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diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43b5631 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html @@ -0,0 +1,1423 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<!-- saved from url=(0043)ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm --> +<HTML><HEAD><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<TITLE>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 7: Using Affixes</TITLE> +<META name="resource-type" content="document"> +<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function."> +<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages"> +<META name="distribution" content="global"> + +<SCRIPT language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +//--> +</SCRIPT> +</HEAD><BODY> +<DIV align="center"><FONT color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</STRONG></FONT><BR> + <IMG src="assets/Title-Script5.gif"><BR> + <BR> +</DIV> +<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a + Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9 + Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10 + Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1 + Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6 + More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11 + The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2 + Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html">7a + Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12 + The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3 + Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The + Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4 + Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8 + Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<H2 align="center"> </H2> +<H2 align="center">Chapter 7: Using Affixes</H2> +<DIV align="center"> + <TABLE width="70%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="257"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o1">7.1 Distinction in Suffixes + by Affix-Type</A></FONT></TD> + <TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5">7.5 Morpho-Phonological + Rules for Suffixation</A></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o2">7.2 Suffixes Modifying Other Suffixes</A></FONT></TD> + <TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o6">7.6 Rules for Optional + Prefixation </A></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o3">7.3 The Five Affix Classes</A></FONT></TD> + <TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">7.7 List of Affixes</A></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o4">7.4 Personal Reference Suffixes</A></FONT></TD> + <TD width="275"><FONT size="2"><A href="Ch-7%20Using%20Affixes%20Contd.html">Sec. + 7.7 Continued</A></FONT></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify"><BR> + All Ithkuil formatives are capable of taking various consonant-based + affixes. Like affixes in other languages, these are used to modify the stem + in a variety of ways and to derive new concepts. In Ithkuil, such affixes usually + appear as suffixes (i.e., are added sequentially following the stem), however, + it is possible for Ithkuil affixes to optionally appear as prefixes (i.e., added + on to the front of a stem) under certain circumstances. It is for this reason + these morphological elements are referred to as affixes and not more specifically + as prefixes or suffixes. Nevertheless, the rules for prefixation of Ithkuil + affixes are subordinate and secondary to the rules for suffixation. Therefore, + in the following discussion I will first describe the rules for using Ithkuil + affixes as suffixes, followed by a section on the options for prefixation.</P> +<P align="justify">The morpho-phonological structure of suffixes (how they are + formed from consonants and vowels) has already been briefly discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7">Section + 2.7</A>. This chapter will describe the actual function of the particular affixes + themselves.</P> +<P align="justify">There are 153 different consonantal suffix categories, each + of which divides into the nine degrees previously discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Section + 2.7.2</A> giving a total of 1377 distinct suffixes. As described in that section, + each degree of a suffix has a distinct meaning, often representing a point along + a continuum in terms of how much or how little the underlying semantic sense + of the affix category is being manifested by the particular formative. </P> +<P align="justify">It is important to remember that, since all morpho-semantic + stems are both nominal and verbal in meaning, all suffixes to a stem have both + a nominal and a verbal meaning. Therefore, the choice whether to translate the + suffixes below into their nominal or verbal meaning is entirely dependent on + the morpho-syntactical structure of the word within the context of its use in + a phrase or sentence as a whole. </P> +<P align="justify">We have seen in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7">Section + 2.7</A> that consonantal suffixes fall into three affix-types, each having nine + degrees. It is the combination of affix-type and degree which determines the + vowel infix which accompanies each consonantal suffix. For example, the suffix + -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 1 takes the following forms for its nine degrees: + <STRONG>-int, -ent, -änt, -önt, </STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>nt, + -ünt, -ïnt, -ont, -unt</STRONG>. Compare this to the same affix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> + of Type 2, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-înt, -ênt, -ânt, + -ønt, -uint, -ÿnt, -ënt, -ônt, -ûnt</STRONG>; and + the suffix -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 3, whose nine forms are: <STRONG>-ient, + -iënt, -iunt, -iont, -iänt, -uänt, -uont, -uënt, -uent</STRONG>. + These vowel infixes for suffixes are shown in Table 21 below (this table already + appeared in Chapter 2 as Table 9; it is repeated here for convenience).</P> +<P></P> +<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 21: + Vocalic Infixes for Consonantal Suffixes by Affix Type </FONT></STRONG></P> +<TABLE width="80%" border="1" cellpadding="0"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="12%" rowspan="2"> </TD> + <TD colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix + Type 1: -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix + Type 2: -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Affix + Type 3: -V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD width="18%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard + form </FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional + reversed form</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="21%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard + form </FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional + reversed form</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="13%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">standard + form </FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="12%" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">optional + reversed form</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 