1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<title>A Grammar of the Ithkuil Language - Chapter 5: Verb Morphology</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.style2 { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
font-weight: bold;
color: #999999;
}
.style3 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: small; color: #0000FF; }
.style5 {color: #000000; font-weight: bold;}
.style6 {color: #FF0000}
.style7 {color: #000000}
.style9 {
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
}
.style10 {font-size: x-small}
.style11 {font-size: large}
.style13 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif}
.style14 {font-size: small}
.style16 {color: #FF0000; font-weight: bold; }
.style17 {font-weight: bold; font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
.style20 {
font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: medium;
}
.style21 {font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif}
.style24 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; }
.style25 {font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; }
.style27 {font-size: medium}
.style29 {
font-size: small;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FF0000;
}
.style31 {
font-size: large;
font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
}
.style34 {font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: medium; }
.style36 {font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; }
.style37 {font-size: large; font-weight: bold; }
.style39 {
font-size: x-large;
color: #FF0000;
}
.style40 {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; }
.style30 { font-size: x-large;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
}
.style46 { font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2 align="center" class="style2">Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language<br />
<img src="images/masthead.jpg" width="465" height="50" /></h2>
<table width="88%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="14%"> </td>
<td width="4%"> </td>
<td width="19%"><p class="style3"> </p></td>
<td width="23%"><p class="style3"> </p></td>
<td width="20%"> </td>
<td width="20%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style17"><a href="index.htm">Home</a></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td height="24"><a href="00_intro.html"><span class="style17">Introduction</span></a></td>
<td><a href="04_case.html"><span class="style17">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="08_adjuncts.html"><span class="style17">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td>
<td><a href="12_numbers.htm"><span class="style17">12 The Number System</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style17"><a href="faqs.html">FAQs</a></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td height="18"><a href="01_phonology.html"><span class="style17">1 Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="05_verbs_1.html"><span class="style17">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="09_syntax.html"><span class="style17">9 Syntax</span></a></td>
<td><a href="abbreviations.html"><span class="style17">List of Abbreviations</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style17"><a href="updates.htm">Updates / News</a></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td height="18"><a href="02_morpho-phonology.html"><span class="style17">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="06_verbs_2.html"><span class="style17">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="10_lexico-semantics.html"><span class="style17">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td>
<td><a href="lexicon.htm"><span class="style17">The Lexicon</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="03_morphology.html"><span class="style17">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="07_suffixes.html"><span class="style17">7 Suffixes</span></a></td>
<td><a href="11_script.htm"><span class="style17">11 The Writing System</span></a></td>
<td><span class="style17"><a href="texts.html">Texts</a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="right" class="style46"> </p>
<p> </p>
<h2 align="center" class="style5">Chapter 5: Verb Morphology </h2>
<table width="59%" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="45%"><a href="#Sec5o1">5.1 Function</a> </td>
<td width="31%"><a href="#Sec5o5">5.5 Phase</a></td>
<td width="24%"><a href="#Sec5o9">5.9 Validation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Sec5o2">5.2 Mood</a> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o6">5.6 Sanction</a></td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o10">5.10 Aspect</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Sec5o3">5.3 Illocution</a></td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o7">5.7 Valence</a></td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o11">5.11 Bias</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Sec5o4">5.4 Case-Frames & Relation</a></td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o8">5.8 Version</a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
The Ithkuil verbal formative (termed “verb” in
this chapter for simplicity’s sake) is the workhorse of the language,
inflecting for twenty-two different morphological categories. These include
the seven categories shared by all formatives and already discussed in <a href="03_morphology.html">Chapter
3</a>: <strong>Configuration, Affiliation, Perspective, Extension, Essence,
Context, </strong>and<strong> Designation</strong>. Additionally the following
fifteen categories apply solely to verbs: <strong><strong>Function, </strong>Mood, Illocution, Case-Frame, Relation, <strong>Phase,
Sanction, </strong><strong>Valence, </strong><strong>Version, </strong>Validation, Aspect, </strong><strong><strong>Format, Modality, </strong></strong><strong>Level, </strong>and<strong> Bias</strong>. Additionally, Ithkuil allows for stem incorporation, i.e., for one formative stem to be incorporated inside of another to expand the latter’s semantic range. The verb can also
theoretically take any number of the approximately 1800 suffixes available to formatives.
Such suffixes are analyzed in <a href="07_suffixes.html">Chapter
7</a>. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The full structure of a Ithkuil verbal formative is in two parts,
i.e., having two distinct words, these being a<strong> valence/modality adjunct</strong>
and the <strong>verb</strong> itself. In simple sentences, the valence/modality adjunct may be missing. The following extreme example of a fully inflected
Ithkuil verb illustrates all 22 of the above-listed categories, as well as demonstrating an incorporated stem:</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<blockquote>
<div align="center"><strong><strong> <img src="images/5-0.jpg" width="174" height="60" align="absmiddle" /> <span class="style39"> </span></strong></strong><span class="style39"> <strong><em>hru<span class="style30">š</span>trul-lyö’ň ˉhnič<sup>h</sup>âçt<strong><em>à</em></strong>u’w<strong><em>a</em></strong>tkwöu</em></strong></span><span class="style6"><strong>​​​​​​</strong> </span> <span class="style11"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
<table width="86%" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="5">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="44%"><blockquote class="style11">
<p><strong>hr.u.<span class="style37">št</span>r.u.l-ly.ö.’ň</strong> </p>
<span class="style20">Valence: DEMONSTRATIVE <br />
Level: SURPASSIVE-RELATIVE <br />
Phase: RECURRENT<br />
Sanction: REFUTATIVE<span class="style21"><br />
Illocution: DIRECTIVE</span><br />
Modality: DESIDERATIVE<br />
Aspect 1: REGRESSIVE <br />
Apect 2: IMMINENT<br />
Bias: COINCIDENTAL <br />
</span></blockquote></td>
<td width="56%"><blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong>ˉ.hn.i.č<sup>h</sup>.â.çt.<strong>à</strong>u.’w<strong>a</strong>.tkw.öu</strong> </p>
<p class="style21">Validation: PRESUMPTIVE 2 <br />
Function: DYNAMIC<br />
Pattern/Stem of Main Root:<em> Pattern 1, Stem 1</em><br />
Incorporated Root: <strong>č<sup>h</sup></strong> <em>‘make/construct’ <br />
</em>Pattern/Stem of Inc. Root:<em> Pattern 1, Stem 1</em><br />
Designation of Incorporated Root: FORMAL <br />
Main Root: <strong>çt</strong> <em>‘chamber; spatial enclosure’</em><br />
Case-Frame: CONCESSIVE<br />
Mood: SUBJUNCTIVE<br />
Essence: REPRESENTATIVE <br />
Extension: PROXIMAL<br />
Perspective: ABSTRACT<br />
Configuration: COMPOSITE<br />
Affiliation: COALESCENT<br />
Context: AMALGAMATIVE <br />
Format: SUBSEQUENT<br />
Version: COMPLETIVE<br />
Designation: FORMAL<br />
Relation:
FRAMED </p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">A highly stilted but approximate English translation of the
above, capturing as many of the nuances of the Ithkuil phrase as possible, would
be: ‘<em>…despite presumably being on the verge, contrary to the allegation, of just so happening to want to succeed in maybe ordering a periodic return to the honorable practice of superlative architecture for others to follow by example.</em>’ </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Of the 15 morphological
categories particular to verbal formatives, we will examine in this chapter those eleven of them which usually constitute part of the verbal formative itself (Function, Mood, Illocution, Case-Frame, Relation, Phase, Sanction, Valence, Version, Validation and Aspect). The remaining categories specific to valence/modality adjuncts (Modality, Level, and Bias) will be described in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Chapter
6</a>. Additionally, the category of Format, while displayed within the formative, is closely tied to the phenomenon of stem incorporation, which is also discussed in Chapter 6. Therefore, Format will be discussed in that chapter. </p>
<p align="justify"><br />
<a name="Sec5o1" id="Sec5o1"></a><br />
</p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>5.1 FUNCTION </strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Function refers to the general relationship a verb has to its noun participants based on whether the verb represents an existential or psychological state, a dynamic action or event, a mere statement of X = Y identification, or a description. Without
a standardized system for the lexico-semantic function of verbs, the meaning of such a form could only be
learned from hearing others using it in context.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Note that, although Function is being described here in the chapter on Verbs, Ithkuil nouns, too, carry a Function, specifically the STATIVE function, in that they manifest an inherent, existential (i.e., non-dynamic) state of matter/energy. Because a formative’s Function changes only for verbs, not nouns, Function is being discussed in this chapter.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">As previously described in <a href="02_morpho-phonology.html">Section 2.2.2</a>, Function is shown by the <strong>Vr</strong> affix in Slot IV, which also conveys the main root’s Stem and Pattern. </p>
<br />
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="52" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="76" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="37" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="102" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="72" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center"><span class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +</span><span class="style29"><br />
