 5 </td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>a</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 6 </td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ü</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 7</td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ï/ë</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 8</td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>o</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Degree 9 </td> + <td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>u</strong></div></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + <td width="62%" valign="top"> + <div align="left"> + <table width="95%" border="1" align="left" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td colspan="5"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<span class="style12">z</span></font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="54%"> </td> + <td width="54%"><div align="center" class="style10">EXS</div></td> + <td width="54%"><div align="center" class="style10">FNC</div></td> + <td width="54%"><div align="center" class="style10">SYM</div></td> + <td width="54%"><div align="center" class="style10">AMG</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="style10"><strong>DEL</strong></span></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">a</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>u</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>au</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>iu</strong></span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="style10"><strong>PRX</strong></span></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>ai</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>ui</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>eu</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">ëu</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="style10"><strong>ICP</strong></span></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">i</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">ü</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">ou</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>ï</strong></span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="style10"><strong>TRM</strong></span></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">ö</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">ëi</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">öi</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">öu</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="style10"><strong>DPL</strong></span></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>o</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style9">e</span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>äi</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>äu</strong></span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="style10"><strong>GRD</strong></span></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>oi</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>ei</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>ea</strong></span></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><span class="style14"><strong>oa</strong></span></div></td> + </tr> + </table> + </div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">For all three forms of the adjunct, shift from low to falling tone, or from high to rising, indicates the <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> essence of the personal referent. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.1 Use of the Short Form</strong>. The short form + of a single-referent personal reference adjunct is used when it is clear from + the surrounding context of the utterance which previously identified noun participant + is being referred to, so that it is unnecessary to indicate the Configuration, + Affiliation, Designation, Extension, and Context of the referent. The short form + of the adjunct merely indicates the party itself and its case. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.2 Use of the Long Form</strong>: The long form + of the adjunct is used when necessary to indicate the Context and Extension, and/or the Configuration, + Affiliation, and Designation of the referent when the surrounding sentences + do not provide or make clear this information. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.3 Use of the Conjunct Form</strong>: Form 3 of + the adjunct, the conjunct form, is a single-referent adjunct which combines + with a standard formative affix, allowing an affix category (and a Bias category if desired) to be applied to + a personal referent, just as an affix category would normally apply to the formative + to which it is affixed. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>8.1.2.4 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference +Adjuncts in Use</strong></p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><strong><font size="+1">Teo fwò-ul ilákš ujtavépla.</font></strong><br /> + <span class="style30"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">GEN</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"></font></font></span><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"> </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘male maternal cousin’-<font size="-1">ACT</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><font size="-1"> </font></font> <font size="-1">IFL/RPV</font>-‘speak’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/COA/CST<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font></font> <font size="-1"> </font> <font size="-1">FML</font>-<font size="-1">EFC</font><font size="-1"></font><font size="-1">/CTX/IPU</font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘study’-<font size="-1">TRM/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br /> + <em>My cousin has finally learned Ilaksh.</em></p> + <p align="justify"><strong><font size="+1">Hlŭakya nia.</font></strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000"><br /> + </font></strong>EXP-IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘congratulate’</font> <span class="style8"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m+ua</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IND</font></strong></span><br /> + <em>We (I and the others) offer our congratulations. </em></p> + <p><strong><font size="+1">Rü n-nwà aktlàc utputānukt.</font></strong><br /> + <span class="style8"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ma/ACT</font></strong></span><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font size="-1">CRD</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font size="-1">MNF</font>-‘woman’-<font size="-1">DEL/A/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">FML</font>-‘travel’-<font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">1</font>/5</font>-<font size="-1">DEF<font size="-2">1</font>/9</font></font><br /> + <em>She thinks the travelers are women.</em></p> + <p><strong><font size="+1">Äđü iň-ňmà atác.</font></strong><br /> + <span class="style30"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CSL/DPX</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">ua</font>-<font size="-1">ACT</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"></font></font></span><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font size="-1">RCP</font>-<font size="-1">DVR</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font>-‘write message’-<font size="-1">DEL/A/CSL/UNI</font></font><br /> + <em>The two of them like writing to each other.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<h3 align="justify">8.1.3 Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts <a name="Sec8o1o3" id="Sec8o1o3"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">Ilaksh allows a personal reference adjunct to show the personal + reference category and associated case for two separate parties all in one adjunct. + This is called a dual-referent adjunct and serves to combine two unrelated personal + referents into one adjunct, no matter what their associated cases may be. There + is only one form of a dual-referent adjunct, shown in Table 28 below.</p> +<p align="justify"><br /> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 28: Morphological Structure + of a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct<a name="Table28" id="Table28"></a></strong></font> </p> +<table width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="46%" height="55" valign="top"><p><strong>Form 3:</strong> </p> + <p><strong> (V<span class="style12">a)</span> + C<span class="style17">R</span><span class="style17">R</span> + V<span class="style17">K1</span> + V<span class="style17">B</span> + C<span class="style12"><span class="style17">K2</span> (</span>+ V<span class="style12">g</span> + (C<span class="style12">b</span>))</strong><br /> + </p></td> + <td><p>Example:<font color="#FFFFFF"> : </font><strong>ûksai'wénz</strong><br /> + <font color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </font></p></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="369" colspan="2"><table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="12%"><strong>Where:</strong></td> + <td width="88%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style12">a</span></strong> =</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix + showing Configuration, Affiliation, & Designation of Referent + 1 <br /> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> (see <a href="#Table26">Table 26</a> above)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><strong>C<span class="style17">R</span><span class="style17">R</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant(s) + indicating Referent 1 and Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table30">Table + 30</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style17">K1</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of + vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 (see <a href="#Table25">Table + 25</a> above)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style17">B</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix + showing Context & Designation of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table29">Table + 29</a> below)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>C<span