1</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-iC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cai</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-îC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cëi</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ieC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Caï</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 2</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-eC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cei</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-êC / -eiC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ceu </DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-iëC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ceï</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 3</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-äC / -aeC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cia</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-âC /-aiC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Câ</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-iuC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ciï</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 4</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-öC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cua</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-øC / -euC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ciu</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ioC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Coï</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 5</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-(a)C</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Ca</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uiC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cui</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-iäC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cuï</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 6</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-üC / -ëuC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cü</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ÿC / -auC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cau</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uäC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cäi</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 7</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ïC / -ëiC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cï</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ëC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cëu</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uoC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cöi</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 8</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-oC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Coi</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ôC / -oiC / -ouC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cou</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uëC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cäu</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Degree + 9</FONT></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-uC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cu</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ûC</DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cû</DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center">-ueC </DIV></TD> + <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center">-Cöu</DIV></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P align="justify"></P> +<P align="justify">NOTE: For convenience’ sake, when referring to a particular + affix of specific type and degree, we will use the notation in the paragraph + above, followed by a slash and a number indicating the degree. Thus, the affix + -<STRONG>nt</STRONG> of Type 1 and 4th degree will be written <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>nt/4</STRONG>, + while the affix -<STRONG>r</STRONG> of Type 3 and 8th degree would be written + <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>r/8</STRONG>, and so forth.</P> + +<P> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD height="26"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.1 DISTINCTION IN SUFFIXES BY + AFFIX-TYPE<A name="Sec7o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">The meaning and usage of each affix by type is particular to + each individual affix. For example, some affixes of Type 1 have a completely + different meaning than their Type 2 or Type 3 counterparts, while other affixes + can be used as both Type 1 or Type 2 with the affix having the same meaning + but conveying a different effect on the overall connotation of the word to which + they are affixed. Still other affixes retain their meaning across all three + affix types but again convey a different overall connotation on the words to + which they are affixed. </P> +<P align="justify">For example, the Type 1 suffix -<STRONG>ej</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>jei</STRONG>), + i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>j/2</STRONG>, means ‘hardly any + (of)…’ as in the word <STRONG>qumjéi</STRONG> ‘hardly + any persons,’ while its Type 2 counterpart -<STRONG>êj</STRONG> + (or -<STRONG>jeu</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>j/2</STRONG>, + has the completely different meaning of ‘somewhat like/sort of like…’ + as in <STRONG>qumjéu</STRONG> ‘sort of like some persons.’ + Compare this, however, to the Type 1 suffix -<STRONG>up</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>pu</STRONG>), + i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>p/9</STRONG>, and its Type 2 counterpart + -<STRONG>ûp</STRONG> (or -<STRONG>pû</STRONG>), i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>p/9</STRONG>, + which both mean ‘exactly similar to…/identical…,’ the + difference in usage being that the Type 1 affix conveys merely a circumstantial + or incidental similarity, while the Type 2 suffix implies that the similarity + is an integral aspect of the word. In English, such a distinction would most + likely be conveyed by using a different word. For example, note the difference + when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word <STRONG>qum</STRONG> ‘person’: + <STRONG>qumpu</STRONG> means ‘identical-looking person,’ whereas + <STRONG>qumpû</STRONG> means ‘twin.’ In this way, we can say + that the suffix -<STRONG>Vp</STRONG> with Type 1 vocalic infixes conveys a circumstantial + application of its meaning to a stem, while with Type 2 vocalic infixes, it + conveys a derivational application of its meaning (i.e., wholly new concepts + or words are derived from the stem).