Function</span></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The values of <strong>Vr</strong>- by Stem and Pattern and Function are shown in Table 8 below. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<span class="style37">Table 8: Values of Vr by Stem, Pattern, and Function </span><span class="style11">(see <a href="02_morpho-phonology.html">Section 2.2.2</a> for a discussion of Stem and Pattern)</span></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="174" valign="top"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="top"><p align="center"><strong>Pattern 1</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="top"><p align="center"><strong>Pattern 2</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="top"><p align="center"><strong>Pattern 3</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="174" valign="top"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 1</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 2</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 3</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 1</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 2</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 3</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 1</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 2</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center">Stem 3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>Function</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="174" valign="top"><p align="left">STATIVE</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">(a-)</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">e-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">u-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">o- </p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ö-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">î- / û-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">â-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ê-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ô-</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="174" valign="top"><p align="left">DYNAMIC</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">i-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ai-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ei-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">au-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">eu-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">iu-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ia- / ua-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ie- / ue-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">io- / uo-</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="174" valign="top"><p align="left">MANIFESTIVE</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ui-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ü- / ou-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ëi-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ae-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ea-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">oa-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">üa- / aì-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">iù- / uì-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">iö- / uö-</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="174" valign="top"><p align="left">DESCRIPTIVE</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">oi-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">eo-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">eö-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">oe-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">öe-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">ëu- </p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">üo- / oì-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">üe- / eì-</p></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style37">üö- / aù-</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
The four Functions are the STATIVE, DYNAMIC, MANIFESTIVE, and DESCRIPTIVE. They are described in the following sections. Note that the previous version of Ithkuil, as well as Ilaksh, had additional functions (previously called Conflations) than the current four. Due to Ithkuil’s new stem-incorporation abilities (described in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.4</a>), those additional functions are no longer necessary.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<p><a name="Sec5o1o1" id="Sec5o1o1"></a><br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%" class="style11"><strong>5.1.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>STA</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%" class="style11"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%" class="style11"><strong>The Stative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The STATIVE function indicates a stative manifestation,
i.e. to be in a non-causal, non-dynamic (temporary or permanent) state, including states of mind, non-dynamic or affictive physical states (e.g., something being warm, but not making something warm), as well as being the Function associated with all formatives acting as nouns. However, it does NOT mean “be” in the
sense of X=Y copula identification as in “I am John.”</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><a name="Sec5o1o2" id="Sec5o1o2"></a></p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.1.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DYN</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Dynamic</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">DYNAMIC function indicates that the verb refers to a tangible or physical act or cause-and-effect event: to perform the action
of X; to do what X does; to carry out X’s function. Note that the choice of whether a particular situation is to be considered STATIVE or DYNAMIC can be subjective. For example, if a person is chronically coughing due to an illness, one can describe the coughing using either the DYNAMIC (to focus for example on the paroxysmal movements and physical processes undergone by the person during each cough), or the STATIVE (to let the reader/listener know you consider the coughing to be merely a manifestation of an existential state, e.g., an illness, in which the physical motions and processes associated with each cough are not the relevant issue. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">In the examples from <a href="04_case.html">Section 4.3.12</a> involving anger-inducing clowns and burning trees, we likewise saw the difference in meaning between using STATIVE versus DYNAMIC function for otherwise identical sentences.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><a name="Sec5o1o3" id="Sec5o1o3"></a></p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.1.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>MNF</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Manifestive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="style11">MANIFESTIVE function indicates that the verb represents a manifestion or naming of the identity of a specific entity; this is the nearest equivalent to the X=Y “be”
copula of identification in Western languages, as in <em>She is a manager, That man is secretly a clown, Dogs are mammals, Mrs. Beasly is a fat crone.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="style11"><a name="Sec5o1o4" id="Sec5o1o4"></a></p>
<div align="justify" class="style11"></div>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.1.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DSC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Descriptive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">DESCRIPTIVE function indicates descriptive manifestation,
i.e., to appear or manifest in the manner of. This sense is the nearest
Ithkuil equivalent to English adjectives.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<h3> 5.1.5 Examples of Function </h3>
<p class="style11">Here follow examples of the four functions applied to the same stem <strong>egrá-</strong> ‘prepare(d) food’:</p>
<blockquote>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="7%" height="34"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STA</font></strong></td>
<td width="18%"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></td>
<td width="75%"><span class="style11"><strong>egrá-</strong> <em> ‘(to be in) a state of preparing food’</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="32"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DYN</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DYNAMIC</font></td>
<td><span class="style11"><strong>ai<strong><strong>grá-</strong></strong></strong> <em> ‘prepare food’</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="34"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MNF</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></td>
<td><span class="style11"><strong><strong><strong><strong>ügr<strong><strong><strong>á</strong></strong></strong>-</strong></strong></strong></strong> <em>‘to be prepared food’</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="32"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DSC</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></td>
<td><span class="style11"><strong>eogr<strong><strong><strong><strong>á-</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong> <em>‘to be like prepared food’</em></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p class="style11"><br />
Additional examples of Function:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-1-5a.jpg" width="139" height="36" /><br />
Iek’ás to p<sup>h</sup>el.</strong><br />
<span class="style25"><span class="style6"><strong>DYN</strong></span>-‘burn’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-FML 1M-ERG STA-‘tree’-ABS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span></span></span><br />
<em>I burn the tree.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-1-5a.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-1-5a.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-1-5b.jpg" width="97" height="29" /><br />
Êk’ás p<sup>h</sup>el.</strong><em><br />
</em><span class="style25"><span class="style6"><strong>STA</strong></span>-‘burn’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-FML <span class="style16">STA</span>-‘tree’-ABS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><em><br />
<em>The tree is burning / The tree is in flames.</em></em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-1-5b.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-1-5b.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><sup><img src="images/5-1-5c.jpg" width="143" height="41" /><br />
–</sup>Qa<strong> uip<sup>h</sup>al </strong><strong>ê</strong>k’àî’sa.</strong><em><br />
</em><span class="style25">mi-OBL <span class="style6"><strong>MNF</strong></span>-‘tree’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL FRAMED-FML-<strong></strong><span class="style6"><strong>STA</strong></span>-‘burn’-COR-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI </span><em><br />
<em>It is a burning tree / It is a tree in flames.</em></em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-1-5c.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-1-5c.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><sup><img src="images/5-1-5d.jpg" width="100" height="45" /><br />
–</sup>Qa<strong> </strong>üek’<strong>á</strong>s.</strong><em><br />
</em><span class="style25">mi-OBL <strong></strong><span class="style6"><strong>DSC</strong></span>-‘burn’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-FML </span><em><br />
<em>It is flame-like / It reminds one of burning flames.</em></em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-1-5d.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-1-5d.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<p><span class="style11"><a name="Sec5o2" id="Sec5o2"></a><br />
</span></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td class="style11"><div><strong>5.2 MOOD</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Most languages have a morphological category for verbs known
as “mood,” serving to indicate specific attitudes or perspectives
on the act, condition, or event, or the degree of factuality involved. Example
moods common to Western languages include the indicative (factual utterances),
subjunctive (showing doubt or probability, expressed by ‘may/might’
in English), imperative (indicating commands, e.g., <em>Go now!, Sing it for
us!</em> ), conditional (expressing hypotheticals, e.g., <em>She would travel
if she could</em>), optative (indicating wishes, hopes, expectations, e.g., <em>I wish he’d go, I expect him to be here</em>), and hortative (indicating
exhortations, e.g., <em>May he live 100 years! Let them see for themselves!</em>).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">We will see later in <a href="#Sec5o3">Section 5.3
</a> that in Ithkuil the functions of certain moods in Western languages
correspond not to Mood, but to the grammatical category of Illocution, specifically
where Western moods function to describe types of speech acts. In Ithkuil, moods
simply convey a two-fold distinction as to whether the factuality of an utterance
is certain or uncertain, combined with a four-way distinction as to whether
the factuality of an explicit or implicit assumption underlying the utterance
(i.e., a presupposition) is true, false, unknown, or a determinant of the factuality
of the utterance. This twofold by fourfold matrix renders a total of eight moods in Ithkuil.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The eight moods are FACTUAL, SUBJUNCTIVE, ASSUMPTIVE,
SPECULATIVE, COUNTERFACTIVE, HYPOTHETICAL, IMPLICATIVE, and ASCRIPTIVE.
