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<h2 align="center" class="style2">Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language<br />
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<td height="24"><a href="00_intro.html"><span class="style21">Introduction</span></a></td>
<td><a href="04_case.html"><span class="style21">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="08_adjuncts.html"><span class="style21">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td>
<td><a href="12_numbers.htm"><span class="style21">12 The Number System</span></a></td>
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<h2 align="center"> Chapter 8: Adjuncts </h2>
<table width="45%" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="61%"><a href="#Sec8o1">8.1 Personal Reference Adjuncts </a> </td>
<td width="39%"><a href="#Sec8o3">8.3 Affixual Adjuncts </a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Sec8o2">8.2 Aspectual Adjuncts </a> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec8o4">8.4 Bias Adjuncts </a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The notion of adjuncts was introduced in <a href="02_morpho-phonology.html#Sec2o4o2">Section
2.4.2</a>. We have already discussed details of some kinds of adjuncts — verbal adjuncts were introduced in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Chapter
6</a>. In this chapter, several
additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a name="Sec8o1" id="Sec8o1"></a></p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.1 PERSONAL REFERENCE ADJUNCTS</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating
to personal reference. By “personal reference” is meant the grammatical
description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this
is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English <em>he, she, it, I,
you, him, her, mine, ours</em>, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished
by “person” (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English
we, us, and ours). Ithkuil accomplishes the equivalent function by means of
personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and
dual-referent. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Like other adjuncts in Ithkuil, personal reference adjuncts are
highly synthetic in their structure, comprised of at least two morphemes and
usually more. Before we examine the componential structure of personal reference
adjuncts themselves, we must first introduce the personal reference categories
they refer to. </p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style14"><a name="Sec8o1o1" id="Sec8o1o1"></a><br />
8.1.1 Personal Reference Categories</h3>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The morpho-semantic delineations of Ithkuil personal reference
categorization are based on inclusion or exclusion in relation to an utterance.
These delineations begin with identifying whether or not the party speaking
is included or excluded in relation to the utterance. The next delineation made
is whether the party being addressed (i.e., the audience/listener) is included
or excluded, then finally whether any third party (i.e., a party other than
the speaker and the addressee) is included or excluded.</p>
<p align="justify"><span class="style14">There are 44 personal reference categories in Ithkuil, each
of which is represented by a single consonant affix plus a corresponding falling
or high tone as shown in Table 26 below. The various terms and abbreviations
used in the table are explained following the table.</span><br />
</p>
<p align="left"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a name="Table26" id="Table26"></a><br />
Table 26(a)
and (b): Personal Reference Categories</font></strong></p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="54%" valign="top"><table width="90%" border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="5"><div align="center" class="style6">PRONOUNCED WITH FALLING TONE </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="11%"> </td>
<td width="19%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Label</font></td>
<td width="16%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Speaker Included </font></td>
<td width="21%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Addressee Included </font></td>
<td width="33%"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd Party Included </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>t</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>s</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>š</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>k</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>p</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>q</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ma</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>xh</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ua</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ç</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Col</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Collective</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>l</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ea</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">universal animate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>v</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IDa</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">indefinite animate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>r</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Mx</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/u/a/i </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ř</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IPa</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">impersonal animate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ţ</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+ma</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>n</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+ua</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>x</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+ma</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ň</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+ua</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>f</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+ma</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>m</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+ua</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>h</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+ma</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>z</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+ua</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ļ</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+ma</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic animate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ž</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+ua</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded animate</font></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<td width="46%" valign="top"><table width="442" border="1" align="center">
<tr>
<td colspan="5"><div align="center"><span class="style6">PRONOUNCED WITH HIGH TONE</span></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40"> </td>
<td width="65"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Label</font></td>
<td width="56"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Speaker Included </font></td>
<td width="83"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Addressee Included </font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd Party Included </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>t</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m+Mx</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/u/a/i </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>s</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+Mx</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/u/a/i </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>š</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+Mx</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/u/a/i</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>k</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+Mx</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/u/a/i</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>p</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+Mx</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mixed m/u/a/i</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>q</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>xh</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ui</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ç</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Abt</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Abstract</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>l</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ei</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">universal inanimate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>v</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IDi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">indefinite inanimate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>r</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Obv</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Obviative</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ř</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IPi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">impersonal inanimate </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ţ</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+mi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>n</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+ui</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>x</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+mi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ň</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2m+ui</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>f</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+mi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>m</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2u+ui</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>h</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+mi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>z</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2m+ui</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ļ</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+mi</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">monadic inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ž</strong></font></div></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1+2u+ui</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">YES</font></td>
<td><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded</font></td>
<td width="164"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">unbounded inanimate</font></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</p>
<blockquote class="style14">
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>1 </strong> = Inclusion of speaker <br />
<strong>2</strong> = Inclusion of addressee <br />
<strong>m</strong> = monadic (single party) <br />
<strong>u</strong> = unbounded (more than one party) <br />
<strong>a</strong> = animate 3rd party <br />
<strong> i</strong> = inanimate 3rd party<br />
<strong>E</strong> = universal ('everyone/everything')<br />
<strong>Mx</strong> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate
or MONADIC+UNBOUNDED)<br />
<strong>IP</strong> = Impersonal ('one')<br />
<strong>ID</strong> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<br />
<strong>Obv</strong> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<br />
<strong>Col</strong> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<br />
<strong>Abt</strong> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)<br />
</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The following sections explain the terminology in the above
table.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.1 Monadic vs. Unbounded</strong>. These terms were discussed in detail in <a href="03_morphology.html#Sec3o3">Sec.
3.3</a> on Perspective. For simplicity’s sake, the difference between
a MONADIC third party versus an UNBOUNDED third party can be thought of as the difference between ‘he/she/it’
and ‘they.’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.2 Speaker and Addressee</strong>. These terms refer respectively to the party
speaking (in Western grammar the first person), the party being spoken to (the
second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person).
Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons
divided into singular and plural), Ithkuil divides personal reference along
logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker’s utterance. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14">From the viewpoint of Ithkuil grammar, only a single individual
can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance
simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is
one speaker. Therefore, the “first person” of Ithkuil, the speaker,
can be only MONADIC, never UNBOUNDED.
Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word “we,”
since inherent in the various categories which translate “we” is
the concept of “I plus some other entity or entities.” From this
we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker’s
utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The “second person” in Ithkuil is the addressee,
the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more
than one addressee, i.e., MONADIC or UNBOUNDED.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The “third person” in Ithkuil is where things get
very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or
the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence
of animacy, being MONADIC versus UNBOUNDED,
being referred to as a collective entity, being an intangible abstraction, being
indefinite, being an impersonal generic reference, or being a combination of
two or more of these categories. These distinctions are explained below.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.3 Animate vs. Inanimate</strong>. This is as it sounds. As we saw in earlier chapters,
particularly <a href="04_case.html#Sec4o1">Sec. 4.1</a>, several
important morphological categories in Ithkuil are dependent on whether the party
to the act, condition, or event is a living entity or inanimate. Note that the
distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does
not exist in the Ithkuil personal reference system. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.4 “Mixed” Third-Party Reference</strong>. It is possible for the third
party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For
example a speaker could make reference to “I, you, and they” where
“they” consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic
animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible
concept such as ‘happiness’ (i.e., an abstract entity). In such
cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such “mixed”
parties to be included in a particular personal referent.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.5 Collective Reference</strong>. This corresponds to the NOMIC perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example,
the word ‘dog’ in the sentence <em>The dog is a noble beast</em> refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This COLLECTIVE category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ithkuil, depending
on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.6 Abstract Reference</strong>. This corresponds to the ABSTRACT perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns
ending with -<em>hood</em>, -<em>ness</em>, etc. In Ithkuil, all nouns can be
spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <em>“bookhood”</em> = the
sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system
provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities
are included in the context of the utterance.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong><a name="Sec8o1o1o7" id="Sec8o1o1o7"></a>8.1.1.7 Obviative (4th Person) Reference</strong>. This category has no equivalent in
Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages.
It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which
would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises,
this category is usually termed the obviative or “fourth” person.
For example, the English sentence <em>He saw his book</em> is ambiguous because
we are uncertain whether ‘he’ and ‘his’ refer to the
same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another
who owns the book). In Ithkuil, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter
third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent,
would be marked using the OBVIATIVE, not the third person.
This disambiguation of third person referents is the purpose of the OBVIATIVE.
Its translation into English is therefore dependent on a preceding personal
referent. (See <a href="#Sec8o1o4">Sec. 8.1.4</a> below for more information
about the OBVIATIVE).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.8 Indefinite Reference</strong>. This category indicates that the third party
refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the
falling-toned referent <span class="style10"><strong>v</strong></span> indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English ‘anyone’ or
‘anybody,’ while the high-toned referent <span class="style10"><strong><strong><em><strong>¯</strong></em></strong>v</strong></span> indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English ‘anything.’ </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.9 Universal Reference</strong>. This category indicates that the third party refers
to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the falling-toned referent <span class="style10"><strong> l</strong></span> indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English ‘everyone’ or
‘everybody,’ while the high-toned referent <span class="style10"><strong><strong><em><strong>¯</strong></em></strong></strong></span><span class="style10"><strong>l</strong></span> indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English ‘everything.’ </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.10 Impersonal Reference</strong>. This category corresponds to the German pronoun <em>man</em> or French pronoun <em>on</em>, as well as the various circumlocutions
used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., ‘one,’ ‘you,’
‘they,’ the passive voice, and certain usages of ‘someone’).
Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:</p>
<blockquote class="style14">
<p align="justify"><em><strong>·</strong> <strong>One</strong> should
never speak to clowns alone.<br />
<strong>·</strong> To dance the tango <strong>you</strong> need a partner.<br />
<strong>·</strong> <strong>They</strong> say it never rains in August.<br />
<strong>·</strong> That town <strong>is said</strong> to be haunted.<br />
<strong>·</strong> She just wants to talk to <strong>someone</strong> without being criticized.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity</strong>. Since
Ithkuil personal reference adjuncts are designed to specify who among the speaker,
addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of
the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible
in Ithkuil for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions
would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying ‘we,’
the speaker would have to specify ‘the two of us,’ or ‘I and
he but not you,’ or ‘I, you, and they.’ Similarly, the English
word ‘you’ breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to ‘you
(singular),’ ‘you (plural),’ ‘you (singular) and it,’
‘you and those people,’ ‘you and those things,’ etc.</p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style14"><a name="Sec8o1o2" id="Sec8o1o2"></a><br />
8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts</h3>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent
adjuncts and have four forms: (1) a short form, (2) a long form, (3) a
conjunct form, and (4) a collapsed form, as shown in Table 27 below. <br />
</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a name="Table27" id="Table27"></a></strong></font><br />
Table 27:
Morphological Structure of a Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct</strong></font> </p>
<table width="92%" height="680" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="53%" height="63" valign="middle"><span class="style14"><strong>Form 1 (Short Form): C<span class="style12">1</span> + V<span class="style38">c</span> </strong></span></td>
<td width="47%" valign="middle"><span class="style14">Example: <strong>p</strong> + <strong>oi</strong> <strong>→</strong> <strong>poi</strong> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="69" valign="middle"><span class="style14"><strong>Form 2 (Long Form) : C<span class="style12">1</span> + V<span class="style38">c</span> + C<span class="style38">z</span> + V<span class="style38">z</span> (<strong>+ </strong>’C<span class="style38">b</span>)</strong></span></td>
<td valign="middle"><span class="style14">Example: <br />
<strong> t</strong> (w/ high tone) + <strong>i<strong> + </strong>w + u </strong> <strong>→</strong> <strong><sup>–</sup>tiwu</strong><br />
</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="72" valign="middle"><p class="style14"><strong>Form 3 (Conjunct Form): </strong></p>
<blockquote class="style14">
<p><strong> C<span class="style38">s</span>+V<span class="style38">s</span> (+ C<span class="style38">s</span>+V<span class="style38">s</span>...) + C<span class="style12">1</span> + V<span class="style12">1</span> + C<span class="style38">z</span> + V<span class="style38">z</span> (+ ’C<span class="style38">b</span>)</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td valign="middle"><span class="style14">Example:<strong> <br />
f + o<strong><strong> + t</strong></strong></strong> + <strong>eu + y<strong> + e</strong></strong> <strong><strong><strong> + ’ç<strong>ç</strong></strong></strong> →</strong> <strong>foteuye<strong><strong>’<strong>ç<strong>ç</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="72" valign="middle"><p class="style14"><strong>Form 4 (Collapsed Form): </strong><strong><strong>V<span class="style38">c<span class="style17">2</span></span> + </strong>C<span class="style12">1</span> + V<span class="style38">c</span></strong></p> </td>
<td valign="middle"><span class="style14">Example: <strong>e + p</strong> + <strong>oi</strong> <strong>→</strong> <strong>epoi</strong> </span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="334" colspan="2"><table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="18%"><span class="style14"><strong>Where:</strong></span></td>
<td width="82%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="33"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>C<span class="style12">1</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant identifying
Referent 1 [from <a href="#Table26">Table 26</a> above]</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="36"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style38">c</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1[see <a href="#Table28">Table
28</a> below]</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="31"><div align="right" class="style14"><strong>C<span class="style38">z</span> = </strong></div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal infix showing the affiliation of Referent 1 (see <a href="#Table29">Table 29</a> below)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="55"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style38">z</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix
showing the Configuration and Essence of Referent
1 in conjunction with syllabic stress (see <a href="#Table30">Table 30</a> below)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="34"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>C<span class="style38">s</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix
for Referent 1 from standard suffix tables</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="42"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style38">s</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix showing the suffix degree and suffix type for
<strong>Cs </strong>[see <a href="07_suffixes.html#Sec7o1o2">Table 24 in Sec. 7.1.2</a>]</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="35"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>C<span class="style38">b</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias
suffix (see <a href="05_verbs_1.html#Table15">Table 15 in Sec.