class="style12"><span class="style17">K2</span> </span></strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix + showing Case and Configuration of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table31">Table + 31</a>; 9 degrees of case suffix correspond to the 9 configurations)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong>V<span class="style12">g</span> </strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix + showing Affiliation of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table31">Table + 31)</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="42"><div align="right"><strong>C<span class="style12">b </span></strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias + suffix (see Table 21 in <a href="Chapter_6.html#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>)</font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td height="42"><div align="right"> <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone </font></strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Combinations + of Ref. 1& 2: <br /> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> low + low = low, high + + high = high, low + high = rising, <br /> + <font color="#FFFFFF">_____</font> high + low = falling </font></td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"> <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress </font></strong>=</div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shows Referents 1 and 2 + Essence respectively: penultimate = 1:NRM/1:NRM, ultimate = 1:NRM/2:RPV, + antepenultimate = 1:RPV/2:NRM, preantepenultmate = 1:RPV/2:RPV</font></td> + </tr> + </table></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 29: Values f</strong></font><span class="style6">or V<span class="style17">B</span></span><a name="Table29" id="Table29"></a></p> +<table width="27%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <td width="38%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">DESIGNATION</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="29%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONTEXT</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="33%"><div align="center"><span class="style6">V<span class="style17">B</span></span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FR<br /> + INFORMAL</font></div></td> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">EXS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">FNC</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">RPS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">AMG</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="4"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /> + FORMAL</font></div></td> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">EXS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">FNC</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i/u</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">RPS</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ë</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center" class="style10">AMG</div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> <strong>V<span class="style17">B</span></strong> is a vocalic suffix indicating the Context and Designation of Referent-2; its + values are shown in Table 29 immediately above. The composite prefix (labeled<strong> C<span class="style17">R</span><span class="style17">R</span></strong>) + is a synthetic consonantal prefix formed from the combination of the Referent-1 + prefix and the Referent-2 prefix. For example, the combination of the prefix <strong> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">s</font></strong>- with the + prefix <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>f</strong></font>- + renders the composite prefix <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sf</strong></font>-, + while the combination of the prefix <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong>- + with the prefix <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k</strong></font>- + gives the composite <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>g</strong></font>-. + Table 30 below illustrates how the 22 single-consonant prefixes combine with + each other. Those values grayed out on the table do not occur.<br /> +</p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 30: Personal Reference + Adjunct Prefixes</font></strong><a name="Table30" id="Table30"></a></p> +<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10"> </div> + <div align="center" class="style10">Low Tone</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10"> </div> + <div align="center" class="style10">High Tone</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style15">2nd referent</span><strong>→<br /> + <br /> + </strong></div> + <div align="center"><span class="style15">1st referent</span> <strong>↓</strong> </div></td> + <td width="36"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>h</strong></div></td> + <td width="36"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ř</strong></div></td> + <td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ç</strong></div></td> + <td width="42"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>v</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>l</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style9">ň</div></td> + <td width="36"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>n</strong></div></td> + <td width="38"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>m</strong></div></td> + <td width="32"><div align="center" class="style9">đ</div></td> + <td width="28"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>x</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>f</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ž</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>y</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>z</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>š</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>w</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>s</strong></div></td> + <td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>p</strong></div></td> + <td width="24"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>k</strong></div></td> + <td width="24"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>t</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">ma</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">mi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>r</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">hr</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">rr</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">çr</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">vr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ll </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ňr </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">nr</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">mr</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">đr</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">xr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">fr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">žr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ry</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">zr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">šr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">rw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">sr</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pr</div></td> + <td width="24" valign="top"><div align="center">kr</div></td> + <td width="24" valign="top"><div align="center">tr</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ M</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>t</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">str</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">tř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">çt</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">nt</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">tl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">gr</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">štw</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">stw</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">zz</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">xt</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ct </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">tf</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">j</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ty</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ż</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">č</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">tw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">c</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">d</div></td> + <td width="24" valign="top"><div align="center">g</div></td> + <td width="24"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+M</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>k</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">skr</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">kř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">çk</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">ňk</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">kl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">gw</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">škw</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">skw</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">gđ</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">kç</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">kŧ</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">kf</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">gž</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ky</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">gz</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">kš</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">kw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ks</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">b</div></td> + <td