They are shown in conjunction with the morphological category of Illocution (see <a href="#Sec5o3">Section 5.3</a>) by the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix placed in Slot IX. The <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix is of the form consonant <strong>Ci</strong> followed by a vowel <strong>Vi</strong>. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">(NOTE: Under certain circumstances, as an alternate to the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix in Slot IX, Mood can be shown via the <strong>Cs</strong> prefix in Slot III usually used to show the category of Aspect. These circumstances are described later in <a href="#Sec5o10">Section 5.10</a> on Aspect.)<br />
<br />
</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="52" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="76" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="37" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="102" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="72" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFF99"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF99"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
<span class="style6"><strong>Mood</strong></span><br />
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><br />
<span class="style11">The consonant half of the infix, <strong>Ci</strong>, has three different forms: -<strong>w</strong>-, -<strong>y</strong>-, and -<strong>h</strong>-.</span> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><strong>NOTE</strong>: If the formative’s <strong>Vc</strong> case affix is a diphthong ending in -<strong>u</strong> (i.e., au, eu, iu, ou, öu, ëu), the -<strong>w</strong>- value of <strong>Ci</strong> changes to -<strong>hw</strong>- and the final -<strong>u</strong> of the Vc diphthong is deleted. Thus, adding the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix -<strong>wa</strong>- to the formative <em>daus</em> results in <em>dahwas</em>, not <em>dauwas</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Also, if the formative’s <strong>Vc</strong> case affix is a diphthong ending in -<strong>i</strong> (i.e., ai, ei, oi, ui, öi, ëi), the -<strong>y</strong>-value of <strong>Ci</strong> changes from to -<strong>hw</strong>- (while the <strong>Vc</strong> diphthong is left intact). Thus, adding the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix -<strong>ya</strong>- to the formative <em>dais</em> results in <em>daihwas</em>, not <em>daiyas</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Table 9 below shows the values of the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix by Illocution and Mood. </p>
<p align="justify"><a name="Table9" id="Table9"></a><br />
<span class="style31">Table 9: Ci + Vi infix values indicating 6 Illocutions x 8 Moods </span></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td colspan="8" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong>MOOD</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="215" height="40" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">
<div>
<div align="left"><span class="style9">ILLOCUTION</span>
(see <a href="#Sec5o3">Sec. 5.3</a>) <br />
↓ </div>
</div>
</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> FAC</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> SUB</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> ASM</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> SPC</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> COU</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> HYP</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> IPL</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style13"> ASC</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="215" height="29" valign="middle"><div class="style40">1 ASSERTIVE</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">(-wë)*</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wa</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yë</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-ya</div></td>
<td width="117" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yû</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hë</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-ha</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hû / -hî</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="28" valign="middle"><div class="style40">2 DIRECTIVE </div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-we</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wö</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-ye</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yö</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yeu / -wei</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-he</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hö</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hei</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="215" height="30" valign="middle"><div class="style40">3 INTERROGATIVE </div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wu</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wâ</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yu</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yâ</div></td>
<td width="117" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yau / -wai</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hu</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hâ</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hai</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="215" height="31" valign="middle"><div class="style40">4 ADMONITIVE </div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wo</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wê</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yo</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yê</div></td>
<td width="117" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-you / -woi</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-ho</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hê</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hoi</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" valign="middle" class="style40">5 HORTATIVE</td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wi</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wô</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yi</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yô</div></td>
<td width="117" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-yiu / -wui</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hi</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hô</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-hui</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="28" valign="middle" class="style40">6 DECLARATIVE <strong>**</strong></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">-wî</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style37">—</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<span class="style25"><span class="style27">*</span> The combination of FACTUAL Mood + ASSERTIVE Illocution is usually unmarked. It is marked by the infix -<strong>wë</strong>- only in certain cases where Slots V and VI are filled by the <strong>Cv</strong> and <strong>V<span class="style10">L</span></strong> affixes (see note in <a href="#Sec5o5">Section 5.5</a> for details).<br />
<span class="style27">* * </span>The DECLARATIVE Illocution can only be used in the FACTUAL mood.</span><br />
<br />
<p class="style11">NOTE: The category of Mood (along with the category of Aspect) can alternately be shown via the <strong>Cs</strong> affix in Slot III; this will be discussed in <a href="#Sec5o10">Section 5.10</a>. Additionally the <strong>Cs</strong> Mood/Aspect affix can be placed into a verbal adjunct rather than being shown in the formative; this will be discussed in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.1</a>.</p>
<p class="style11">The function of the eight moods is described in the sections immediately below. <br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>FAC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Factual</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The FACTUAL mood signifies that the
factuality of the speaker’s statement is certain and that there either
is no underlying presupposition to the statement, or if there is, its factuality
is also certain or has no bearing on the factuality of the statement.
Examples:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-1a.jpg" width="149" height="45" /><br />
Eglas âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-[<span class="style6"><strong>FAC</strong></span>]-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>His kids are ill.</em> [i.e., it is known he has kids and
it is known they are ill] <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-2-1a.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-2-1a.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><strong><img src="images/5-2-1b.jpg" width="153" height="45" /></strong><br />
Hëtiun-n ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong> <br />
<span class="style20"><span class="style14">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">FAC</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
</span><span class="style11"><em>She and I are taking a walk later on. </em>[i.e., it is our intention and we have the opportunity to do so] <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-2-1b.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-2-1b.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-1c.jpg" width="147" height="37" /><br />
Uzlas gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-[<span class="style6"><strong>FAC</strong></span>]-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML</span><br />
<em>His wife’s clothes are inside-out.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-2-1c.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-2-1c.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><span class="style11"><br />
</span><br />
</p>
</blockquote>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SUB</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Subjunctive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The SUBJUNCTIVE mood indicates that the
factuality of an explicit or implicit presupposition underlying the statement
is certain, but the factuality of the speaker’s statement itself is questionable
or uncertain, the specific nuance of factuality intended being subject to the
particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Corresponds roughly
with English ‘may,’ ‘maybe’ or ‘might,’
with the added distinction that an explicit or implicit (i.e., underlying) presupposition
is true. Examples:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-2a.jpg" width="148" height="46" /><br />
Eglawas âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>SUB</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>Maybe his kids are ill.</em> [i.e., it is known that he has kids but it is not known whether they are ill]</p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-2b.jpg" width="154" height="45" /><br />
Hëtium-m ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">SUB</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
<em>She and I may take a walk later on. </em>[i.e., it is known that the opportunity to do so will arise, but it is uncertain whether we will choose to]</p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-2c.jpg" width="146" height="42" /><br />
Uzlawas gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-<span class="style6"><strong>SUB</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI<strong>-</strong>IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML</span><br />
<em>His wife’s clothes may be inside-out.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ASM</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Assumptive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ASSUMPTIVE mood functions identically to the FACTUAL except that the factuality of an underlying presupposition is unknown. It therefore
conveys an act, state, or event whose factuality is dependent on whether something
else is factual, thus corresponding to certain usages of English ‘maybe’
and ‘will’ (where ‘will’ primarily conveys possibility,
not future tense). As with all moods, the specific translation is subject to
the particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Examples:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-3a.jpg" width="148" height="44" /><br />
Eglayës âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>ASM</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>His kids’ll be ill</em> <strong>OR</strong> <em>If he has kids, they are ill.</em> [i.e., it is unknown whether he has kids, but if he does, they are certainly ill.]<br />
</p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><img src="images/5-2-3b.jpg" width="153" height="44" /><br />
<strong>H<strong>ë</strong>tiul-l ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">ASM</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
<em>She and I will take a walk later on</em> [i.e., if we can] <strong>OR</strong> <em>We intend to take a walk.</em> [i.e., but we don’t know if we’ll be able to] </p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-3c.jpg" width="147" height="42" /><br />
Uzlayës gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-<span class="style6"><strong>ASM</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-</span><span class="style25">FML</span><br />
<em>If he has a wife her clothes are inside-out.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SPC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Speculative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The SPECULATIVE mood indicates that the factuality of both the presupposition and the statement
itself are unknown. Its translation into English is dependent on the specific
context, sometimes corresponding to ‘may,’ ‘maybe’ or
‘might,’ and at other times corresponding to the auxiliary ‘would.’
Compare the examples below to those above:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-4a.jpg" width="148" height="45" /><br />
Eglayas âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>SPC</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>Maybe his kids are ill</em> [i.e., it is unknown if he has kids but if he does, they may be ill].</p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-4b.jpg" width="153" height="45" /><br />
Hëtiur-r ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">SPC</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
<em>She and I may take a walk later on</em> [i.e., it is unknown whether we will have the opportunity to do so, and even if we do, it is uncertain whether we will choose to].</p>
<p> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-4c.jpg" width="145" height="42" /><br />
Uzlayas gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-<span class="style6"><strong>SPC</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA- ‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span><span class="style25">-FML</span><br />
<em>If he has a wife her clothes may be inside-out.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.5</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>COU</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Counterfactive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The COUNTERFACTIVE mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying presupposition
is false or unreal but that the factuality of the statement would otherwise
be true. It thus corresponds to the English construction of auxiliary ‘would’
or ‘would have’ in its use to show counterfactuality (i.e., what
would have been if a false presupposition had been true). Again, the specific
translation is subject to the particular Bias and Validation associated with
the verb. Compare the examples below to those above.</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-5a.jpg" width="148" height="46" /><br />
Eglayûs âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>COU</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>His kids would be (would have been) ill</em> [i.e., if he had kids they would be ill, but he doesn’t].<br />
<br />
</p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-5b.jpg" width="153" height="45" /><br />
Hëtiuň-ň ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">COU</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
<em>She and I would take (would have taken) a walk later on</em> [i.e., it is our intention but we won’t have the opportunity].<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-5c.jpg" width="145" height="42" /><br />
Uzlayûs gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-<span class="style6"><strong>COU</strong></span>-IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span><span class="style25">-FML</span><br />
<em>If he were to have a wife her clothes would be inside-out.</em></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-6-10a.jpg" width="133" height="45" /><br />
T<sup>h</sup>em-mp<strong><sup>h</sup></strong>âmnas osmuil.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">ASR/CTX/ALG-PRL-PRS/<span class="style6"><strong>COU</strong></span>-STA-‘awe’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘valley’-DER-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>The valley would've been awe-inspiring to you, too </em>[i.e., if you had seen/visited/been to it]<em>.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-2-5.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-2-5.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
</blockquote>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>HYP</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Hypothetical</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The HYPOTHETICAL mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying presupposition is
false or unreal and that the factuality of the statement itself is uncertain.