5.11.1</a>)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="35"><div align="right"><strong>Syllabic Stress = </strong></div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">indicates essence of Referent 1: penultimate (or monosyllabic) = NRM; ultimate stress = RPV</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="36"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style38">c<span class="style17">2</span></span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix indicating the case of a second instance of Referent 1. The values are the same as for <span class="style14"><strong>V<span class="style12">c</span></strong></span>[see <a href="#Table28">Table 28</a> below]</font></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong><br />
8.1.2.1 Short Form</strong>: Form 1, the short form of the adjunct, consists of a single consonant
(labeled <strong>C<span class="style17">1</span></strong> in the diagram) plus falling or high tone,
corresponding to one of the 44 particular referents (as described in <a href="#Sec8o1o1">Sec.
8.1.1</a> above). This is followed by a single vocalic suffix <strong>V<span class="style12">c</span></strong> indicating the case of the personal referent (see <a href="04_case.html">Chapter 4</a> on Case). The 96
possible values for this suffix are shown in Table 28 below in the column labeled <strong>V<span class="style12">c</span></strong>. Note that for Case Nos. 49 through 96, <strong>V<span class="style12">c</span></strong> is the same as for the first 48 cases, plus a shift in the tone of the adjunct. Those personal referents which take falling tone shift to low tone, while personal referents that take high tone shift to rising tone. </p>
<p align="justify"><span class="style14">The short form
of a single-referent personal reference adjunct is used when it is clear from
the surrounding context of the utterance which previously identified noun participant
is being referred to, so that it is unnecessary to indicate the Configuration,
Affiliation, or Essence of the referent. The short form
of the adjunct merely indicates the party itself and its case. </span></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><span class="style14"><strong>8.1.2.2 Long Form</strong>: Form 2 of the adjunct, the long form, contains an additional consonantal infix <strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong> followed by a vocalic suffix <strong>V<span class="style12">z</span></strong>. <strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong> indicates the referent’s affiliation, while <strong>V<span class="style12">z</span></strong> indicates its configuration and essence. (See <a href="03_morphology.html">Chapter 3</a> for an explanation of the Affiliation, Configuration, and Essence categories.) The default form of <strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong> is shown in Table 28 below in the Column labeled <strong>V<span class="style12">c</span></strong>+<strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong>.</span><span class="style14">Note that for some noun cases (Nos. 18, 43-48, 56-59, and 61), the value of <strong>V<span class="style12">c</span></strong> changes when used with <strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong> in Form 2 of the adjunct, as shown in the table.</span><br />
</p>
<p class="style14">The long form
of the adjunct is used when necessary to indicate the Configuration,
Affiliation, and Essence of the referent when the surrounding sentences
do not provide or make clear this information. </p>
<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<a name="Table28" id="Table28"></a><br />
Table 28: Short- and Long-Form </font>V</strong><span class="style34">c</span> <strong>(+ </strong><strong><span class="style14"><strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong></span></strong><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">) Suffixes/Infixes
for Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts</font></strong> <span class="style6">(Default Forms)</span><br />
(Note that due to its vocalic patterning paralleling the patterning of the CMP8C case,
the VOCATIVE case is shown out of order in Position No. 48 in this table.)</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="47%" valign="top"><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>Label</strong></div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div><strong>CASE</strong> </div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V</strong><span class="style34">c</span> </div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style12">c </span>+ </strong><strong><span class="style14"><strong>C<span class="style12">z</span></strong></span></strong> </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">OBL</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Oblique</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-aw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">IND </div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Inducive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">u</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABS</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Absolutive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">e</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ERG</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ergative</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">o</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ow-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EFF</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Effectuative</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ö</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">AFF</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Affective</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">i</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DAT</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Dative</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ü</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-üw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">INS</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Instrumental</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ai</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-aiw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ACT</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Activative</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ei</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-eiw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DER</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div class="style10">Derivative</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ui</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uiw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">SIT</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Situative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oi</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oiw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">POS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Possessive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">â</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-âw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Proprietive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">î</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-îw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">GEN</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Genitive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ê</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-êw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ATT</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Attributive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ô</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ôw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PDC</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Productive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëi</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ëiw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ITP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interpretative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öi</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öiw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">OGN</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Originative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">û</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-aew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PAR</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Partitive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ia</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iaw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CRS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Contrastive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ie</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CPS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Compositive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">io</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iow-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRD</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Predicative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iö</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iöw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">MED</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Mediative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ua</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uaw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">APL</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Applicative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ue</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PUR</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Purposive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uo</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uow-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CSD</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Considerative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uö</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uöw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ESS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Essive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ea</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eaw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ASI</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Assimilative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eo</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eow-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">FUN</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Functive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eö</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eöw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">TFM</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Transformative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oa</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oaw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">REF</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Referential</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oe</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CLA</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Classificative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öa</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öaw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNV</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Conductive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öe</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">IDP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interdependent</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üa</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üaw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">BEN</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Benefactive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üe</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üew-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">TSP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Transpositive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üo</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üow-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CMM</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Commutative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aìw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">COM</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Comitative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eìw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNJ</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Conjunctive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oìw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">UTL</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Utilitative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uìw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABE</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Abessive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öìw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CVS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Conversive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëìw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style10">COR</span></div></td>
<td valign="top"><span class="style10">Correlative</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">au</span></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">aù</span><span class="style9">w-</span></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style10">DEP</span></div></td>
<td valign="top"><span class="style10">Dependent</span></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eùw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PVS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Provisional</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ou</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oùw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PTL</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Postulative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iùw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CON</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Concessive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öùw-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">VOC</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Vocative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëùw-</div></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<td width="53%" valign="top"><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>Label</strong></div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div><strong>CASE</strong> </div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V</strong><span class="style34">c</span> *</div></td>
<td width="86" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong><span class="style14"><strong>V<span class="style12">c</span> + C<span class="style12">z</span></strong></span></strong> </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EXC</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Exceptive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">a</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">AVR</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Aversive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">u</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-uy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CMP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Comparative</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">e</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">SML</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Simultaneitive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">o</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-oy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ASS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Assessive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ö</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">CNR</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Concursive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">i</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ACS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Accessive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ü</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-üy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">DFF</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Diffusive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ai</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-auy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PER</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Periodic</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ei</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-euy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRO</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Prolapsive</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ui</div></td>