width="48" colspan="2"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+M</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>p</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">spr</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">př</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">çp</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">mp</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pç </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">špw</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">spw</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">bđ</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">xp</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pŧ</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pf</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">bž</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">py</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">bz</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pš</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">pw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ps</div></td> + <td width="78" colspan="3"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+M</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>s</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">sř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">sc</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">ms</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">sl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">sň</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">sn</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">sm</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">žž</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">sx</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">sf</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ss</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="108" colspan="4"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+ma</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+mi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>w</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">řw</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">çw</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">vw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">lw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ňw</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">nw</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">mw</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">đw</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">xw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">fw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">hw</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td> + <td width="138" colspan="5"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+M</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>š</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">šř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">šč</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">mš</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">šl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">šň</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">šn</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">šm</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">šš</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">šx</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">šŧ</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">šf</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">dy</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td> + <td width="168" colspan="6"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+ua</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+ui</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>z</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">zw</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">st</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">mz</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">zl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">zg</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">zm</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">zd</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">sk</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">sp</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">žd</div></td> + <td width="198" colspan="7"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">IDa</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">IDi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>y</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">çç</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">řy</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">cc</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">vy</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ly</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">dn</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">ny</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">my</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">đy</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">çm</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧy</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">fy</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">žb</div></td> + <td width="228" colspan="8"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+ua</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+ui</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ž</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">žw</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">čč</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">mž</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">žl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">žg</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">žn</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">žm</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">šw</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">šk</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">št</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">šp</div></td> + <td width="258" colspan="9"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+ma</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+mi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>f</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">ff</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">fř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">xv</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">vv</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">fl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">bl</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">br</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">bv</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧŧ</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">hh</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">zv</div></td> + <td width="288" colspan="10"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ma</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+mi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"> <strong>ŧ</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">xŧ</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">nŧ</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">dl</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">dr</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">dv</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">đđ</div></td> + <td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">škl</div></td> + <td width="318" colspan="11"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+ma</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+mi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>x</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">xx</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">rk</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">çn</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">ňx</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">xl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">gv</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">xn</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">xm</div></td> + <td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">sŧ</div></td> + <td width="346" colspan="12"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">ua</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">ui</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">đ</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">skl</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">gř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">stl</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">zb</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">đl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">sw</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">zn</div></td> + <td width="38" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧw</div></td> + <td width="378" colspan="13"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+ua</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+ui</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>m</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">hm</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">mř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">špr</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">mb</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ml</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ňň</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">mm</div></td> + <td width="416" colspan="14"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ua</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ui</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>n</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">hn</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">nř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">štr</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">nd</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">nl</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">nn</div></td> + <td