It thus corresponds to the English construction of auxiliary ‘might have’
in its use to show possible counterfactuality (i.e., what might have been if
a false presupposition had been true). Again, the specific translation is subject
to the particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Compare the
examples below to those above.</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-6a.jpg" width="149" height="46" /><br />
Eglahës âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>HYP</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>His kids might’ve been ill</em> [if he had kids, but he doesn’t, so we’ll never know].</p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-6b.jpg" width="153" height="45" /><br />
Hëtiur-n ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">HYP</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
<em>She and I might’ve taken a walk later on</em> [i.e., but we won’t have the opportunity, so the decision whether to do so is moot]. </p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-6c.jpg" width="147" height="43" /><br />
Uzlahës gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-<span class="style16">HYP</span>-PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>If he were to have a wife her clothes might be inside-out.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.7</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IPL</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Implicative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The IMPLICATIVE mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying presupposition
determines the factuality of the statement and that the relationship between
the two need not necessarily be a direct cause-and-effect, but merely an indirect
chain of events from which the speaker infers the statement from the underlying
presupposition. In grammatical analysis, this is referred to as an “epistemic
conditional.” Examples are shown below. </p>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-2-7a.jpg" width="149" height="46" /><br />
Eglahas âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>IPL</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>His kids are (must be) ill</em> [i.e., as implied by some other fact such as his staying home from work].</p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-7b.jpg" width="153" height="45" /><br />
Iul-n ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">IPL</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
[If she wears a blue dress,] <em>we’ll be taking a walk later on. </em> [the dress implies something has happened that will make the walk a certainty] </p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-7c.jpg" width="146" height="42" /><br />
Uzlahas gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-<span class="style6"><strong>IPL</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA- ‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>His wife’s clothes must be inside-out.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.2.8</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ASC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Ascriptive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ASCRIPTIVE mood functions identically to the IMPLICATIVE immediately above, except that the factuality of the inference derived from
the underlying presupposition is uncertain. Examples: </p>
<blockquote>
<p><br />
<img src="images/5-2-8a.jpg" width="149" height="47" /><br />
<span class="style11"><strong>Eglahîs âmmiļ qê.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘illness’-<span class="style6"><strong>ASC</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘child.offspring’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL ma-GEN</span><br />
<em>His kids may be ill</em> [i.e., as implied by some other fact such as his staying home from work].</span></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-8b.jpg" width="153" height="45" /><br />
Iur-ň ivogwařļokkai ţei.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">PRL-ITV-<strong><span class="style6">ASC</span> </strong>DYN-[inc.stem: ‘recreation.leisure’]-‘ambulate’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/CPN-TPP<sub>1</sub>/7-IFL-ISR 1+ma-ACT</span><br />
[If she wears a blue dress,] <em>we might be taking a walk later on. </em>[the dress implies something has happened that we’ll make the walk a possibility]</p>
<p align="left" class="style11"> </p>
<p align="left" class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-2-8c.jpg" width="147" height="41" /><br />
Uzlahîs gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-<span class="style6"><strong>ASC</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG-IFL STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>That means his wife’s clothes are inside-out. </em></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 align="justify"><br /></h3>
<p align="justify"><br />
</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><a name="Sec5o3" id="Sec5o3"></a><strong><font size="4">5.3
ILLOCUTION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Illocution refers to what in linguistics is usually termed
types of speech acts, i.e., the general purpose of a statement such as whether
it is an assertion, a command, a declaratory pronouncement, a question, a warning,
etc. This is a category which is not generally marked within Western languages
in any consistent grammatical sense, the nearest equivalent grammatical category
usually being Mood. As was seen above in Section 5.1, Mood functions in a much narrower grammatical range than in Western languages.
When the moods of Western language actually relate to types of speech acts,
the equivalent function in Ithkuil is shown by the category of Illocution.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">There are six illocutions in Ithkuil: ASSERTIVE, INTERROGATIVE, DIRECTIVE, ADMONITIVE, HORTATIVE and DECLARATIVE.
They distinguish the type of speech act being performed by the speaker, with
a specific focus on the type of commitment being made on the part of either
the speaker or the hearer to the truth or purpose of the utterance. Illocution is
marked along with the category of Mood (see <a href="#Sec5o2">Section 5.2</a>) by a consonant+vowel <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix to the formative, as previously shown in <a href="#Table9">Table 9</a> above.</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="71" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="63" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="51" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="79" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="125" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="37" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="32" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="102" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="72" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style14"><span class="style16">Illocution</span> +<br />
Mood<br />
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><br />
<span class="style11">Illocution can alternately be shown via the <strong>Cv</strong> affix (Slots I or V) as discussed in <a href="#Sec5o5">Section 5.5</a> below on Phase. Additionally, in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.3</a> we will see that Illocution can be shown by an affix within a verbal adjunct. </span></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The six illocutions are described below.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.3.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ASR</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Assertive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ASSERTIVE is used to express propositions
which purport to describe or name some act, event, or state in the real world,
with the purpose of committing the hearer to the truth of the proposition. Thus,
an utterance in the ASSERTIVE illocution is one that can
be believed or disbelieved, and is either true or false. Such utterances would
include general statements, descriptions, and explanations. </p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%" class="style11"><strong>5.3.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>DIR</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%" class="style11"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%" class="style11"><strong>The Directive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The DIRECTIVE illocution is for the purpose of committing
the hearer to undertake a course of action represented by the proposition, where
the proposition describes a mental wish, desire, or intention on the part of
the speaker. Thus, an utterance in the DIRECTIVE is one
that is neither true nor false because it is not describing something that purports
to exist in the real world; rather, it describes an act or situation which can
potentially be made real, i.e., that can be fulfilled or carried out. Such utterances
include commands, orders, and requests and would generally be marked in Western
languages by either the imperative, optative, or subjunctive moods. The commitment
on the part of the hearer is not belief or disbelief, but rather whether to
obey, comply with, or grant. The DIRECTIVE is also used for “commissive” types of statements such as promises, vows, pledges,
oaths, contracts, or guarantees, where the
statement is a wish or command directed at oneself.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<strong><a name="Sec5o3o3" id="Sec5o3o3"></a></strong><br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.3.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IRG</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Interrogative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The INTERROGATIVE is used for utterances corresponding to questions in other languages. The commitment on the part of the listener in regard to the INTERROGATIVE is one of compliance or non-compliance in divulging the information sought,
and the truth value of the utterance is neutral pending the reply.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.3.4</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ADM</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Admonitive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ADMONITIVE is used for admonitions and warnings, corresponding to English phrases such
as ‘(I) caution you lest…,’ ‘(I) warn you against…,’
or ‘Be careful not to….’ The utterance is neither true nor
false because it describes only a potential act or situation which may occur
unless avoided. The commitment on the part of the hearer is to assess the degree
of likelihood of the potentiality, followed by a choice whether to heed or ignore/defy
the utterance. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.3.5</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>HOR</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Hortative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The HORTATIVE is used for statements that are untrue or unreal, but wished to be true or real, corresponding to English phrases such
as ‘if only…’, or ‘were it that….’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.3.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DEC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Declarative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The DECLARATIVE is used for utterances
whose purpose is to themselves effect a change upon the real world, based upon
convention, cultural rules, law, subjective authority, or personal authority
or control of a situation. The commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of
recognition or non-recognition. Such utterances include declarations, announcements,
proclamations, and various “performative” expressions. Certain languages
mark this function of a verb using a mood known as hortative. Examples would
be: <em>I dub thee “Clown Master”!, The king will hear all grievances
at noon each day, This court is now in session, We hereby declare this treaty
null and void!</em></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<h3 class="style11"><br />
<span class="style7">5.3.7 Examples of Illocution in Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-3-7a.jpg" width="58" height="37" /><br />
Aidhawél.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘water.as.nourishment’-<span class="style6"><strong>DIR</strong></span>-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML</span><br />
<em>Drink some water!</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-3-7a.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-3-7a.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-3-7b.jpg" width="107" height="37" /><br />
Ükšoàwîl âmmell.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">MNF-‘clown’-TFM-<span class="style6"><strong>DEC</strong></span>-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘child’-ABS-DEL/M/CSL/DPX-IFL</span><br />
<em>The pair of children are hereby turned into clowns!</em> <img src="images/Clown2.jpg" width="87" height="69" align="top" /> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-3-7b.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-3-7b.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="texttop" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-3-7c.jpg" width="131" height="40" /><br />
Iolmawóţ êļneilüükt.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘sing.a.song’-<span class="style6"><strong> ADM</strong></span>-NRM/DEL/N/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘bird’-ACT-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-DEF<sub>1</sub>/8-FML</span><br />
<em>Be aware that this pet bird sings. </em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-3-7c.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-3-7c.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-3-7d.jpg" alt="" width="74" height="40" /><br />
Aigrawutļáun?</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘prepared.food’-<span class="style6"><strong>IRG</strong></span>-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DCT-AGC<sub>2</sub>/2-FML</span><br />
<em>Will the cook prepare some meals? </em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-3-7d.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-3-7d.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-3-7e.jpg" width="135" height="46" /><br />
Igrawileiţrar oi eglulôn.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘eat food’-FAC-<span class="style6"><strong>HOR</strong></span>-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-EXT<sub>2</sub>/6-NA1<sub>1</sub>/5-IFL PCL STA-‘illness’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<sub>2</sub>/7-IFL</span><br />
<em>If only the physician wouldn’t eat his food in one gulp like that.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-3-7e.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-3-7e.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="Sec5o4" id="Sec5o4"></a></p>
<p align="justify"></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td class="style11"><div><strong>5.4 CASE-FRAMES AND RELATION</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Virtually all languages allow for sentences to be hierarchically
embedded within other sentences, a process termed <strong>subordination</strong>.