<td width="98" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-iuy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PCV</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Precursive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oi</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ouy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PCR</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Postcursive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">â</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ây-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ELP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Elapsive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">î</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-aey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ALP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Allapsive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ê</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-êy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">INP</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Interpolative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ô</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ôy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">EPS</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Episodic</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëi</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ëuy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PRL</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Prolimitive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öi</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-öuy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">LIM</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Limitative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">û</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">-ûy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">LOC</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Locative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ia</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ORI</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Orientative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ie</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">PSV</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Procursive</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">io</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ioy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ALL</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Allative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iö</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iöy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">ABL</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Ablative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ua</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10">NAV</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div class="style10">Navigative</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ue</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP1A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative1A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uo</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uoy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP2A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative2A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uö</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uöy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP3A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative3A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ea</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP4A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative4A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eo</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eoy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP5A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative5A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eö</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eöy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP6A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative6A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oa</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP7A </div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative7A </div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oe</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP8A</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative8A</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öa</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP1B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative1B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öe</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP2B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative2B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üa</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üay-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP3B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative3B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üe</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üey-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP4B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative4B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üo</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">üoy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP5B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative5B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">aìy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP6B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative6B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eìy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP7B </div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative7B </div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oìy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP8B</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative8B</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">uìy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP1C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative1C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öìy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP2C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative2C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëì</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëìy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP3C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative3C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">au</span></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style9">aùy</span><span class="style9">-</span></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP4C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative4C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">eùy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP5C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative5C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ou</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">oùy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP6C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative6C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">iùy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP7C </div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative7C </div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">öùy-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">CMP8C</div></td>
<td width="128" valign="top"><div align="left" class="style10">Comparative8C</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëu</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ëùy-</div></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="style48"><span class="style14">* </span>For the 48 cases in the right-hand column above: in Form 1 of a single-referent adjunct, those personal referents with falling tone shift to low tone, those with high tone shift to rising tone.</p>
<p><br />
<span class="style14">The table above shows <strong>C<span class="style38">z</span></strong> in its default (CSL) form. The full values for <strong>C<span class="style38">z</span></strong> are shown in Table 29 below. </span></p>
<p><a name="Table29" id="Table29"></a><br />
<span class="style13">Table 29: Values for C<span class="style38">z</span>: Affiliation of a Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct</span></p>
<table width="610" height="136" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="151" height="34" valign="top"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style37">Affiliation</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="32" valign="top"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="108" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">CSL</p></td>
<td width="114" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">ASO</p></td>
<td width="116" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">VAR</p></td>
<td width="109" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">COA</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="28" valign="middle"><p align="left" class="style14">Case Nos. 1 - 48:</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-w-</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-’w</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-h</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-hw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="40" valign="middle"><span class="style14">Case Nos. 49 - 96:</span></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style9">-y-</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style9">-’y</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style9">-’</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style9">-’h</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p class="style14">The referent’s Configuration are shown by the <strong>V<span class="style38">z</span></strong> suffix. The values of <strong>V<span class="style38">z</span></strong> are shown in Table 30 below. </p>
<p><a name="Table30" id="Table30"></a><br />
<span class="style13">Table 30: Values for V<span class="style38">z</span>: Configuration of a Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct</span></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="124" height="29" valign="middle"><p> </p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">UNI</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">DPX</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">DCT</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">AGG</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">SEG</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">CPN</p></td>
<td width="100" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">COH</p></td>
<td width="100" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">CST</p></td>
<td width="100" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">MLT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="124" height="36" valign="middle"><p class="style41"><strong>NRM</strong> Essence</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">(-a)</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-u/-i</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-e</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-o</p></td>
<td width="72" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-ö</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-ü *</p></td>
<td width="100" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-ai / -au *</p></td>
<td width="100" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-ei /-eu *</p></td>
<td width="100" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-oi / -iu *</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>* For the last four configurations above, these can alternately be shown using the suffixes <strong>-a</strong>, <strong>-u/-i</strong>, <strong>-e</strong>, and <strong>-o</strong> (same as the first four configurations) plus a tone shift in the adjunct, as follows: falling tone shifts to falling-rising tone, and high tone shifts to rising-falling tone. This alternate means of indicating configuration is valid only for single-referent adjuncts. For dual-referent adjuncts (see <a href="#Sec8o1o3">Sec. 8.1.3</a> below), it is inapplicable and the vocalic values shown in the above table must be used.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span class="style14"><strong>8.1.2.3 The Conjunct Form</strong>: Form 3 of the adjunct, the conjunct form, is the same as the long form, Form 2, with the addition of one or more consonant + vowel prefixes <strong>C<span class="style38">s</span></strong> + <strong>V<span class="style38">s</span></strong> which correspond to the <strong>VxC</strong> derivational suffixes from Slot XI of a formative, as described in Chapter 7. When used in Form 3 of a single-referent personal referent adjunct, the order of the vocalic and consonantal portions of the affix are reversed. </span><br />
</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span class="style14"><strong>8.1.2.4 The Collapsed Form</strong>: Form 4 of the adjunct, the collapsed form, is the same as the short form, Form 1, with the addition of a vocalic prefixes <strong>Vc<span class="style12">2</span></strong> which represents the case of a second instance of the same personal referent already indicated by the adjunct. In other words, the collapsed form is a short-cut means of representing two separate adjuncts, both of which refer to the same party, but in two different cases. Examples of such an adjunct were seen in <a href="04_case.html#collapsed_adjunct">Section 4.3.12</a> with the word <em>êto</em>, a short-cut for <em>tê</em> + <em>to</em>, i.e, 1m/GEN plus 1m/ERG. </span></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.2.5 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference
Adjuncts in Use</strong></p>
<blockquote class="style14">
<p align="left"><strong><img src="images/8-1-2-5a.jpg" width="122" height="36" /><br />
Azbal</strong><strong> </strong> <strong><strong>š</strong>oi </strong><strong>ekšíl</strong>.<br />
<span class="style35">STA-‘anger’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span> <span class="style35"> <span class="style8"><strong>1+2u-SIT</strong></span></span> <span class="style35"> STA-‘clown’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML</span><br />
<em>Our being here angers the clown.</em></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"><strong><img src="images/8-1-2-5b.jpg" width="226" height="43" /><br />
Ičatosk </strong> <strong>êti </strong> <strong>prâ’ol</strong><strong> </strong> <strong>aktáil</strong>.<br />
<span class="style35">DYN-'physical.contact'-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-FRC<sub>1</sub>/7 <span class="style8"><strong>GEN-1m-AFF</strong></span><strong> </strong> </span><span class="style35">STA-‘leg’-LOC-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL </span> <span class="style35"> STA-‘rock’-INS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML<br />
</span><em>I got hit on the leg with a rock.</em></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"><strong><img src="images/8-1-2-5c.jpg" width="89" height="41" /><br />
ultánļ këi </strong><br />
<span class="style35">STA-‘page.of.writing’-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/SEG/COA-FML <span class="style8"><strong>2m-</strong></span><span class="style8"><strong>PDC</strong></span></span><br />
<em>‘your book’</em> [i.e., the one you authored] </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"><img src="images/4-6-16e.jpg" width="78" height="36" /><br />
<strong>žô c<sup>h</sup>ei’as</strong><br />
<span class="style35"><span class="style8"><strong>1m+2u+ua-ATT</strong></span> STA-‘grief’-PCR-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>‘after our period of grief’</em></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"><strong><span class="style52"><img src="images/8-1-2-5d.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="33" /><br />
ˇ</span>xhoehwe</strong><br />
<span class="style50">ua-REF-COA-CST</span><br />
<em>‘according to those variously interdependent but differing networks of people’</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style14"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><a name="Sec8o1o3" id="Sec8o1o3"></a></p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style14">8.1.3 Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts </h3>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Ithkuil allows a personal reference adjunct to show the personal
reference category and associated case for two separate parties all in one adjunct.