</P> + +<P> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.2 SUFFIXES MODIFYING OTHER SUFFIXES<A name="Sec7o2"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">In addition to the patterns of suffix usage described above, + there is another class of suffixes which not only can be used to distinguish + a circumstantial versus derivational aspect like -<STRONG>Vp</STRONG> above, + but can also be used to modify an adjacent suffix rather than the stem. This + is somewhat analogous to the way that adverbs can be used to modify descriptive + adjectives in English. For example, in the phrase <EM>suddenly blue sky</EM>, + it is the blueness that is sudden, not the sky. In Ithkuil, certain suffixes + can be used to modify another suffix (usually the one following, unless there + are only two affixes on the stem, in which case the suffix order is irrelevant); + this is done by using Type 3 vocalic infixes. For example, the suffix -<STRONG>Vd/5</STRONG>, + which means ‘enough / sufficient(ly),’ can be used both circumstantially + (using Type 1 infixes) and derivationally (using Type 2 infixes) to modify a + stem, or can be used to modify only the adjacent suffix (using Type 3 infixes). + This is illustrated below:</P> +<P align="justify"><STRONG>qumad</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumda</STRONG>): ‘a + sufficient person’ (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)<BR> + <STRONG>qumuid</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumdui</STRONG>): ‘a recruit’ + (i.e., one able to meet performance or entry requirements)<BR> + <STRONG>qumüxduï</STRONG> (or <STRONG>qumiädüx</STRONG>): + ‘a sufficiently large person’ (where suffix <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>x/6</STRONG> + = ‘large’)</P> + +<P> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.3 THE FIVE AFFIX CLASSES<A name="Sec7o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">All in all, there are five different patterns in which the + meanings/functions of affixes are distributed. There are those like -<STRONG>ej</STRONG> + and -<STRONG>êj</STRONG> above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely + different than that of Type 2. We will label these classes of affixes <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG> + affixes and <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG> affixes respectively, + as they represent two totally independent affixes. </P> +<P align="justify">Additionally there are those like -<STRONG>up</STRONG> and + -<STRONG>ûp</STRONG> which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function + that alternates between Type 1 and Type 2 infixes to distinguish a circumstantial + versus a derivational aspect in the stem to which they are affixed. We will + label such affixes <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG> suffixes. </P> +<P align="justify">Then there are suffixes like -<STRONG>(a)d/-uid/-iad</STRONG> + shown above which alternate the circumstantial/derivational distinction using + Type 1 versus Type 2 infixes, but then go a step further by using Type 3 vocalic + infixes to indicate modification of an adjacent suffix; we will label these + <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG> suffixes. </P> +<P align="justify">Lastly there is a class of suffixes labeled <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG> + suffixes; this class of suffix operates like a <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG> + suffix (i.e., an independent affix which modifies the stem circumstantially, + but not derivationally) but then also uses Type 2 infixes to apply the same + meaning to the adjacent affix, similarly to the use of Type 3 infixes for <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG> + suffixes.</P> +<P align="justify">These five classes of affixes are summarized below:</P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="79%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="12%"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="88%"><DIV align="justify">Takes Type 1 vocalic infixes only. + Can be either circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), + depending on the particular affix.</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="justify">Takes Type 2 vocalic infixes only. Can be either + circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), depending + on the particular affix.</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="justify">Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes. Use + of Type 1 infix means affix applies circumstantially to the particular + instance of the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix is derivational + and generates an emergent concept for the stem constituting a new semantic + whole.</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="justify">Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes, but + use is circumstantial only, not derivational. Use of Type 1 infix means + affix aplies the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix applies to + the adjacent affix only.</DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="31"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="justify">Same as <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C</STRONG> + affixes where Type 1 infix operates circumstantially and Type 2 infix + operates derivationally; but also takes Type 3 vocalic infixes which + function to modify an adjacent affix (as with <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG> + suffixes when using Type 2 infixes)</DIV></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify"> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.4 PERSONAL REFERENCE SUFFIXES<A name="Sec7o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">There is one additional class of suffixes which must await + analysis until the next chapter on adjuncts. In <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec. + 8.1</A> we will encounter a type of adjunct known as a personal reference adjunct + which roughly corresponds to the function of personal pronouns in Western languages. + These adjuncts come in two types: single-referent and dual-referent. We will + see that the 46 single-referent adjuncts have corresponding suffix forms which + utilize Type 3 vocalic infix patterns, and that the nine degrees associated + with each suffix correspond to nine specific nominal cases (specifically the + seven Associative cases described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4">Sec. + 4.4</A> and two of the Appositive cases described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5">Sec. + 4.5</A>). These suffixes will be discussed in detail in <A href="ithkuil-intro.htm#Sec8o1o5">Sec. + 8.1.5</A>.</P> + +<P> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD height="26"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.5 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL RULES + FOR SUFFIXATION<A name="Sec7o5"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">When adding suffixes to a stem, several factors affect how + suffixation takes place. For example, when adding the 5th degree suffix -<STRONG>(a)s</STRONG> + to the stem <STRONG>ruk</STRONG>, one cannot simply append the suffix directly + as in <STRONG>ruks</STRONG> because the resulting final consonant combination + of -<STRONG>ks</STRONG> would be misinterpreted as the Grade 4 mutation of the + C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical <STRONG>s</STRONG> (i.e., the reader would + misinterpret the word to be based on the stem <STRONG>rus</STRONG> instead of + <STRONG>ruk</STRONG>). In this case, there are two options. The suffix can take + its optional vowel component, giving <STRONG>rukas</STRONG>, or the suffix can + be reversed to give <STRONG>ruksa</STRONG>. Such reversals are permitted under + certain circumstances such as when the suffix is word-final, as