In Western languages, the embedded sentence becomes either a subordinate clause
or a relative clause, explicitly introduced by a conjunctions such as ‘that,’
‘which,’ ‘who,’ ‘where,’‘although,’‘if,’‘while,’‘whereas,’
or a preposition followed by a conjunction, such as ‘through which,’‘by
whom,’etc. In English, such clauses can also occur as an infinitive or
gerundial verb construction. Both relative and subordinate clauses are illustrated
in the following sentences:</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify"> <em>The dog <strong>that ate my hat</strong> belongs to
them.<br />
I want <strong>him to stop shouting</strong>.<br />
The committee voted <strong>to fire the superintendant</strong>.<br />
We demand <strong>(that) you give us equal pay</strong>.<br />
<strong>Although he’s a college graduate</strong>, he acts like a child.<br />
This is the slot<strong> through which the letter is passed</strong>.<br />
<strong>In case you’re unaware</strong>, I’ll be leaving next
month.<br />
The boy <strong>walking toward us</strong> is my nephew.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The Ithkuil equivalent to relative or subordinate clauses is
known as a <strong>case-frame</strong>, or simply, <strong>frame</strong>. Conceptually,
the sentence to be embedded is simply treated as a noun participant to the main
verb of a sentence and is therefore marked for case like any other noun. For
example, take the following two sentences:</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify"><em>She and I were working together. <br />
The two nations were at war.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Suppose we want to use the second sentence to provide a temporal
context for the first sentence. In English we could do this by subordinating
the second sentence to the first using the conjunction ‘while,’
as in <em>She and I were working together while the two nations were at war</em>.
Alternately, we could create a relative clause by inserting a connecting prepositional
phrase, as in <em>She and I were working together during the time (that) the
two nations were at war</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">In Ithkuil, temporal context for a sentence may be provided
by a noun in any of the temporal cases such as the CONCURSIVE (see <a href="04_case.html">Sec. 4.6.3</a>). A word
such as ‘summer’ or ‘famine’ would be placed in the CONCURSIVE case to create a sentence corresponding to:</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify"><em>She and I were working together during the summer.<br />
She and I were working together at the time of the famine.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Just as the single words ‘summer’ and ‘famine’
are placed in the CONCURSIVE case, so an entire sentence
such as <em>The two nations were at war</em> can be placed in the CONCURSIVE case to provide the temporal context for the main sentence. In other words,
Ithkuil treats the entire subordinate sentence as a noun phrase to be declined
into any required case. That is the purpose of a frame, to place sentences into
noun cases. By doing so, Ithkuil accomplishes the same task for which Western
languages use relative and subordinate conjunctions. In theory, any sentence
can be placed into any of the 96 cases and inserted into another sentence wherever
a simple noun might be placed in the sentence using that same case.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"><a name="Sec5o4o1" id="Sec5o4o1"></a></h3>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"> 5.4.1 Relation and the Placement of Frames</h3>
<p align="justify" class="style11">To construct a case-frame, the second-order sentence (i.e.,
the sentence to be subordinated) is placed in the main sentence at the point
where a noun declined for the required case would appear. The actual case of the second-order sentence is indicated in the verbal
formative the same way as for nominal formatives, i.e., via the <strong>Vc</strong> affix in Slot VII. Additionally, the syllabic stress of the formative will change to show <strong>FRAMED Relation</strong>, explained in the next paragraph. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><strong>Relation</strong> is a binary category in Ithkuil, having two values. The main verbal formative of an Ithkuil sentence is in UNFRAMED Relation, marked by penultimate (second-to-last) syllabic stress or by ultimate (final) stress if the formative has FORMAL Designation (see Section 3.7). Once a verbal formative is subordinated within a case-frame, it takes FRAMED relation, shown by antepenultimate (third-from-last) syllabic stress or by preantepenultimate (fourth-from-last) syllabic stress if the formative has FORMAL Designation. </p>
<br />
<span class="style31">Table 10: Relation x Designation</span><br />
<br />
<table height="84" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="147" rowspan="3" valign="middle"><p align="center"><strong>STRESS =</strong><br />
<strong>2 relations x <br />
2 designations</strong></p></td>
<td height="25" colspan="2" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">UNFRAMED Relation</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">FRAMED Relation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" height="28" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">IFL Designation</p></td>
<td width="147" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">FML Designation</p></td>
<td width="147" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">IFL Designation</p></td>
<td width="175" valign="middle"><p align="center">FML Designation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="middle"><p align="center">penultimate stress</p></td>
<td width="147" valign="middle"><p align="center">ultimate stress</p></td>
<td width="147" valign="middle"><p align="left">antepenultimate stress</p></td>
<td width="175" valign="middle"><p align="center">pre-antepenultimate stress</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
If the formative does not have enough syllables to allow for penultimate or pre-antepenultimate stress, any morphophonological Slot (see <a href="02_morpho-phonology.html">Section 2.1.1</a>) which is unfilled due to having its unmarked default value, can instead be marked by its alternate default value, e.g., the affix -<strong>a</strong>- in Slot IV (see <a href="02_morpho-phonology.html">Section 2.2.2</a>), and/or the infix -<strong>wë</strong>- in Slot IX (see <a href="#Sec5o5">Section 5.5</a>), and/or the affix -<strong>a</strong>- in Slot XII (see <a href="03_morphology.html">Section 3.6</a>), in order to create a sufficient number of syllables.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">If the case-frame is inserted at the beginning or
into the middle of the main sentence, the final word of the case-frame will usually
carry a special suffix, <strong>-t’</strong> (see details in <a href="07_suffixes.html">Section 7.4.13</a>), which signifies the end of the frame if
this will help to avoid confusion as to which words in the sentence belong inside
the frame (i.e., with the secondary sentence), and which belong to the main
sentence. A case-frame usually has its verb appear
as the first element of the case frame. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">In general, the perspective of the verb in
the secondary sentence operates independently from that of the main verb, however,
it is also common for the perspective of the verb in the secondary sentence
to be placed in the ABSTRACT, which has the effect of
deferring all <a href="03_morphology.html">Perspective</a> information about the verb to the main verb, similarly to the way English subordinate
clauses using gerunds and infinitives defer all tense information to the main
verb of the sentence.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
</p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"> 5.4.2 Reinterpreting the Notion of a Relative Clause</h3>
<p align="justify" class="style11">There is no direct equivalent in Ithkuil to the relative clauses
of Western languages. Ithkuil treats such clauses the same as subordinate clauses
using case-frames as described above. However, the manner in which this is done,
while ultimately logical, is somewhat complex and confusing from a Western perspective.
Therefore, to analyze how Ithkuil reinterprets Western relative clauses into
subordinate case-frames will first require us to review the nature of relative
clauses in Western languages such as English. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">A relative clause refers to an imbedded sentence which modifies
or describes a “head” noun in the main clause. There are two types
of relative clauses, restricted (or dependent) and unrestricted (or independent).
The two types are illustrated in the following English sentences.</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">RESTRICTED CLAUSE<br />
(1) <em>Lions <strong>that like chasing their tails</strong> can be seen at
any circus.</em><br />
(2) <em>That book <strong>(that) I just finished reading</strong> was written
by a priest.</em></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">UNRESTRICTED CLAUSE<br />
(3) <em>Lions<strong>, which like chasing their tails,</strong> can be seen
at any circus.</em><br />
(4) <em>That book<strong>, which I just finished reading,</strong> was written
by a priest.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">In the first sentence, the clause ‘that like chasing
their tails’ refers to a specific type of lion found at a circus (i.e,
not all lions chase their tails). Similarly, the clause ‘(that) I just
finished reading’ in the second sentence is restricted in that it is considered
by the speaker as being necessary in order to identify which book is being talked
about, i.e., without the clause, the listener would not know which book the
speaker was referring to.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> Note the difference in meaning, however, when comparing the
first two sentences to the third and fourth sentences. In the third sentence,
the speaker implies that all lions chase their tails regardless of whether they
are in the circus. In the fourth sentence, the identity of the book is already
known to the listener, and the speaker is merely providing two additional facts
about it: the fact that he just finished reading it and the fact about its author.
Notice that in English, an unrestricted relative clause is set off in writing
by commas and cannot begin with ‘that’ (rather ‘which’
or ‘who’ must be used); also, such clauses are normally spoken in
a lowered intonation with juncture (i.e., brief pauses) immediately before and
after the clause.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<strong>5.4.2.1 Restricted Clauses</strong>. Ithkuil treats the above notions
about relative clauses in a different way. We will first analyze how Ithkuil
creates equivalents to restricted relative clauses. This can best be approached
by analyzing the underlying sentences which give rise to the main and relative
clauses. Analyzing Sentence No. 2 above, it can be broken up into two discrete
sentences:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><em>That book was written by a priest. (= A priest wrote that
book.)<br />
I just finished reading that book.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> In Ithkuil, the sentence which will be functioning as the
main sentence acts as a “template” in which the secondary sentence
is placed. The particular place in the template to be filled is dependent on
what semantic role, i.e., case (see <a href="04_case.html">Chapter
4</a>) the secondary sentence is to fill. Note that the common point of reference
of the two sentences is ‘that book.’ In the main sentence, ‘that
book’ functions in the semantic role of CONTENT (See <a href="04_case.html">Sec.