This is called a dual-referent adjunct and serves to combine two unrelated personal
referents into one adjunct, no matter what their associated cases may be. There
is only one form of a dual-referent adjunct, shown in Table 31 below.</p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a name="Table31" id="Table"></a></strong></font><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 31: Morphological Structure
of a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct</strong></font> </p>
<table width="96%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="56%" height="57" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style14"><span class="style14"><strong>Form:<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font color="#FFFFFF">_</font></font> ((V<span class="style12">w</span> +) C<span class="style12">2</span> +) V<span class="style12">2</span> + C<span class="style17">K</span>+ V<span class="style12">c</span> + (C<span class="style12">z</span> + V<span class="style12">z</span> (+ ’C<span class="style12">b</span>))</strong></span><br />
</p> </td>
<td width="44%" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style14">Example:<font color="#FFFFFF"> : </font><strong>u-h-ia-ks-ai-’wé-<strong>’</strong>ks</strong></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="369" colspan="2"><table width="99%" height="453" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="12%" height="32"><span class="style14"><strong>Where:</strong></span></td>
<td width="88%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="38"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style12">w</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix indicating the configuration of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table32">Table
32</a> below)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="38"><div align="right" class="style14"><strong>C<span class="style17">2</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant form
indicating the affiliation of Referent 2 (see <a href="#Table33">Table 33</a> below)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="39"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style17">2</span></strong> =</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix
indicating case of Referent
2 (these values are the same as for <strong>V<span class="style17">c</span></strong> in <a href="#Table28">Table 28</a> above)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="40"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>C<span class="style17">K</span></strong> =</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant form indicating
both Referent 1 and Referent 2 [from <a href="#Table34">Table 34</a> below]</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="36"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style38">c</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1[see <a href="#Table28">Table 28</a> above]</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="36"><div align="right" class="style14"><strong>C<span class="style38">z</span> = </strong></div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal infix showing the affiliation of Referent 1 (see <a href="#Table29">Table 29</a> above)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="38"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>V<span class="style38">z</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix
showing the configuration of Referent
1 (see <a href="#Table30">Table 30</a> above)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="36"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>C<span class="style38">b</span> </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias
suffix (see <a href="05_verbs_1.html#Table15">Table 15 in Sec.
5.11.1</a>)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="39"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>Tone </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Combinations
of Ref. 1&2:<font color="#FFFFFF">_</font> falling + falling = falling, high
+ high = high, falling + high = rising, high + falling = low </font></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="57"><div align="right" class="style14"> <strong>Stress </strong>=</div></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shows Referents 1 and 2
Essence respectively:
<font color="#FFFFFF">__</font>penultimate = 1:NRM / 1:NRM, <font color="#FFFFFF">__</font> ultimate = 1:NRM / 2:RPV,
<br />
antepenultimate = 1:RPV / 2:NRM, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font></font><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>preantepenultmate = 1:RPV / 2:RPV</font></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><br />
Analyzing the above structure, it can be seen that the third term, <strong>V<span class="style17">2</span></strong>, has the same values as<strong> V<span class="style12">c</span> </strong> for single-referent adjuncts; and the last four terms and their values, <strong>V<span class="style12">c</span> + C<span class="style12">z</span> + V<span class="style12">z</span> (+ ’C<span class="style12">b</span>)</strong>, are the same as for single-referent adjuncts. The new terms are <strong>V<span class="style12">w</span></strong>, <strong>C<span class="style12">2</span></strong>, and <strong>C<span class="style17">K,</span></strong> whose values are shown in the various tables below:</p>
<p><a name="Table32" id="Table32"></a></p>
<p class="style13">Table 32: Values for V<span class="style12">w</span>: Configuration of Referent 2 in a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="72" height="29" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">UNI</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">DPX</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">DCT</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">AGG</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">SEG</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">CPN</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">COH</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">CST</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">MLT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="72" height="36" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">—</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">ö-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">-e</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">a-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">ü-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">o-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">e-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">u-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">ë-</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a name="Table33" id="Table33"></a><br />
</p>
<p class="style13">Table 33: Values for C<span class="style17">2</span>: Affiliation of Referent 2 in a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct</p>
<table width="457" height="98" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td height="29" colspan="4" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">Affiliation</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="108" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">CSL</p></td>
<td width="114" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">ASO</p></td>
<td width="116" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">VAR</p></td>
<td width="109" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style37">COA</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="35" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">(-h)</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">w-</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">y-</p></td>
<td valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style9">hw-</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><a name="Table34" id="Table34"></a><br />
</p>
<p class="style14"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 34: <span class="style13">Values for C</span><span class="style47">K</span><span class="style13">: </span>Dual-Referent Personal Reference
Adjunct Prefixes</font></strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10"> </div>
<div align="center" class="style10">Falling Tone</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style10"> </div>
<div align="center" class="style10">High Tone</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><span class="style15">2nd referent</span><strong>→<br />
<br />
</strong></div>
<div align="center"><span class="style15">1st referent</span> <strong>↓</strong> </div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>h</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>ř</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>ç</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>r</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>l</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="38"><div align="center" class="style9">
<p>ň</p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="39"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>n</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>m</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center" class="style9">
<p>xh</p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="39"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>x</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="40"><div align="center">
<p><strong>ţ</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>f</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>ž</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>v</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>z</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>š</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>ļ</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>s</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="30"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>p</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="24"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>k</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
<td width="24"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p><strong>t</strong></p>
<p> </p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="28" valign="top"><div class="style10">ma</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">mi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>q</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">q<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">gř</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çq’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">qr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ql</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">gn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">qn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">qm</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çq</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">qţ</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">qf</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">šq’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">qw</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">sq’</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">šq</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">č’</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">sq</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">q’</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">g</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">d</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="28" valign="top"><div class="style10">1m</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ Mx</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>t</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">t<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">tř</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çt’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">tr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">tl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">t’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">tn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">tm</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çt</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">dh</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">tf</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">j</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">tw</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">ż</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">č</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">c’</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">c</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">p<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">k<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="24"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="28" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+Mx</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>k</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">tx</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">kř</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çk’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">kr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">kl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">k’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">kn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">km</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çk</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">kţ</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">kf</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">gž</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">kw</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">gz</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">kš</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">tļ </p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">ks</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">b</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+Mx</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>p</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">px</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">př</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çp’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">pr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">pl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">p’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">pn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">pm</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çp</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">pţ</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">pf</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">bž</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">pw</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">bz</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">pš</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">pļ</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">ps</p></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+Mx</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>s</strong></div></td>
<td width="40" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">sř</p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">st</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">sr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">sl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">sň</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">sn</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">sm</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">sxh</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">sx</p></td>
<td width="40" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">sf</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">sw</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="26" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+ma</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+mi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ļ</div></td>