width="452" colspan="15"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+ua</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+ui</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ň</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">hň</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">řř</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">škr</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">ňg</div></td> + <td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">ňl</div></td> + <td width="482" colspan="16"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ea</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ei</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>l</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">hl</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">lk</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">lt</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">lp</div></td> + <td width="512" colspan="17"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">M</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">Obv</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>v</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">špl</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">štl</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">spl</div></td> + <td width="554" colspan="18"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">Col </div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">Abt</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ç</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">pst</div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">psk</div></td> + <td width="594" colspan="19"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">IPa</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">IPi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ř</strong></div></td> + <td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">pšt</div></td> + <td width="630" colspan="20"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+ma</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+mi</div></td> + <td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>h</strong></div></td> + <td width="666" colspan="21"></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table: </p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>1 </strong> = Inclusion of speaker <br /> + <strong>2</strong> = Inclusion of addressee <br /> + <strong>m</strong> = monadic (single party) <br /> + <strong>u</strong> = unbounded (more than one party) <br /> + <strong>a</strong> = animate 3rd party <br /> + <strong> i</strong> = inanimate 3rd party<br /> + </font><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>E</strong> = universal ('everyone/everything')<br /> + <strong>M</strong> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate + or <font size="1">MONADIC</font>+<font size="1">UNBOUNDED</font>)<br /> + <strong>IP</strong> = Impersonal ('one')<br /> + <strong>ID</strong> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<br /> + <strong>Obv</strong> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<br /> + <strong>Col</strong> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<br /> + <strong>Abt</strong> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)</font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Note that when combining two referent prefixes to form the + composite prefix the tones associated with each referent must also be combined (remember + it is the distinction between low and high tone that expands the 22 single-consonant + referents into 44). Since all single-referent adjuncts are either of low + or high tone, their combination proceeds as follows:</p> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">low + low <strong><font size="+1">→</font></strong> low <br /> + high + high <strong><font size="+1">→</font></strong> high <br /> + low + high <strong><font size="+1">→</font></strong> rising <br /> + high + low <strong><font size="+1">→</font></strong> falling </font></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">As for the Referent-1 case infix, this is the same vocalic + case-affix (<strong>V<span class="style12">K1</span></strong>) we saw for single-referent adjuncts in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. + 8.1.2</a> above (with the vocalic increment ending in -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">y</font></strong>- + or -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>w</strong></font>-). The + forms for these case infixes were given in <a href="#Table25">Table 25</a>.</p> +<p align="justify">Deferring for a moment the explanation of the Referent-2 consonantal + case suffix (<strong>C<span class="style17">K2</span></strong>), + the last two terms of the dual-referent adjunct are <strong>V<span class="style12">g</span></strong> and <strong>C<span class="style12">b</span></strong>. + The former is one of four vocalic affixes representing the affiliation of Referent-2 (see <a href="Chapter_3.html#Sec3o2">Sec. 3.2</a>), + while the latter is the consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <a href="Chapter_6.html#Sec6o6">Sec. + 6.6</a>. The use of <strong>V<span class="style12">g</span></strong> is optional if the affiliation of the referent is already known (or can be inferred) + from the context of the utterance. The appearance of the <strong>C<span class="style12">b</span></strong> bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of<strong> V<span class="style12">g</span></strong>. There are three different series <strong>V<span class="style12">g</span></strong> values for each of the four Affiliation categories<strong> (</strong>CSL - ASO - VAR - COA . These three series of four are arranged as follows: </p> +<blockquote> + <p><strong>V<span class="style12">g</span> variants: (in the order CSL - ASO - VAR - COA)<br /> + </strong><strong>A) a – u – o – e B) ai – ui – oi – ei C) i – ü – ï/ë – iu</strong></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">The three different series of <strong>V<span class="style12">g</span> </strong>values are utilized by the C<span class="style17">K2</span> suffixes detailed in Table 31 below.</p> +<p align="justify">The four-way combination of Essence for Referent-1 and Referent-2 + respectively is shown by the four available stress patterns: penultimate stress indicates <font size="2">NORMAL</font> + <font size="2">NORMAL</font>, ultimate stress + indicates <font size="2">NORMAL</font> + <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font>, antepenultimate + indicates <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> + <font size="2">NORMAL</font>, + and preantepenultimate indicates <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> + <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font>. + (See <a href="Chapter_3.html#Sec3o7">Sec. 3.7</a> on + Essence)</p> +<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shows Referents 1 and 2 + Essence respectively: penultimate = 1:NRM/1:NRM, ultimate = 1:NRM/2:RPV, +antepenultimate = 1:RPV/2:NRM, preantepenultmate = 1:RPV/2:RPV</font></p> +<p align="justify">The Referent-2 consonantal case suffix (<strong>C<span class="style17">K2</span></strong>) + is a consonantal suffix associated with each of the 72 main noun cases (personal reference adjuncts marked for the specialized comparison cases, Nos. 73 - 96 cannot use dual-referent adjuncts). Note that + each of these case-frame adjunct markers has nine forms (a default form consisting of three variations in the consonantal form itself combined with the three series of the <strong>V<span class="style12">g</span></strong> affix). These nine variants are used to indicate the configuration + of Referent-2 (see <a href="Chapter_3.html#Sec3o1">Sec. + 3.1</a> on Configuration). The values for are shown in Tables 31 below.</p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /> + Table 31: C<span class="style17">K2</span> Suffixes for Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<a name="Table31" id="Table31"></a></font></strong></p> +<table width="69%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"> </td> + <td colspan="9" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CONFIGURATION OF REFERENT 2 </div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">UNI</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">DPX</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">DCT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">AGG</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">SEG</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">CPN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">COH</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">CST</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style15">MLT</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><strong> </strong></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>LABEL</strong></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>CASE</strong></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=A</div></td> + <td width="44" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=B</div></td> + <td width="41" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=A</div></td> + <td width="41" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=B</div></td> + <td width="44" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=C</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=A</div></td> + <td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=B</div></td> + <td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style20">Vg=C</div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">1</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">OBL</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Oblique</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">l</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rl</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">çt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">2</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">IND </div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Inducive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">p</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">3</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Absolutive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">n</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rn</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ln</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">4</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ERG</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Ergative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">m</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rm</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lm</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">5</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EFF</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Effectuative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ň</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rň</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lň</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">6</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">AFF</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Affective</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">t</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">7</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DAT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Dative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">k</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">8</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">INS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Instrumental</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">r</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňň</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lr</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">9</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ACT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Activative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ç</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rç</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lç</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">10</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DER</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Derivative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">v</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">11</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">SIT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Situative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">đ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rđ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lđ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">12</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">POS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Possessive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">s</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rs</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ls</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">13</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Proprietive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">c</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rc</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lc</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">14</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">GEN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Genitive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">š</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">15</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ATT</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Attributive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">č</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rč</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lč</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">16</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PDC</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Productive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">j</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rj</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lj</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">17</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ITP</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interpretative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ż</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rż</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lż</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">18</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">OGN</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Originative</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rr</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">sr</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šr</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">19</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PAR</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Partitive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ř</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňr</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">20</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CRS</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div class="style10">Constrastive</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">řř</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">hs</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">hš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">21</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CPS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Compositive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ll</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">sl</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šl</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">22</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRD</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Predicative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nn</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">tt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nđ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">23</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">MED</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Mediative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mm</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">24</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">APL</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Applicative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rpf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lpf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">25</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PUR</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Purposive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">tf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rtf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ltf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">26</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CSD</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Considerative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rkf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lkf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">27</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ESS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Essive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">f</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">28</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ASI</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Assimilative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">r</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">l</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">29</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">FUN</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Functive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">x</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rx</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lx</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">30</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">TFM</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Transformative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ss</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nsk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">msk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">31</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">REF</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Referential</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">h</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rh</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lh</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">32</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CLA</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Classificative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nšt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mšt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">33</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNV</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Conductive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ns</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">34</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">IDP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Interdependent</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ms</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">35</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">BEN</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Benefactive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňs</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">36</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">TSP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Transpositive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ft</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rft</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lft</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