4.1.2</a>), superficially equivalent to the direct object of the ABSOLUTIVE subject ‘priest’, therefore, the main sentence becomes the template
‘A priest wrote X’ where X is in the OBLIQUE case (See <a href="04_case.html">Section 4.3.1</a>).
Meanwhile, in the secondary sentence, the noun which is the common point of
reference (what in Western grammar would be called the “head” of
the relative clause) is marked with an affix indicating such. So we now have
the two sentences as:</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify">A priest wrote [ ]. I just finish reading that book-H. </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ‘-H’ in the second sentence
above is meant to represent an affix marking the “head” or common
reference point between the two sentences. At this point, Ithkuil inserts the
second sentence as a case-frame into the empty “slot” based on the
semantic role it will be playing, in this instance the role of CONTENT marked
by the OBLIQUE case (see <a href="04_case.html">Sec.
4.3.1</a>).</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify">A priest wrote [OBL]. I just finish
reading that book-H. </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">As described in <a href="#Sec5o4o1">Sec. 5.4.1</a> above, the verb
of the secondary sentence takes
the relevant case marker (OBLIQUE).</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify">A priest wrote I just finished reading-OBL that book-H.</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Reverse translating this sentence back to English, the closest
literal translation would be the rather awkward construction: <em>A priest wrote
what I just finished reading, that book</em>. However, this is how Ithkuil translates
the English sentence ‘A priest wrote that book that I just finished reading.’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Two observations can be noted from the Ithkuil sentence. First
of all, unlike Western languages, the main clause contains no “head.”
Instead, the “head” is marked from within the imbedded clause. Secondly,
there is no difference between this process and the rendering of other types
of subordinate clauses using case-frames, as the main sentence was rearranged
(or reinterpreted) to provide a slot for the semantic role of the imbedded sentence,
the exact same way that subordinate clauses are constructed in Ithkuil. Therefore,
as was previously stated, Ithkuil makes no distinction between subordinate and
relative clauses.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Similarly, the other example sentence from above, <em>Lions
that like chasing their tails can be seen at any circus</em> would become in
Ithkuil: <em>At any circus one can see certain lions-</em>H<em> like to chase-</em>OBL<em> their tails</em>. A literal
translation into English would be: <em>At any circus one can see (that) certain
lions like chasing their tails.</em></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<strong>5.4.2.2 Unrestricted Clauses</strong>. As for independent or unrestricted
clauses, as shown in example sentences (3) and (4) earlier, Ithkuil treats these
differently still. In Western languages, an unrestricted clause does not help
to identify a noun or provide a context for it, but simply adds additional information
about an already identified noun. Thus, unrestricted relative clauses serve
a wholly different cognitive-semantic purpose than restricted clauses, a fact
hidden by their nearly identical surface structures. Ithkuil acknowledges this
profound difference at the overt sentence level by not subordinating any clause
at all. Rather, the two sentences are given co-equal status as main clauses
and simply joined by a coordinating affix. Thus sentences (3) and (4) from earlier
become:</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p align="justify"><em>One can see lions at any circus and they like chasing
their tails.<br />
A priest wrote that book and I just finished reading it.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><a name="Sec5o4o2o3" id="Sec5o4o2o3"></a><br />
<span class="style7"><strong>5.4.2.3 Use of the CORRELATIVE Case In Lieu of Simple
Relative Clauses</strong>. The CORRELATIVE case (discussed in <a href="04_case.html">Section
4.5.25</a>) is used to create case-frames which are semantically equivalent to the English phrase ‘that/which/who
is/are…’ Such </span>a case-frame would be used in conjunction with specific Functions (see <a href="#Sec5o1">Section 5.1</a>) to convey whether the relationship of the relativized clause to the main clause is one of description, copula identification, etc. </p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"> </h3>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"> 5.4.3 Example of Case-Frames in Use</h3>
<blockquote><span class="style11"><br />
<img src="images/5-4-3a.jpg" width="365" height="48" /><br />
<strong>Âffapka gvilevum ‾xhéi’<strong>ai</strong>ca ekšaéţ odralek<sup>h</sup>á gvoecuaţ.</strong></span><span class="style11"> </span><br />
<span class="style25">STA-‘cry’-NRM/ICP/U/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘article.of.clothing’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-CAP<sub>1</sub>/3-ROL<sub>1</sub>/9-IFL <br />
<span class="style6"><strong>FRAMED</strong></span>/DYN-‘know’-<span class="style16">PCR</span>-NRM/DEL/A/CSL/UNI-CPT-IFL STA-‘clown’-OGN-NRM/DEL/N/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘rule’-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-TPP<sub>1</sub>/3-FML STA-‘article.of.clothing’-REF-NRM/DEL/A/CSL/UNI-DEV<sub>2</sub>/1-IFL</span><br />
<span class="style11"><em><img src="images/Clown3.jpg" width="70" height="87" align="middle" /> The incompetent tailor began to cry after finding out about the clowns’ new directive on nakedness.</em></span>
<p class="style11"></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-4-3b.jpg" alt="" width="182" height="44" /><br />
N-nsaixtáš qu íkau’šurdûž.</strong> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-4-3b.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-4-3b.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a><br />
<span class="style25">CNT-DYN-‘job/employment’-NRM/PRX/M/ASO/UNI-FML ma-IND <span class="style6"><strong>FRAMED</strong></span>-FML-DYN-‘travel’-<span class="style6"><strong>CON</strong></span>-NRM/PRX/M/ASO/UNI-EXD<sub>1</sub>/9-CNS<sub>1</sub>/6</span><br />
<em>He keeps on working despite his reluctance to having to travel more and more.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><br />
</em> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"><a name="Sec5o5" id="Sec5o5"></a></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td class="style11"><div><strong>5.5 PHASE</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Phase refers to variances in the temporal pattern of how an
act, condition or event occurs, e.g., in a momentary, lasting, or repetitive
manner (or lack thereof). This is especially useful in describing phenomena
that occur in sudden bursts of short duration, e.g., flashing, sputtering, blinking,
alternating, etc. Phase functions closely with the morphological category of
Extension, previously described in <a href="03_morphology.html">Sec.
3.4</a>, to specify the durational nature, starting and ending, and operative
pattern of a state, action or event. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The nine phases are the CONTEXTUAL,
PUNCTUAL, ITERATIVE, REPETITIVE, INTERMITTENT, RECURRENT, FREQUENTATIVE, FRAGMENTATIVE,
and FLUCTUATIVE. They are marked by the <strong>Cv</strong> affix to a formative, depending on the sanction
(and potentially the illocution) of the verb (discussed in <a href="#Sec5o6">Sections 5.6</a> and <a href="#Sec5o3">5.3</a> respectively). The <strong>Cv</strong> affix is normally placed in Slot V of the formative’s morphological structure, unless the formative contains an incorporated root (see <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.4</a>), in which case <strong>Cv</strong> is placed in Slot I. (In <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.3</a> we will see that <strong>Cv</strong> can alternately be placed within a verbal adjunct.)</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><strong><a name="Sec5o5note" id="Sec5o5note"></a></strong></p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="75" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="82" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="132" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="29" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="111" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="37" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="69" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((</font><span class="style6">Cv<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/</font><span class="style6">Cv</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center" class="style14"> <span class="style6"><strong>Phase</strong></span> +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
<span class="style6"><strong>Phase</strong></span> + <br />
Sanction <br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
The presence of a<strong> Cv</strong> infix in Slot V requires the presence of a <strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> affix in Slot VI (See <a href="#Sec5o6">Section 5.6</a> below on Valence). However, if the categories of Phase, Sanction, Illocution, and Valence are all in their default modes (i.e., CONTEXTUAL phase, PROPOSITIONAL Sanction, ASSERTIVE illocution, and MONOACTIVE valence), then they normally remained unmarked, i.e., the <strong>Cv</strong> and <strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> affixes are deleted and Slots V and VI will be unfilled.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><strong> NOTE</strong>: If Slots V and VI are filled (whether by the <strong>Cv + V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> infixes or by the <strong>Cx</strong> + <strong>Vp</strong> infixes discussed in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.4</a>), it becomes necessary to be able to distinguish them from the <strong>Cr</strong> + <strong>Vc</strong> root + case infixes in Slots VII and VIII (so the reader/listener will be able to tell which consonants and vowels belong to which morpho-phonological slot). This is accomplished in either of two ways:</p>
<ol>
<li class="style11">The <strong>Vr</strong> vocalic affix in Slot IV must be filled and must be followed by an additional glottal stop <strong>’</strong>. It is this inserted glottal stop that clues the reader/listener that Slots V and VI are filled.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li class="style11">Or, if the formative is unmarked for Mood and Illocution (i.e., the formative has FACTUAL mood and ASSERTIVE illocution), then this Mood/Illocution combination becomes marked by the infix -<strong>wë</strong>- in Slot IX. This option is available only where Slots V and VI are filled by <strong>Cx</strong> + <strong>Vp</strong> infixes, not <strong>Cv + V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> infixes.</li>
</ol>
<p align="justify"><span class="style11">The values for the <strong>Cv</strong> affix are
shown in Tables 11(a) through 11(f) below. Note that if the formative’s Illocution is already shown by the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix in Slot IX, then illocution is NOT shown via the <strong>Cv</strong> infix. In such a case, the <strong>Cv</strong> infix will display ASSERTIVE illocution only (as a default), i.e., only the values from Table 11(a) below will be utilized for <strong>Cv</strong>.</span><br />
</p>
<p class="style9"><a name="Table11" id="Table11"></a><br />
Tables 11(a)-(f): C<font size="-1">v</font> infixes: 9 Sanction x 9 Phases x 6 Illocutions</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="152" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
ILLOCUTION</font></div></td>
<td width="55" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="100" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="152" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ASSERTIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ASR</font></div></td>
<td width="55" height="26" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">t</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">t’</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">t<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">l</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">k</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">k’</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">k<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">x</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ky</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">p</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">p’</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">p<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">vv</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">př</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">py</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">q</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">q’</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">q<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ql</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xl</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">b</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">v</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">vr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">vl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">br</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">by</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">d</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dh</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ż</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">żż</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">g</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xh</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">j</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">jj</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">m</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">mm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">r</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">rr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">mr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ml</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">mř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">mw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">my</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="26" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">n</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">nn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ddh</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ll</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">nr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">nl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">nř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">nw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ny</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="151" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
ILLOCUTION</font></div></td>
<td width="55" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="100" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="151" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INTERROGATIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
IRG</font></div></td>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">s</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ss</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">š</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šš</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ç</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çç</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ly</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">c</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cc</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">č</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čč</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">z</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zz</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ž</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žž</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žm</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žn</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">f</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ff</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">fw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">fy</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">fr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">fl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">fř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">vw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">vy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="26" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţ</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţţ</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţy</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţr</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţl</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ţř</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dhw</p></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dhy</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="152" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
ILLOCUTION</font></div></td>