<td width="40" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><p align="center">ļk<sup>h</sup> </p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">ļt<sup>h</sup> </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļt’ </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļļ </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļk’ </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļt </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļp </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļq </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ļk </p></td>
<td width="40" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">c<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">ļw</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+Mx</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>š</strong></div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">šř</p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">çw</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">šr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">šl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">šň</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">šn</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">šm</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">šxh</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">šx</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">šţ</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">šf</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">šw</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" bgcolor="#999999"> </div></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+ua</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+ui</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>z</strong></div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><p align="center">sk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">sk’</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">zr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">zl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">zg</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">zm</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ss</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">sk</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">sp</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">zw</p></td>
<td colspan="7"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">IDa</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">IDi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>v</strong></div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><p align="center">šp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">vř</p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">šp’</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">vr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">vl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">dn</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">vn</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">vm</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">žb</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">zb</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center">sţ</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">bm</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">vv</div></td>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+ua</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2u+ui</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ž</strong></div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><p align="center">šk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">šk’</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">žr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">žl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">žg</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">žn</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">žm</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">šš</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">šk</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">št</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">šp</p></td>
<td colspan="9"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="26" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+ma</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+mi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>f</strong></div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><p align="center">sp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">fř</p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">sp’</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">fr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">fl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">bl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">br</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">bv</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">pç</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ţţ</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">bdh</p></td>
<td colspan="10"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ma</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+mi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ţ</strong></div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="36" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ţř</p></td>
<td width="34" valign="top"><p align="center">st’</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ţr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ţl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">dl</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">dr</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">dv</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center"> gdh</p></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><p align="center">ţk</p></td>
<td colspan="11"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="27" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+ma</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+mi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>x</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">xx</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">sq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">rr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">xr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">xl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">gv</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">xn</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">xm</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">č<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="26" valign="top"><div class="style10">ua</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">ui</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">xh</div></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">xxh</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">šq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">řř</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">xhr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">xhl</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">gr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">xhn</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">xhm</p></td>
<td colspan="13"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="26" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+ua</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">2u+ui</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>m</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">hm</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">mř</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">çm</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">mr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ml</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">ňň</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">mm</p></td>
<td colspan="14"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="25" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ua</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+ui</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>n</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">hn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">nř</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">çn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">nr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">nl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">nn</p></td>
<td colspan="15"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>NOTES: </p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+ua</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">2m+ui</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style9">ň</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">hn</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">zn</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">št’</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ňr</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">ňl</p></td>
<td colspan="16"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>• Forms with light blue backgrounds optionally reverse form</p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="26" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ea</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">Ei</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>l</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">hl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">st<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">cl</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">ll</p></td>
<td colspan="17"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>in non word-initial position, e.g., kr <strong>→</strong> rk</p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="25" valign="top"><div class="style10">Mx</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">Obv</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>r</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">hr</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">št<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><p align="center">cr</p></td>
<td colspan="18"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>• Yellow backgrounds = optional changes in non word-initial position:</p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="24" valign="top"><div class="style10">Col </div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">Abt</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ç</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">çç</p></td>
<td valign="top"><p align="center">zz</p></td>
<td colspan="19"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>kw <strong>→</strong> fk, pw <strong>→</strong> fp, tw <strong>→</strong> ft, qw<strong> →</strong> fq, sw <strong>→</strong> zd, ļw <strong>→</strong> vd, šw <strong>→</strong> žd, sţ <strong>→</strong> nţ, </p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" height="28" valign="top"><div class="style10">IPa</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">IPi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>ř</strong></div></td>
<td width="40" valign="top"><div align="center">žž</div></td>
<td colspan="20"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
zw <strong>→</strong> vz, šţ <strong>→</strong> ndh, gn <strong>→</strong> ňg, qn <strong>→</strong> ňq, kn <strong>→</strong> ňk, pn <strong>→</strong> ňt, vn <strong>→</strong> mf, çw <strong>→</strong> xht</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+ma</div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div class="style10">1+2m+mi</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14"><strong>h</strong></div></td>
<td colspan="21"><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>• Blank boxes with grey backgrounds = grammatically impermissible or no form available</p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table: </p>
<blockquote class="style14">
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="style38"><strong>1 </strong> = Inclusion of speaker <br />
<strong>2</strong> = Inclusion of addressee <br />
<strong>m</strong> = monadic (single party) <br />
<strong>u</strong> = unbounded (more than one party) <br />
<strong>a</strong> = animate 3rd party <br />
<strong> i</strong> = inanimate 3rd party<br />
<strong>E</strong> = universal ('everyone/everything')<br />
<strong>Mx</strong> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate
or MONADIC+UNBOUNDED)<br />
<strong>IP</strong> = Impersonal ('one')<br />
<strong>ID</strong> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<br />
<strong>Obv</strong> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<br />
<strong>Col</strong> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<br />
<strong>Abt</strong> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)</span></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Note that when combining two referent prefixes to form the
composite prefix the tones associated with each referent must also be combined (remember
it is the distinction between falling and high tone that expands the 22 single-consonant
referents into 44). Since all single-referent adjuncts are either of falling
or high tone, their combination proceeds as follows:</p>
<blockquote class="style14">
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">falling + falling <strong>→</strong> falling <br />
<br />
falling + high <strong>→</strong> rising </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">high + high <strong>→</strong> high </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">high</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + falling <strong>→</strong> low <br />
</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style14">The order in which the above formulas are applied is based on the logical order of the personal referents, i.e., Referent 1 then Referent 2, not the order that associated vowels corresponding to the referents are manifested phonologically. (Many dual-referent personal reference adjuncts begin with vowels which carry morphological information for Referent 2, while the second syllable carries information for referent 1. Nevertheless, the tone on the adjunct is determined in the order of Referent 1 + Referent 2 as per Table 34 above.)</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><br />
The four-way combination of Essence for Referent-1 and Referent-2
respectively is shown by the four available stress patterns: penultimate stress indicates NORMAL + NORMAL, ultimate stress
indicates NORMAL + REPRESENTATIVE, antepenultimate
indicates REPRESENTATIVE + NORMAL,
and preantepenultimate indicates REPRESENTATIVE + REPRESENTATIVE.
(See <a href="03_morphology.html#Sec3o5">Section 3.5</a> on
Essence).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><br />
<strong>8.1.3.1 Special Use of Short Adjunct Form.</strong> The short form (Form 1) of
the single-referent adjunct discussed in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</a> above (utilizing the abbreviated <strong></strong> <strong>V<span class="style17">C</span> </strong> suffix from <a href="#Table28">Table 28</a>) can be used with the special dual-referent <strong>C<span class="style17">K</span></strong> composite prefixes from <a href="#Table34">Table 34</a> under the following
circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case
and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns
in English by ‘and’ as in <em>He and I went to the store</em> or <em>The man looked at them and me</em>. Examples: <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksau</font></strong>, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong><em><sup>/</sup></em>xlu</strong></font>.