is the case + here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldn’t the -<STRONG>ks</STRONG>- + conjunct in <STRONG>ruksa</STRONG> once again be mistaken for the Grade 4 mutation + of <STRONG>s</STRONG> as it was in <STRONG>ruks</STRONG>? In this case, the + answer is no because there is no other reason for the final -<STRONG>a</STRONG> + to be there. In words where a final vowel appears for no possible reason, then + it means it is the vocalic portion of a “reversed” suffix. However, + one must be certain there is not another reason for the final vowel. For example, + in the word <STRONG>ïruksá</STRONG>, one might be tempted to interpret + the final vowel as being the vocalic portion of a reversed -<STRONG>(a)s</STRONG> + suffix, however, in fact this word represents the word <STRONG>rus</STRONG> + with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical <STRONG>s</STRONG>, declined into the + <FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT> perspective, a morphological category shown by + ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., “extra”) + vowel, in this case, the word-initial <STRONG>ï- </STRONG>(see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o3o3">Secs. + 2.7.3.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</A>).</P> +<H3 align="justify"><BR> + 7.5.1 Multiple Affixation</H3> +<P align="justify">When adding two or more suffixes to a stem, the suffixes generally + can be added to the stem in any order desired, with the exception of suffixes + which modify an adjacent suffix (i.e., <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C</STRONG> + suffixes utilizing Type 2 vocalic infixes and <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG> + suffixes utilizing Type 3 vocalic infixes). Such suffixes must immediately precede + the suffix they are modifying, unless they are in word-final position, in which + case they modify the immediately preceding suffix. </P> +<H3 align="justify"><BR> + 7.5.2 Reversal of Suffixes<A name="Sec7o5o2"></A></H3> +<P align="justify">As mentioned above, the form of a suffix can be optionally + reversed from vowel+consonant to consonant+vowel under certain circumstances. + The main reason for reversing suffixes is for euphonic purposes to preserve + a CVC format for the stressed syllable whenever possible (see <A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec. + 1.4.5</A>). We have seen in the example ruksa above, that such reversals are + possible when a suffix is in word-final position if it will not cause confusion + regarding interpretation of any resulting consonantal conjunct. The same is + true of suffix reversals within a word as well, i.e., the reversal is permissible + as long as the reversal does not cause ambiguity in interpreting which vowels + go with which consonant, or that a resulting consonant conjunct is misinterpreted + as a biconsonantal suffix form or C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. For example, + the stem <STRONG>peix</STRONG> plus the two suffixes -<STRONG>(a)r</STRONG> + (-<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>r/5</STRONG>) and -<STRONG>uic</STRONG> (-<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>c/5</STRONG>) + can be realized either as <STRONG>peixruic, peixarcui, peixuicra, peixcuira, + peixracui</STRONG> or <STRONG>peixuicar</STRONG> . However, the stem <STRONG>stis</STRONG> + plus the two suffixes -<STRONG>(a)k</STRONG> and -<STRONG>(a)t</STRONG> (-<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>k/5</STRONG> + and -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>t/5</STRONG>) can only be realized as <STRONG>stisatka, + stisatak</STRONG> or <STRONG>stisakat</STRONG>, since the forms <STRONG>stiskat</STRONG>, + <STRONG>stistak</STRONG>, or <STRONG>stisakt</STRONG> could be respectively + misinterpreted as <STRONG>stisk+at</STRONG>, <STRONG>stist+ak</STRONG>, and + <STRONG>stis+akt</STRONG>.</P> + +<P> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="97%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD height="26"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.6 RULES FOR OPTIONAL PREFIXATION<A name="Sec7o6"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">Under a certain narrow range of circumstances, a formative + may have one consonantal affix appear as a prefix to the stem rather than being + suffixed. The sole reason for doing so is for euphonic purposes, either to decrease + the number of syllables or to avoid euphonically awkward combinations of consonants + and vowels among the suffixes to the stem. Because of the morpho-phonological + restrictions on consonantal prefixation as described below, prefixes are uncommon. +</P> +<P align="justify">The rules for optional prefixation depend on whether or not + the formative has a word-initial vocalic prefix (i.e., the Affiliation/Extension + [+ Conflation] prefix as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o2">Sections + 3.2</A>, <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">3.4</A>, and + <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o3">5.3</A>. These two possibilities + are each detailed in the sections which follow.</P> +<H3 align="justify"><BR> + 7.6.1 Prefixation Rules for Formatives Without Vocalic Prefixes</H3> +<P align="justify">If the formative is a noun with no word-initial vocalic Affiliation/Extension + prefix, then the consonant is placed in word-initial position before the C1 + radical. If the resulting consonantal conjunct (with the C1 consonantal form) + is phonaesthetically impermissible or it causes ambiguity over the interpretation + of C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> (i.e., the prefix + C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> conjunct + could be misinterpreted as one of the mutational grades of that or a different + C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -<STRONG>ï</STRONG>- + must be inserted between the prefixed consonant and the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> + consonant. For example <STRONG>s</STRONG> + <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>sïkuil</STRONG>, + not <STRONG>skuil</STRONG>, since the <STRONG>sk</STRONG>- initial conjunct + of the latter would be misinterpreted as the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical + of an entirely different stem. </P> +<P align="justify">As for the vocalic portion of the affix (the portion which + indicates which of nine degrees is to be associated with the affix), the vocalic + portion is suffixed to the stem in word-final position (and therefore its word-final + form) in a manner so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted as being associated + with another suffix. Thus <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>es</STRONG>, if prefixed, + becomes <STRONG>sïkuilei</STRONG>. For prefixed consonants which do not + cause confusion over the interpretation of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical, + these can be directly adjoined to the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical, preceded + by a word-initial <STRONG>ï</STRONG>- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., + <STRONG>guil</STRONG> + <STRONG>uj</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>jguilu</STRONG>, + while <STRONG>kuil</STRONG> + <STRONG>up</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>ïpkuilu</STRONG>. +</P> +<P align="justify">Note that forms such as <STRONG>sïkuilei</STRONG> and + <STRONG>ïpkuilu</STRONG> above are considered highly affected morphological + forms, since their “standard” forms are far more euphonically desirable + (i.e., <STRONG>kuiles</STRONG> and <STRONG>kuilpu</STRONG>). In such cases, + these “affected” prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing + or highlighting the affix as having exaggerated significance.