<td width="55" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="100" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="152" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DIRECTIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DIR</font></div></td>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sk</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sk’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zg</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">skr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">skl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">skř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">skw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sky</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">st</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">st’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">st<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zd</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">str</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">stl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">stř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">stw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sp</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sp’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zb</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">spr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">spl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">spř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">spw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">spy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sq</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sq’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xx</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sqr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sql</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sqw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">řř</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šk</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šk’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žg</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">škr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">škl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">škř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">škw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šky</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">št</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">št’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">št<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žd</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">štr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">štl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">štř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">štw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šp</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šp’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">žb</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">špr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">špl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">špř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">špw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">špy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šq</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šq’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xxh</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šqr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šql</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xhw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šqw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">řw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ň</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ňň</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">rw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ry</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ňr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ňl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ňř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ňw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">řy</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="151" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
ILLOCUTION</font></div></td>
<td width="55" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="100" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="151" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ADMONITIVE </font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ADM</font></div></td>
<td width="55" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ks</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kss</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ksy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kš</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšš</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kšy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ps</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pss</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">psy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pš</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšš</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pšy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gz</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzz</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gzy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gž</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžž</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gžy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bz</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzz</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bzy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bž</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžž</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžm</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžn</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bžy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sx</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sxh</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šx</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šxh</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zgr</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zgl</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zgř</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zgw</p></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">zgy</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="150" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style13">NAME OF <br />
ILLOCUTION</div></td>
<td width="55" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">PHASE<br />
LABEL</div></td>
<td width="100" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style13">NAME OF PHASE</div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style13">SANCTION</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">1<br />
PPS</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">2<br />
EPI</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">3<br />
ALG</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">4<br />
IPU</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">5<br />
RFU</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">6<br />
REB</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">7<br />
THR</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">8<br />
EXV</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">9<br />
AXM</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="150" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">HORTATIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">HOR</font></div></td>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çt</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çt’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sţ</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çtr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çtl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çtř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çtw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çk</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çk’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šţ</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çkr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çkl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çkř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çkw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çky</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çp</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çp’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sf</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çpr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çpl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çpř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çpw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çpy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çq</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çq’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šf</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çqr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çql</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çqř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çqw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">çč</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kt</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kt’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gd</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ktr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ktl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ktř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ktw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pt</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pt’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">bd</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ptr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ptl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ptř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ptw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qt</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qt’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tk</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qtr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qtl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qtř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qtw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="26" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sc</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sc’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">sc<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">db</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">żr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">żl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">żř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">żw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ży</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šč</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šč’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">šč<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">dg</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">jr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">jl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">jř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">jw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">jy</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="150" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
ILLOCUTION</font></div></td>
<td width="55" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="100" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="150" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DECLARATIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEC</font></div></td>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ct</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ct’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ct<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tm</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ctr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ctl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ctř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ctw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ck</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ck’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ck<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">km</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ckr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ckl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ckř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">ckw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cky</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cp</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cp’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pm</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cpr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cpl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cpř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cpw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cpy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cq</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cq’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qm</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cqr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cql</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gm</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">cqw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xm</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="27" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čt</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čt’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">tn</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čtr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čtl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čtř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čtw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čty</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="28" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čk</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čk’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">kn</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čkr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čkl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čkř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čkw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čky</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="26" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čp</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čp’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pn</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čpr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čpl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čpř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čpw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čpy</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="30" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čq</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čq’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čq<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">qn</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čqr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čql</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">gn</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">čqw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xn</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="55" height="29" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="100" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xt</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xt’</p></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">pk</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xtr</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xtl</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xtř</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xtw</p></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style21">xty</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br />
<span class="style11">The nine phases
are explained in the following sections. The Category of Sanction is explained in <a href="#Sec5o6">Section 5.6</a>.</span></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> <br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CTX</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Contextual</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The CONTEXTUAL is the default phase,
describing a single act, condition, or event as a relatively brief (but not
instantaneous), single holistic occurrence considered once, where the actual
duration of the occurrence is not relevant in the particular context. It can
be visually represented along a progressive timeline by a short dash, e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></strong></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p><br />
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PUN</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Punctual</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The PUNCTUAL describes an act, condition,
or event which is point-like, momentary or instantaneous in nature, such as
an explosion, a flash of lightning, a blow, a single handclap, a collision between
two objects, a stab of pain, a single cough, the clicking of a lock, etc. It
can be visually represented along a timeline by a single point, e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">•</font></strong></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p><br />
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ITR</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Iterative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ITERATIVE refers to a momentary or
instantaneous event, like the PUNCTUAL above, which repeats
itself in a rapid, on/off, staccato manner, like a machine gun burst, strobe
light burst, an alarm bell ringing, or the quick unconscious tapping of a finger,
the whole comprising a single CONTEXTUAL event. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>•
• • •</strong></font></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p><br />
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>REP</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Repetitive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The REPETITIVE refers to a relatively
brief event of indeterminate or vague duration (i.e., as with the CONTEXTUAL phase above), but repeated in an on/off staccato manner, like a car horn being
honked repeatedly in a fast steady rhythm, or an automatic machine press. Visual
representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>— —
——</strong></font></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.5</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ITM</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Intermittent</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The INTERMITTENT is similar to the ITERATIVE above, identifying a repetitive occurrence of a PUNCTUAL event, however, unlike the ITERATIVE, the duration of
time between repetitions is relatively long and contextually relevant. It would
be used in describing the downbeat pattern of a pop song, the ongoing snapping
of fingers to music, the steady one-drop-at-a-time dripping of a faucet, etc. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> •</strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RCT</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Recurrent</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The RECURRENT is to the REPETITIVE as the INTERMITTENT is to the ITERATIVE.
It indicates a slow repetition of a CONTEXTUAL event,
where the duration between occurrences is relatively long and contextually relevant.