Note in the last example<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><em><sup>/</sup></em></strong></font>xlu</strong></font></strong> how the combination of a falling-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines
to give a rising-toned adjunct.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong>8.1.3.2 Examples of Dual-Referent Adjuncts</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><span class="style9"><img src="images/8-1-3-2a.jpg" width="160" height="44" /><br />
Euspát _uda smâ’ol.</span><br />
</strong><span class="style35">DYN-‘buy’-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-FML <span class="style8"><strong>Ref2:IND-Ref1:mi/Ref2:<strong>1m</strong>-Ref1:OBL</strong></span> STA-‘valley’-LOC-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span>-<span class="style35">IFL</span><br />
<span class="style14"><em>I bought it in the valley.</em></span> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><span class="style9"><img src="images/8-1-3-2b.jpg" width="112" height="39" /><br />
Awuçk<sup>h</sup>oewi andawút<strong>ļ</strong>?</span><span class="style14"> </span><br />
<span class="style27"><span class="style28"><span class="style12">Ref2:AGG</span></span>-Ref2:<span class="style28"><span class="style12">ASO-Ref2:IND-Ref1:2m/Ref2:ua-Ref1:</span></span>REF</span><span class="style29">-</span><span class="style28"><span class="style12">Ref1:CSL-Ref1:DPX</span></span> <span class="style15">DYN</span>-‘<span class="style15">inquiry</span>’-<span class="style15">IRG</span>-<span class="style15">NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DCT</span><span class="style10">-<span class="style12">FML</span></span><br />
<span class="style14"><em>Are those formally recognized groups of people making inquiries about the pair of you?</em></span></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="Sec8o1o4" id="Sec8o1o4"></a></h3>
<h3> 8.1.4 Use of the Switch Reference Suffix</h3>
<p align="justify" class="style14">In <a href="07_suffixes.html#Sec7o4o13">Section
7.4.13</a>, the SWR switch reference suffix was introduced.
This affix works with the OBVIATIVE personal referent
(see <a href="#Sec8o1o1o7">Sec. 8.1.1.7</a>) to specifically indicate which
party is being referred to. The following is a review of this affix for all
nine degrees. By use of this affix, reference can be made immediately to any
party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned. </p>
<table width="88%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="15%" height="29"><span class="style10"><strong>-</strong></span><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>rm / -mr</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SWR</strong></div></td>
<td width="76%">Switch Reference & Obviative Specification </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 1</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearest
preceding referent</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 2</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd to
nearest preceding referent</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 3</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party
not previously mentioned</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 4</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring
to sentence focus</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 5</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first referent
mentioned</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 6</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring
to sentence topic</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 7</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party
non-transrelative referent</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 8 </font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd order
transrelative referent</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">Degree 9</font></td>
<td colspan="2"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">higher
order transrelative referent</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="style14">This suffix rarely appears in fifth-degree, as use of the OBVIATIVE by itself defaults to the first referent mentioned. The following example illustrates the use of the switch reference suffix:</p>
<p><span class="style14"><strong><br />
<img src="images/8-1-4a.jpg" width="400" height="44" /><br />
Léi’aita eq</strong><strong>ţu</strong><strong>l tê <strong> </strong>ekšülé<strong>ň</strong><strong>ţ</strong> <strong> </strong>aigwamt <sup>–</sup>ru byû’âl mrerîwa<strong></strong>.</strong></span><span class="style14"> <span class="style12"><a href="sound_files/8-1-4.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/8-1-4.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></span><br />
<span class="style10"><span class="style12">FRAMED/IFL-DYN</span>-‘speak’-<span class="style12">PCR</span>-<span class="style12">NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI</span> <span class="style12">STA</span>-‘brother’-<span class="style12">IND</span>-<span class="style12">NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-</span><span class="style12">IFL</span> <span class="style12">1m</span>-<span class="style12">GEN </span> <span class="style12">STA</span>-‘clown’-<span class="style12">DAT</span>-<span class="style12">NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span>-<span class="style12">FML</span>-<span class="style12">TPF<span class="style17">1</span>/3 </span><span class="style12"> DYN</span>-‘run’-<span class="style12">NRM/ICP/M/CSL/UNI-IFL </span> <span class="style12">OBV/IND</span>-<span class="style32">[SWR/5]</span> <span class="style12">STA</span>-‘pet.dog’-<span class="style12">ALL</span>-<span class="style12">NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span>-<span class="style12">IFL</span> <span class="style12">OBV/PRP</span>-<span class="style32">SWR/3</span></span><br />
<span class="style14"><em>After my brother spoke to the clown, he </em>[my brother]<em> began running toward his </em>[a third party’s]<em> pet dog.</em></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a name="Sec8o1o5" id="Sec8o1o5"></a></p>
<h3 align="justify">8.1.5 Details of Personal Reference Suffixes</h3>
<p align="justify"><span class="style14"><a href="07_suffixes.html#Sec7o3">Sec. 7.3</a> described the existence of a group of specialized suffixes derived from personal reference adjunct consonantal affixes. As previously discussed in <a href="#Sec8o1o1">Sec. 8.1.1</a>, there are 22 single consonants associated with 44 single-referent personal reference categories (based on a distinction between falling and high tone). In the absence of any other VxC suffixes to the formative, these 22 consonants can be combined with Type 3 vocalic infix patterns (see <a href="07_suffixes.html#Sec7o2">Sec. 7.2</a>) to correspond to certain Associative and Appositive noun cases, to create short-cut substitutes for single-referent personal reference adjuncts in these nine cases. These 22 consonants correspond to the falling-toned group of personal reference affixes; this short-cut option is not available for the 22 high-toned personal reference categories. The use of these suffixes is optional. The noun cases associated with the nine suffix degrees are as follows:</span></p>
<table cellpadding="3" width="54%" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="21%" class="style14">Degree 1</td>
<td width="79%" colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o1">POSSESSIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 2</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o2">PROPRIETIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 3</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o3">GENITIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 4</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o4">ATTRIBUTIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 5</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o7">ORIGINATIVE</a> Case </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 6</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o5">PRODUCTIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 7</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o4o6">INTERPRETATIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 8 </td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o5o25">CORRELATIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style14">Degree 9</td>
<td colspan="2" class="style14"><a href="04_case.html#Sec4o5o15">CONDUCTIVE</a> Case</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><a name="Sec8o2" id="Sec8o2"></a><br />
</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.2 ASPECTUAL ADJUNCTS</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style14"> As we saw in <a href="06_verbs_2.html#Sec6o3o1">Section 6.3.1 </a>and<a href="05_verbs_1.html#Sec5o10"> Section 5.10</a>, Aspect can be shown as the <strong>Vs</strong> suffix to a verbal adjunct, in addition to the its more usual position as a consonantal affix <strong>Cs</strong> to a formative or verbal adjunct. However, in the absence of any verbal adjunct, and as another alternative to infixing <strong>Cs</strong> within a formative, Aspect can also be conveyed by simply using the <strong>Vs</strong> affix as its own autonomous adjunct.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Examples (compare these to the examples in <a href="05_verbs_1.html#Sec5o10o33">Sec. 5.10.33</a>):</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style14"><strong><img src="images/5-10-33a.jpg" width="154" height="46" /><br />