</P> +<H3 align="justify"><BR> + 7.6.2 Rules for Formatives With Vocalic Prefixes</H3> +<P align="justify">For formatives that are either verbs or nouns with a vocalic + Affiliation/Extension prefix, the rules for consonantal prefixation are more + constrained, as no forms using an anaptyctic vowel are permitted. The consonantal + affix is infixed between the word-initial vocalic prefix of the formative and + the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical. This is only permissible if the infix + does not cause ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting consonant conjunct, + i.e., it will not be confused with either a different radical or an Illocution + affix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o1">Sec. 5.1</A>). The + vocalic portion of the consonantal affix which indicates the degree of the affix + is suffixed in word-final position so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted + as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, <STRONG>woikâl</STRONG> + + <STRONG>uc</STRONG> becomes <STRONG>woickâlu</STRONG>. If placement + of the vocalic suffix indicating degree results in ambiguity as to which consonantal + affix it applies to, then prefixation of the consonantal affix is not permitted. + For example, the form <STRONG>ébdortui</STRONG> would be impermissible + because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to <STRONG>édorta+bui</STRONG>, + <STRONG>édora+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>t+bui</STRONG>, or + <STRONG>édora+tui+</STRONG>(<STRONG>a</STRONG>)<STRONG>b</STRONG>.</P> + +<P> </P> +<DIV align="justify"> + <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD height="26"> +<P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>7.7 LIST OF AFFIXES</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec7o7"></A></P></TD> + </TR> + </TBODY></TABLE> +</DIV> +<P align="justify">The 153 affix categories are given in the sections which follow. + Each affix indicates which of the five classes of affixes it belongs (<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C, + V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C, V<FONT size="1">0</FONT>C, V<FONT size="1">S</FONT>C, + </FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or<STRONG> V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT>), + the consonant-form associated with it, its overall function, its three-letter + label used in morphological analysis, and the meaning or translation of each + of its nine degrees. For most degrees, a nominal and verbal meaning is given. +</P> +<H3 align="justify"><BR> + 7.7.1 Demonstrative Affixes</H3> +<P align="justify">These affixes correspond to various determiners and modifying + adjectives in English having to do with denoting or identifying a noun within + a larger context or discourse.</P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kt</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DEF</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Degree Of Definiteness</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">any (number + of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive “any”]; in + any manner</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">almost + any; in almost any (number of) way(s)</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some X + or other; in some way or other</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some certain + X ; in some certain way [identity unknown]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this X + or that; a certain X or more; in this way or that [identity almost known + – choices limited]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a certain + / a particular; in a certain or particular way [identity ascertainable]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">presumably + this/that; apparently this X ; in that way presumably [tentatively identified] + </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">this/that/said; + in said manner/(in) that way [identity known]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">at hand/under + discussion/this one now/instant; in this manner [identity = present context]</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P><TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kt</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>INL</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Degree Of Discretion</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">announced/advertised/heralded; + w/ public disclosure</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">open & + well-known; with full public knowledge</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">open/public; + for all to see/publicly/openly </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shown, + open, or available by request/ by request</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">semi-public(ly), + exclusive(ly)</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">own/personal; + personally</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">own private; + privately </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">secret; + secretly</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">confidential/classified</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle"></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>INL</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Degree Of Inclusion</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">not a(ny), + not one, no X whatsoever, none of X; in no such manner </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">hardly + any, barely any X; in hardly any such manner</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some few/a + few certain … ; in a few certain ways</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">some (of)/certain + . . .; in certain ways</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">several + / more than a few / various / in various ways / in several different ways</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a significant + portion of/a fair number of; in a fair number of ways</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">most/in + most ways</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">almost + every; in almost every way</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">each/every; + in each way</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle"></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>EXT</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Exactness of Identity / Identity As a Referent Or Standard</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nothing + like that X; nothing like that ; in no way similar</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + like that X; somewhat so</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearly + or almost that X; nearly or almost so</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just about + . . . / for all intents and purposes</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kind of + / type of / this sort of; typically</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">such (a); + in such a manner </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">clear (case + of); clearly / certainly / indeed[in negative sentences = no way / at all]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just like + that; just so, thus(ly)</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the exact + X / the very (one); exactly thus / exactly so</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"><STRONG>s</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>FAM</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Degree Of Familiarity</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unknowable + / alien; unable to even try X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">totally + unfamiliar; totally unaccustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unfamiliar; + unaccustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + unfamiliar; somewhat unaccustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">only just + (recently) familiar; only just recently familiar to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + familiar; somewhat accustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">familiar/known; + accustomed to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">well-known + / utterly familiar with / ingrained; inherently accustomed or used to X-ing</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">intimate + with; intimately involved with / intimately accustomed to</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SIM</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Degree Of Similarity</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">opposite; + as different as possible / at the other extreme</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">completely + different/dissimilar; in a totally different or dissimilar way</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">rather + different / barely similar / almost completely different or dissimilar; + in an almost completely different way</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">other [=different]; + in another [=different] way</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">somewhat + different, only superficially similar; somewhat differently</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">similar + in the ways that count/similar down deep, some sort of X; similarly at deep + level</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">(somewhat) + similar, only superficially different, sort of like, something like, X-like; + similarly</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">very similar; + very similarly</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[exactly + the] same, indistinguishable from; in the [exactly] same way</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<H3> 7.7.2 Deictic Affixes</H3> +<P align="justify">Deictic affixes refer to the grammatical process of <STRONG>deixis</STRONG>, + the act of pointing to or pointing out. The affixes correspond to the different + variants of the concepts of ‘here’ and ‘there.’ In Ithkuil, + distinctions are made in these affixes as to whether a referent is near the + speaker, near the listener, distant from both, whether it is observable or accessible, + and in some case, whether it is alienable or inalienable (i.e., whether the + entity can be separated from the associated person).<BR> +</P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG>’</STRONG></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DEX</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Deixis Categories</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yonder + / way over there somewhere / a long way away (not near anyone) [inaccessible + or unobservable] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">over there + somewhere (by third party) [inaccessible or observable]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there somewhere + (by listener) [inaccessible or observable] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here somewhere + (by speaker] [inaccessible or observable]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here (by + speaker and accessible] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here with + us (by speaker and listener and accessible] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there [by + listener and accessible] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">there (by + third party, but accessible to speaker and listener) </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yonder + / way over there [not near any party but accessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"><STRONG>’</STRONG></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DXX</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">More Deixis Categories</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [inaccessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around + listener [inaccessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over the place / here + and there [inaccessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over / here & there + [observable but inaccessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker + [inalienable]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker + [alienable]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker/all over the place / here + and there [accessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around + listener [accessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">spread + out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [accessible]</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P align="left"> </P> +<H3>7.7.3 Sequential Affixes<A name="Sec7o7o3"></A></H3> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nn</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SEQ</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Numerical Sequence</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first / + initial; first(ly) / first of all</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">second; + secondly</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">third; + thirdly </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still near + the beginning / not yet halfway</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the middle + one, in between (sequentially)/ just about halfway there</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearing + the end</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">third from + last; antepenultimately</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">next to + last; penultimately</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">last / + final; last(ly) / finally (in terms of sequence)</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nn</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SQT</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Sequence Relative to Present Context</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">immediately + beforehand / first</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one before + preceding</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the former; + primarily</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">two before + preceding </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">current/at + hand; now/currently / at the moment [in sequence of events]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">second + one after next</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">the latter; + secondarily </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one after + next</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">next / + following; then / next</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">0</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>c’</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SQC</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Sequence of Cause and Effect</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">originating; + originally / in the first place / initially / at the outset</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">preliminary; + preliminarily</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">preparatory + / in preparation for / getting ready to</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">awaited; + waiting to/ waiting for [focus on imminency or sequential position, NOT + on anticipation] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">precursor + to; but just beforehand</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">based on + the preceding and setting the stage for what follows</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eventual + / at last; at last / finally (result) </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">following + /...which follows; then subsequent to that / following that... </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">subsequent + / consequent; then / so / thus / therefore </FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<H3> 7.7.4 Coordinative Affixes<A name="Sec7o7o4"></A></H3> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>w<BR> + </STRONG></FONT>or -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>y</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>COO</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Adjunctive Coordination</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">in conjunction + with / combined with / including X</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and / also + / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> . . . + and so forth / and so on / and all that/ and whatever else</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and at + the same time / and simultaneously</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and [all + in a series]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or [potentially + inclusive] = and/or</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">either + . . . or [exclusive or] / or else</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">. . . or + something else / or whatever / or whatever else</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">either + . . . or [exclusive or in a series] </FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P align="justify"> Degree 2 of this affix is used with FOCUS (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o5">Sec. + 3.5</A>) to disambiguate a sentence like <EM>Our team defeated their team, too</EM> + [is our team on a winning streak or is their team on a losing streak?]<BR> +</P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>rr</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>CTR</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Contrastive Coordination</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">still / + nevertheless / however — (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">besides + / not just . . . but also / in addition to X… also </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">even / + or even / … still [e.g., thicker still]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">or [= otherwise]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">as opposed + to / but not</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">but [qualifying]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">however + / on the other hand — (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent + conflict)</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">but (rather) + [= substitute]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">just in + case / should the need arise</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P> </P> +<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="11%">-V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>rr</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>DST</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="82%">Distributive Coordination</TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applying + to each equally [unfairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applied + selectively by decision/preference [unfairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively + (=to each) but in differing amounts [unfairly] </FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">selectively + at random [unfairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively + [= applied in the sequentially spoken order]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">selectively + at random [fairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">respectively + (=to each) but in differing amounts [fairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applied + selectively by decision/calculation [fairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD> + <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">applying + to each equally [fairly]</FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> + +<P> </P> +<P align="right"> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">Chapter + 7 continued >></A></FONT></STRONG></P> +<P align="left"> </P> +<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <TBODY><TR> + <TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a + Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9 + Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10 + Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1 + Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6 + More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11 + The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2 + Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html">7a + Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12 + The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3 + Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The + Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD> + </TR> + <TR> + <TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4 + Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8 + Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> + </TR> +</TBODY></TABLE> +<P align="left"><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt + any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution + to the author and this website. </FONT></P> +<P align="left"> </P> + + +</BODY></HTML>
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