">37</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CMM</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Commutative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">g</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rg</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lg</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">38</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">COM</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Comitative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">z</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">39</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNJ</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Conjunctive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">b</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rb</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lb</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">40</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">UTL</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Utilitative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">d</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rd</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ld</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">41</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABE</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Abessive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">42</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CVS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Conversive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">sp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rsp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lsp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">43</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CON</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Concessive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ršp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lšp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">44</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">COR</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Correlative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">n</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nd</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"><div align="center">45</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DEP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Dependent</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mp</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mb</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">46</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PTL</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Postulative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">sk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rsk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">sk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">47</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DFR</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Deferential</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ršk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">48</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EXC</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Exceptive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">st</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">49</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PVS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Provisional</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">št</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ršt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lšt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">50</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">AVR</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Aversive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňk</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňx</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňg</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">51</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CMP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Comparative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ff</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">vv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">bv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">52</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">SML</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Simultaneitive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">ŧŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">đ<span class="style14">đ</span></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">dv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">53</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ASS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Assessive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">xx</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ňt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">gv</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">54</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNR</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Concursive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">zz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">55</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ACS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Accessive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">žž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">mž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">56</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DFF</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Diffusive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">fs</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pss</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kss</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">57</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PER</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Periodic</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">fš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pšš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kšš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">58</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRO</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Prolapsive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">sf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rsf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lsf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">59</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PCV</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Precursive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">s</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">rs</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">ls</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">60</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PCR</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Postcursive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">p</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">rp</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">lp</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">61</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ELP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Elapsive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">k</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">rk</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">lk</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">62</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ALP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Allapsive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">šf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ršf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lšf</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">63</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">INP</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Interpolative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">š</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">rš</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style14">lš</span>ŧ</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">64</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EPS</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Episodic</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rpt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lpt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">65</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRL</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Prolimitive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rkt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lkt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">66</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">LIM</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Limitative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">nç</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">hc</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">hč</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">67</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">LOC</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Locative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">xt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">rxt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">lxt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">68</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ORI</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Orientative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">çç</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">cc</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">čč</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">69</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PSV</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Procursive</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ps</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">bz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">70</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ALL</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Allative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">bž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">pšt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">71</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABL</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ablative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">ks</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">gz</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kst</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="33" valign="top"><div