Ou <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> inyat eqţulisqa tê.</strong><br />
<span class="style35"><span class="style8"><strong>CLM</strong></span> DYN-‘choose’-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘brother’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-DCS1/1-IFL 1M-GEN</span><br />
<em>My indecisive brother made a choice once and for all.</em> <span class="style12"><a href="sound_files/8-2a.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/8-2a.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style14"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style14"><strong><img src="images/5-10-33b.jpg" width="112" height="43" /><br />
Ui<strong> </strong> uolmát êqul.</strong><br />
<span class="style35"><span class="style8"><strong>RGR </strong></span> DYN-‘sing.a.song’-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘woman’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>The woman returned to singing.</em> </p>
<p class="style14"> </p>
<p class="style14"><a name="Sec8o3" id="Sec8o3"></a></p>
</blockquote>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.3 AFFIXUAL ADJUNCTS</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Any Type-1 or Type-2 <strong>Vx-C</strong> formative suffix described in <a href="07_suffixes.html">Chapter 7</a> may be
removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes
of euphony (i.e., to reduce the number of syllables in the formative). Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally
applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used
as a “short cut” method of conveying a notion, essentially as an
abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in
English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the
affix -<strong>V<span class="style17">1</span>j/7</strong> connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <strong>oj</strong>,
it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English
phrase <em>How typical!</em></p>
<h3 align="justify">Example:</h3>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style14"><strong><img src="images/5-10-33c.jpg" width="133" height="46" /><br />
Çtar-ryo igraleiţrar eglulôn. </strong><span class="style25">→ </span><strong><strong>Ar</strong><strong> </strong> çtar-ryo <strong>ei<strong><strong>r</strong></strong>ţ</strong> <strong> </strong>igral eglulôn.</strong><br />
<span class="style20"><span class="style12">HOR/CTX/PPS-PCL-HAB</span> <span class="style12"> DYN-‘eat.food’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI<strong>-</strong><span class="style45">EXT<span class="style17">2</span>/6-NA1<span class="style17">1</span>/5</span>-IFL STA-‘illness’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<span class="style17">2</span>/7-IFL</span><span class="style25"> → </span><br />
<span class="style12"><span class="style45">NA1<span class="style17">1</span>/5</span> HOR/CTX/PPS-PCL-HAB</span> <span class="style12"> <span class="style45">EXT<span class="style17">2</span>/6</span> DYN-‘eat food’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘illness’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<span class="style17">2</span>/7-IFL</span></span><em><br />
If only the physician wouldn’t always eat his food in one gulp like that.</em> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><font size="4"><strong><a name="Sec8o4" id="Sec8o4"></a></strong></font></p>
<h3 align="justify"></h3>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>8.4 BIAS ADJUNCTS </strong></font> </div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><span class="style38"><span class="style14"><a href="05_verbs_1.html#Sec5o11">Section
5.11</a> describes how Bias is shown on on formatives, while <a href="06_verbs_2.html#Sec6o3o2">Section 6.3.2</a> describes how the category is shown on verbal adjuncts. And in <a href="#Sec8o1o2">Sections 8.1.2</a> and <a href="#Sec8o1o3">8.1.3</a>, we saw how the conjunct
form of a single-referent personal reference adjunct, as well as dual-reference personal reference adjuncts, can take an optional affix, <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<span class="style12">b</span></font></strong>,
to indicate Bias. In the absence of these
possibilities, the Bias suffix (shown in <a href="05_verbs_1.html#Table15">Table 15</a></span></span><a href="05_verbs_1.html#Table15"><span class="style14"> of Sec. 5.11.1</span></a><span class="style14">), like affixual adjuncts described above in <a href="#Sec8o3">Section 8.3</a>, can stand alone as an autonomous adjunct. Such a Bias adjunct can be used to informally convey one’s attitude toward
a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could
state the Ithkuil equivalent to the sentence, <em>I feel a sense of awe!</em> or one can simply hiss out a long <strong>s</strong>-sound, ‘<span class="style46">ss</span>,’
which is the intensive form of the affix for the STUPEFACTIVE bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions
‘Well, I’ll be!’ or ‘Who would’ve thought?!’</span></p>
<p align="justify" class="style14">Other examples would be the expression ‘<strong>çç</strong>’ to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction
‘ahhh’ in English; or the expression ‘<strong>kšš</strong>’ to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English ‘Poppycock!’
or ‘What bullshit!’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style14"> </p>
<p align="justify"></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="right"><strong><a onclick="javascript:changenav2();" href="09_syntax.html">Proceed to Chapter 9: Syntax >></a></strong></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
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<td height="24"><a href="00_intro.html"><span class="style21">Introduction</span></a></td>
<td><a href="04_case.html"><span class="style21">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="08_adjuncts.html"><span class="style21">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td>
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<td height="18"><a href="01_phonology.html"><span class="style21">1 Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="05_verbs_1.html"><span class="style21">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
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<td height="18"><a href="02_morpho-phonology.html"><span class="style21">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="06_verbs_2.html"><span class="style21">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="10_lexico-semantics.html"><span class="style21">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td>
<td><a href="lexicon.htm"><span class="style21">The Lexicon</span></a></td>
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<td> </td>
<td><a href="03_morphology.html"><span class="style21">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="07_suffixes.html"><span class="style21">7 Suffixes</span></a></td>
<td><a href="11_script.htm"><span class="style21">11 The Writing System</span></a></td>
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</blockquote>
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<table width="98%" border="0">
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<td width="18%" height="219"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-quijada/a-grammar-of-the-ithkuil-language/paperback/product-18708279.html" target="_blank"><img src="images/front_cover-small.png" alt="Cover of Ithkuil Grammar book" width="164" height="212" border="0" /></a></td>
<td width="66%" valign="top"><p class="style14"> </p>
<p class="style14">For those who would like a copy of the Ithkuil Grammar<br />
in book form, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-quijada/a-grammar-of-the-ithkuil-language/paperback/product-18708279.html" target="_blank">it is now available!</a> </p>
<p align="right"><span class="style14">And while you’re at it, you can check out the novel I co-<br />
wrote</span><span class="style14"> with my twin brother Paul, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-paul-quijada/beyond-antimony/paperback/product-18831117.html" target="_blank">also now available!</a> </span></p>
<p align="right"><span class="style14">(It’s a political thriller/science fiction story that explores the<br />
philosophical implications of quantum physics, and features<br />
Ithkuil as a “para-linguistic” interface to a quantum computer.)</span></p></td>
<td width="16%" valign="middle"><p class="style14"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-paul-quijada/beyond-antimony/paperback/product-18831117.html" target="_blank"><img src="images/front_cover-novel.png" alt="Cover of "Beyond Antimony" by John & Paul Quijada" width="149" height="217" border="0" align="top" /></a></p></td>
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<blockquote>
<p align="justify">©2004-2019 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website for private, individual, or personal use which is non-commercial in nature and not for purposes of profit. Otherwise, you may copy or excerpt brief portions of the contents of this website in published, web-accessible, or commercially distributed articles, papers or webpages for purposes of review, commentary or analysis, provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </p>
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<blockquote>
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