align="center">72</div></td> + <td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">NAV</div></td> + <td width="143" valign="top"><div class="style10">Navigative</div></td> + <td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kš</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">gž</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + <td width="50" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">kšt</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">→</div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style13">→</span></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"><br /> + <strong>8.1.3.1 Special Use of Short Adjunct Form.</strong> The short form of + the single-referent adjunct discussed in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</a> above (utilizing the abbreviated <strong></strong> <strong>V<span class="style17">K</span> </strong> suffix from <a href="#Table24">Table 24</a>) can be used with the special dual-referent <strong>C<span class="style17">RR</span></strong> composite prefixes from <a href="#Table30">Table 30</a> under the following + circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case + and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns + in English by ‘and’ as in <em>He and I went to the store</em> or <em>The man looked at them and me</em>. Examples: <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksau</font></strong>, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong>xlú</strong></font>. + Note in the last example<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong>xlú</strong></font></strong> how the combination of a low-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines +to give a rising-toned adjunct.</p> +<p align="justify"> <span class="style8"></span><strong>8.1.3.2 Illustration of a Dual-Referent Adjunct</strong>: + Based on the above information, we can now analyze an example dual-referent + adjunct:</p> +<p align="center"><strong><span class="style14">gro-i’yálsëç</span></strong></p> +<table width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr valign="top"> + <td width="8%" height="39"><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>( + )-</strong></font></div></td> + <td width="7%"><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td width="85%"><font size="2">INFORMAL</font> designation, <font size="2">UNIPLEX</font> configuration, and <font size="2">CONSOLIDATIVE</font> affiliation for Referent No. 1</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-gr -</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td>combination of Referent No. 1, <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong>- , <span class="style15">1m</span>, + plus Referent No. 2, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ň¯</strong></font>, <span class="style15">2m+ui</span> </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><span class="style15">[rising tone]</span> </td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td>combination of low tone of Referent No. 1 and high tone of Referent No. 2 </td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-o-i’y-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">ALLATIVE</font> case infix (meaning ‘toward X’) for Referent No. 1</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-a-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">INFORMAL</font> designation and <font size="2">EXISTENTIAL</font> context for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-ls-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">POSSESSIVE</font> case and <font size="2">MULTIFORM</font> configuration for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-ë-</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">VARIATIVE</font> affiliation for Referent No. 2</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>-ç</strong></font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td><font size="2">REACTIVE</font> bias</td> + </tr> + <tr valign="top"> + <td><div align="right"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[stress]</font></div></td> + <td><div align="center">=</div></td> + <td>penultimate stress indicating <font size="2">NORMAL</font> essence for both Referents Nos. 1 and 2</td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> <strong>Approximate translation</strong>: <em>toward me</em> + <em>what belongs to a rag-tag amalgamation of you</em> (singular) <em>and all those things</em> + [sense of surprise].</p> +<p align="justify">While such a word might seem contrived at first, it nevertheless + proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek<font size="2">©</font> character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an “assimilated” + spider from its pocket and let it loose during the night):</p> +<blockquote> + <p><span class="style14"><strong>Gro-i’yálsëç xamstīel</strong>ŧ<strong>.</strong></span><br /> + <span class="style15"><span class="style8"><strong>1m/ALL-2m+ui/POS/VAR/MLT-RAC</strong></span> IFL<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font></span>-<span class="style10">‘ambulate’</span>-<span class="style15">PRX/M/ASO/SEG-STR2/3</span><br /> + <em>Hey! Something belonging to you and your hodge-podge of parts is crawling toward me!</em><br /> + </p> +</blockquote> +<p>Other examples of the use of dual-referent personal reference adjuncts are +given below.</p> +<blockquote> + <p><strong><span class="style9">Uzgăt tra<span class="style14"><strong>’</strong></span>wap zmäāwal.</span><br /> + </strong><span class="style15"> FML<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font>-‘</span><span class="style10">buy</span><span class="style15">’-DEL/U/CSL/UNI <span class="style8"><strong>mi/OBL-1m/IND</strong></span> IFL</span>-‘<span class="style10">valley</span>’-<span class="style15">LOC</span>-<span class="style15">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span><br /> + <em>I bought it in the valley.</em> </p> + <p><span class="style9">Đrëu’yìrňu wufyér?</span><br /> + <span class="style27">mi/REF</span><span class="style29">-</span><span class="style28"><span class="style12">ua/FML/FNC/REF/AGG/ASO</span></span> <span class="style15">IRG</span><span class="style10">-<span class="style12">FML</span></span>-<span class="style15">OPR</span>-‘<span class="style10">inquiry</span>’-<span class="style15">DEL/M/CSL/DCT</span><br /> + <em>Is it those formally recognized groups of people who are helping to make inquiries about it?</em></p> + <p><strong><font size="+1">Hlŭakya škwi</font><span class="style9"><span class="style14"><strong>’</strong></span>wap</span><font size="+1">.</font></strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000"><br /> + </font></strong>EXP-IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘congratulate’</font> <span class="style8"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m/DAT</font></strong></span><span class="style8"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></strong>1m+ua</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">/</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IND</font></strong></span><br /> + <em>We (I and the others) offer you our congratulations. </em></p> +</blockquote> +<h3><br /> + 8.1.4 Use of the Switch Reference Suffix<a name="Sec8o1o4" id="Sec8o1o4"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">In <a href="Chapter_7.html#Sec7o4o13">Section + 7.4.13</a>, the <font size="2">SWR</font> switch reference suffix was introduced. + This affix works with the <font size="2">OBVIATIVE</font> personal referent + (see <a href="#Sec8o1o1o7">Sec. 8.1.1.7</a>) to specifically indicate which + party is being referred to. The following is a review of this affix for all + nine degrees. By use of this affix, reference can be made immediately to any + party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned. </p> +<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <tr> + <td width="11%" height="29">-V<font size="1">2<font color="#FFFFFF">_</font></font><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’/kw</strong></font></td> + <td width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SWR</strong></div></td> + <td width="82%">Switch Reference & Obviative Specification </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearest + preceding referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd to + nearest preceding referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party + not previously mentioned</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring + to sentence focus</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first referent + mentioned</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring + to sentence topic</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party + non-transrelative referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd order + transrelative referent</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td> + <td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">higher + order transrelative referent</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p>The following example illustrates the use of the switch reference suffix:</p> +<p><span class="style14"><strong>Lawöól alüùl teo ukše-ulă’ xakkā va’yạ’ żżüwül vei’wiekw<strong>ạ</strong>.</strong></span><br /> + <span class="style10"><span class="style12">IFL</span>-<span class="style12">OPR</span>-‘speak’-<span class="style12">PCR</span>-<span class="style12">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span> <span class="style12">IFL</span>-‘brother’-<span class="style12">IND</span>-<span class="style12">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span> <span class="style12">1m</span>-<span class="style12">GEN </span> <span class="style12">FML</span>-‘clown’-<span class="style12">DAT</span>-<span class="style12">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span>-<span class="style12">TPF<span class="style17">1</span>/5</span> <span class="style12">IFL</span>-<span class="style12">OPR</span>-‘run’-<span class="style12">ICP/M/CSL/UNI </span> <span class="style12">OBV/IND</span>-<span class="style32">SWR/5</span> <span class="style12">IFL</span>-‘pet dog’-<span class="style12">ALL</span>-<span class="style12">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span> <span class="style12">OBV/PRP</span>-<span class="style32">SWR/3</span></span><br /> + <em>After my brother spoke to the clown, he [my brother] began running toward his [a third party’s] pet dog.</em></p> +<p><br /> +</p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.2 ASPECTUAL ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o2" id="Sec8o2"></a></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"> As we saw in Section 6.7, Aspect can be shown as the Vp suffix to a valence/modality adjunct, in addition to the its “standard ”position as an infix to a formative. However, in the absence of any valence/modality adjunct, and as another alternative to infixing Vp within a formative, Aspect can also be conveyed by simply using the Vp affix as its own autonomous adjunct.</p> +<p align="justify">Examples (compare these to the examples in <a href="Chapter_5.html#Sec5o6o3">Sec. 5.6.3</a>):</p> +<blockquote> + <p><strong><font size="+1">Ia anyût lülùlt teo.</font></strong><br /> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">CLM </font></strong></font><font size="-1">IFL</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘choose’-<font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘brother’-<font size="-1">IND</font>-<font size="-1">CFD<font size="-2">1</font>/9</font> <font size="-1">1M</font>-<font size="-1">GEN</font></font><br /> + <em>My over-confident brother made a choice once and for all.</em></p> + <p><strong><font size="+1">Akkäàl ui usét.</font></strong><br /> + <font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘woman’-<font size="-1">IND</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font> <font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">RGR </font></strong></font><font size="-1">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘sing a song’</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br /> + <em>The woman returned to singing.</em></p> + <p><strong><font size="+1">Au </font><font size="+1">ççwaralaruëè</font>ŧ<font size="+1"> g</font><font size="+1">üliëèn.</font></strong><br /> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>PCL</strong></font></font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> HOR</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘eat food’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5</font>-<font size="-1">EXT<font size="-2">2</font>/6</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘illness’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/7</font></font><br /> + <em>If only the physician wouldn’t eat his food in one gulp like that.</em></p> + <p> </p> +</blockquote> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.3 AFFIXUAL ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o3" id="Sec8o3"></a></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">Any Type-1 or Type-2 <strong>V<span class="style22">X</span>-C</strong> formative suffix described in <a href="Chapter_7.html">Chapter 7</a> may be + removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes + of euphony (i.e., to reduce the number of syllables in the formative). Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally + applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used + as a “short cut” method of conveying a notion, essentially as an + abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in + English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the + affix -<strong>V<font size="1">1</font><span class="style14">j</span>/7</strong> connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <span class="style14"><strong>ïj</strong></span>, + it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English + phrase <em>How typical!</em></p> +<h3 align="justify">Example:</h3> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><strong><font size="+1">Ççwa’lauralaruëè</font>ŧ<font size="+1"> güliëèn.</font></strong> <span class="style25">→</span> <strong><font size="+1">Au ë</font>ŧ<font size="+1"> ççwaralàr güliëèn.</font></strong><br /> + <font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">HOR</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/PPS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><span class="style7"><font size="-1">PCL</font></span></font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘eat food’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5</font>-<font size="-1">EXT<font size="-2">2</font>/6</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘illness’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/7</font></font><br /> + <span class="style25">→</span> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">PCL</font></font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><span class="style8"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">EXT<font size="-2">2</font>/6</font></font></strong></span><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> HOR</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘eat food’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘illness’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/7</font></font><br /> + <em>If only the physician wouldn’t eat his food in one gulp like that.</em></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.4 COMBINATION ADJUNCTS</strong></font><a name="Sec8o4" id="Sec8o4"></a></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify" class="style24">This section is under construction. </p> +<p align="justify" class="style24"> </p> +<h3 align="justify"></h3> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.5 BIAS ADJUNCTS <a name="Sec8o5" id="Sec8o5"></a></strong></font><font size="4"><strong> </strong></font></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify"><a href="Chapter_6.html#Sec6o6o1">Section + 6.6.1</a> describes the standard ways in which Bias is shown on valence/modality adjuncts + and on formatives. And in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</a>, we saw how the conjunct + form of a single-referent personal reference adjunct can take an optional affix, <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="2">b</font></font></strong>, + to indicate Bias. In the absence of these + possibilities, the Bias suffix (shown in Table 21 of <a href="Chapter_6.html#Sec6o6o1">Sec. + 6.6.1</a>), like affixual adjuncts described above in Section 8.3, can stand alone as an autonomous adjunct. Such a Bias adjunct can be used to informally convey one’s attitude toward + a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could + state the Ilaksh equivalent to the sentence, <em>I feel a sense of awe!</em> or one can simply hiss out a long <strong>s</strong>-sound, ‘<span class="style23">ss</span>,’ + which is the intensive form of the affix for the <font size="2">STUPEFACTIVE</font> bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions + ‘Well, I’ll be!’ or ‘Who would’ve thought?!’</p> +<p align="justify">Other examples would be the expression ‘<span class="style14"><strong>çç</strong></span>’ to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction + ‘ahhh’ in English; or the expression ‘<span class="style14"><strong>kšš</strong></span>’to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English ‘Poppycock!’ + or ‘What bullshit!’</p> +<p align="justify"></p> +<blockquote> + <p align="right"><strong><a onclick="javascript:changenav2();" href="Chapter_9.html">Proceed to Chapter 9: Syntax >></a></strong></p> + <table width="100%" border="0"> + <tr> + <td width="24%" rowspan="7"><div align="left"><span class="style2"><img src="images/ilaksh-logo.gif" alt="Ilaksh Logo" width="140" height="159" align="top" /></span></div></td> + <td width="26%"><p class="style3"> </p></td> + <td width="28%"><p class="style3"> </p></td> + <td width="22%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="18"><span class="style21"><a href="http://www.ithkuil.net">Home</a></span></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_4.html"><span class="style21">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_9.html"><span class="style21">9 Syntax</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="18"><span class="style21"><a href="Ilaksh_Intro.html">Introduction</a></span></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_5.html"><span class="style21">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_10.html"><span class="style21">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="18"><a href="Chapter_1.html"><span class="style21">1 Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_6.html"><span class="style21">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_11.htm"><span class="style21">11 The Writing System</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="Chapter_2.html"><span class="style21">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_7.html"><span class="style21">7 Suffixes</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_12.htm"><span class="style21">12 The Number System</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><a href="Chapter_3.html"><span class="style21">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Chapter_8.html"><span class="style21">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td> + <td><a href="Lexicon.htm"><span class="style21">The Lexicon</span></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="21"> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p align="justify">©2007-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote> + <p></p> +</blockquote> +<p> </p> +</body> +</html> |