Exemplified by the sounding of a foghorn, or the ongoing hooting of an owl. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">——</font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —</strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.7</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>FRE</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Frequentative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The FREQUENTATIVE indicates an iterative
occurrence (a single set of punctual repetitions) which in turn repeats at intervals,
the whole considered as a single CONTEXTUAL event. Examples
would be the repetitive sets of hammerings of a woodpecker or the repeated short
bursts of a jackhammer.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font>•
• •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> • •
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> • •
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> • •
• </strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.8</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>FRG</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Fragmentative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The FRAGMENTATIVE indicates a random
pattern of punctual occurrences, the whole considered as a single CONTEXTUAL event. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font>•
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> • • • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font>•
• <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>• • •
• •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>•
• </strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.5.9</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>FLC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Fluctuative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The FLUCTUATIVE indicates a random pattern
of both punctual and longer occurrences. An example would be the “sputtering”
of a lighted fuse, the random patterns of tongues of flames, the chirping of
birds in the wild, etc. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Visual representation:<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>—
• •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font></strong></font> •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> —</strong></font> • •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>•
• <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>— </strong></font>•
• • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>•
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> —</strong></font>— • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>—</strong></font> • •</strong></font></p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style7 style11">5.5.10 Examples of Phase in Use</h3>
<blockquote><br />
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-5-10a.jpg" width="62" height="42" /><br />
Hwe’maklás. (OR Hweklàsürn.)</strong><br />
<span class="style25">INF-STA-ASR/<span class="style6"><strong>FRG</strong></span>/PPS-‘rain’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-FM</span><span class="style25">L</span><br />
<em>It may be raining.</em></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-5-10b.jpg" width="133" height="45" /><br />
Ia<strong>’</strong>qantas altaelgôn.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-ASR/<span class="style6"><strong>REP</strong></span>/PPS-MNO-‘sound’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘inscribe’-OGN-NRM/PRX/U/ASO/DCT-AGC<sub>2</sub>/7-IFL</span><br />
<em>The sound coming from the banks of printers keeps on steadily repeating.</em></p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-5-10c.jpg" width="116" height="41" /><br />
Ilarburn êļnuļ.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘voice’-NRM/PRX/U/VAR/AGG-<span class="style6"><strong>FLC</strong></span>-IFL STA-‘bird’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL</span><br />
<em>Birds are chirping, tweeting, and calling.</em></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><a name="Sec5o6" id="Sec5o6"></a><br />
</p>
</blockquote>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td class="style11"><div><strong>5.6 SANCTION</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The morphological category of Sanction indicates the discourse-related
purpose of an utterance in relation to what sort of truthfulness the listener
should ascribe to it. In everyday terms, this corresponds to whether the utterance
is a neutral proposition or assertion, an allegation, a rebuttable presumption,
a counter-argument, a refutation of an allegation, a rebuttal, etc.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">There are nine sanctions: the PROPOSITIONAL,
EPISTEMIC, ALLEGATIVE, IMPUTATIVE, REFUTATIVE, REBUTTATIVE, THEORETICAL, EXPATIATIVE,
and AXIOMATIC. Sanction is shown by the <strong>Cv</strong> affix to a formative, depending on the phase
(and potentially the illocution) of the verb (discussed in <a href="#Sec5o5">Sections 5.5</a> and <a href="#Sec5o3">5.3</a> respectively). The <strong>Cv</strong> affix is normally placed in Slot V of the formative’s morphological structure, unless the formative contains an incorporated root (see <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.4</a>), in which case <strong>Cv</strong> is placed in Slot I. (In <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.3</a> we will see that <strong>Cv</strong> can also be placed within a vebal adjunct.)</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="75" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="57" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="82" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="132" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="29" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="62" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="111" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="37" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="69" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((</font><span class="style6">Cv</span></strong><strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/</font><span class="style6">Cv</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
<span class="style6"><strong>Sanction</strong></span><br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + <br />
<span class="style16">Sanction</span> <br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">As previously noted in the section on Phase, the presence of a<strong> Cv</strong> infix entails several other morpho-phonological structural requirements potentially affecting Slots IV, VI and IX. See <a href="#Sec5o5">Section 5.5</a> above for details of these requirements.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Each sanction is explained in the sections below.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PPS</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Propositional</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The PROPOSITIONAL sanction is the default sanction, indicating the utterance represents
a neutral proposition or assertion of ontologically objective fact, i.e., a
statement of fact irrespective of third-party opinion, belief, or interpretation.
Example of such statements would be <em>That is a mountain</em>, or <em>I’m
hungry</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EPI</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Epistemic</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The EPISTEMIC sanction identifies an utterance as being a statement
of shared knowledge or conventionalized fact whose ontology is human convention
(i.e., agreed-upon knowledge) as opposed to objective fact irrespective of human
knowledge. An example would be <em>That mountain is Mount Fuji</em> or <em>The
U.N. tries to relieve hunger in the Third World</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ALG</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Allegative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The ALLEGATIVE sanction identifies an utterance
as an ontologically subjective assertion or allegation, i.e., a proposition
expressing one’s opinion, belief, or interpretation, open to challenge
or refutation. Examples would be <em>That mountain is beautiful</em> or <em>No
one in the United States goes hungry</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IPU</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Imputative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The IMPUTATIVE sanction identifies an utterance
as a rebuttable presumption, i.e., an assertion, whether ontologically objective
or by convention, that is to be assumed true unless and until rebutted by a
sufficient counter-argument or other evidence. Examples would be <em>He knows
how to drive</em> [e.g., because he owns a car] or <em>She can’t be hungry
now</em> [e.g., because I saw her come out of the restaurant]. <br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.5</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RFU</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Refutative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The REFUTATIVE sanction identifies an utterance
as a counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal of a previous assertion, allegation
or presumption, where the counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal is epistemic
in nature, i.e., based on shared human knowledge as opposed to ontologically
objective fact.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>REB</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Rebuttative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The REBUTTATIVE sanction identifies an utterance
as a counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal of a previous assertion, allegation
or presumption, where the counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal is based
on ontologically objective fact, irrespective of subjective opinion, belief,
or interpretation.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.7</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>THR</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Theoretical</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The THEORETICAL sanction identifies an utterance
as a testable hypothesis or potentially verifiable theory.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.8</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EXV</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Expatiative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The EXPATIATIVE sanction identifies an utterance
as a hypothesis or theory that is not necessarily provable or verifiable.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.9</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>AXM</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Axiomatic</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The AXIOMATIC sanction identifies an utterance
as a conclusive presumption, i.e., a statement of ontologically objective, pan-experiential
fact not open to rational argument or refutation. Examples would be <em>Gravity
is ubiquitous</em>, or <em>Hunger is caused by not consuming enough food</em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
<span class="style11">5.6.10 Examples of Sanctions In Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-6-10a.jpg" width="133" height="45" /><br />
T<sup>h</sup>em-mp<strong><sup>h</sup></strong>âmnas osmuil.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">ASR/CTX/<span class="style6"><strong>ALG</strong></span>-PRL-PRS/COU-STA-‘awe’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘valley’-DER-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>The valley would've been awe-inspiring to you, too </em>[i.e., if you had seen/visited/been to it]<em>.</em></p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-6-10b.jpg" width="106" height="40" /><br />
Tlan-nsac<sup>h</sup>as ômmil.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">ASR/CTX/<span class="style6"><strong>REB</strong></span>-MNO-CNT-STA-‘sadness’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘female.child’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span>-<span class="style25">IFL</span><br />
<em>On the contrary, the girl is still sad.</em></p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-6-10c.jpg" width="198" height="46" /><br />
Pšei’ùlûrţ lên-nsa hwaixtasár öqeil.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">STA-‘incident’-PCR-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-EXT<sub>1</sub>/6-FML <span class="style6"><strong>IPU</strong></span>-CPC-CNT INF-DYN-‘job/employment task’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-NA1<sub>1</sub>/5-FML STA-‘man’-ACT-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>After an incident like that, it's a fair guess the man won’t be able to work any longer.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-6-10c.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-6-10c.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="Sec5o7" id="Sec5o7"></a></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>5.7 VALENCE</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">In Ithkuil, the term <strong>Valence</strong> is used to refer
to the manner of participation of two separate entities or parties to any given
verb, i.e., participation by one party automatically implies participation by
another party to the same act, event, or state in either a parallel, corollary,
or complementary fashion. Such dual participation occurs naturally in the verbs
of world languages and is the province of what is known as “co-active”
verbs. While all languages implicitly have co-active verbs, Ithkuil explicitly
shows this dual participation in a formal and systematic way. To illustrate
the concept of co-activity in English compare the following pairs of sentences:</p>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="28%" class="style11">1a) <em>I found an old man.</em></td>
<td width="5%" class="style11"><strong>→</strong></td>
<td width="67%" class="style11">1b) <em>I found an empty can.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style11">2a) <em>I threw the ball at Sam.</em></td>
<td class="style11"><strong>→</strong></td>
<td class="style11">2b) <em>I threw the ball at the window.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style11">3a) <em>I performed in front of her.</em></td>
<td class="style11"><strong>→</strong></td>
<td class="style11">3b) <em>I performed in front of the wall.</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Note that the first member of each sentence pair has an animate
object of the verb (<em>an old man, Sam, </em>and<em> her</em>), while the second
member of each pair has an inanimate object (<em>an empty can, the window, </em>and<em> the wall</em>). Now compare this set of sentence pairs to the similar set below: </p>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="23%" class="style11">1c) <em>I met an old man.</em></td>
<td width="5%" class="style11"><strong>→</strong></td>
<td width="72%" class="style11">1d) <em>* I met an empty can.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style11">2c) <em>I threw Sam the ball.</em></td>
<td class="style11"><strong>→</strong></td>
<td class="style11">2d) <em>* I threw the window the ball.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style11">3c) <em>I entertained her.</em></td>
<td class="style11"><strong>→</strong></td>
<td class="style11">3d) <em>* I entertained the wall.</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The asterisk * indicates that the second sentence of these
pairs is semantically unacceptable to English speakers. Why? The second set of sentence pairs parallel the first set except
that the verbs <em>find</em>, <em>throw at</em>, and <em>perform</em> have been
replaced by the semantically similar <em>meet</em>, <em>throw</em>, and <em>entertain</em>.
Nevertheless, the use of inanimate objects with these latter three verbs appears
unacceptable. The reason is that the verbs in the first set are “mono-active,”
i.e., they do not require that the object participate in the action in any way,
whereas the verbs in the second set are “co-active,” requiring that
the object participate in the action along with the subject. Thus, while I can <em>find</em> an old man without the old man doing anything about it or even
being aware of it, I cannot <em>meet</em> an old man without the old man also
meeting me. I can <em>throw a ball at Sam</em> without Sam noticing, but if
I <em>throw Sam a ball</em> it implies that he is expected to participate by
catching it. Similarly, I can <em>perform</em> in front of someone even if they’re
asleep, but I can’t <em>entertain</em> them unless they are participating
in the situation by observing me. The participatory relationship involving the second party of
a co-active verb differs depending on the context. It can be a parallel relationship
(i.e., both parties participate identically) as implied by the English adverb
‘together’ in <em>He and I jog together</em>, or a reciprocal relationship
as in the sentence <em>I met the old man</em> (i.e., and so he met me) or in
verbs used with the adverbial phrase ‘each other,’ as in <em>We
love each other</em>. The relationship can be one of accompaniment as in <em>I
played along with him</em> (e.g., as he sang), or a complementary relationship
as in <em>I threw Sam the ball</em> (i.e., and so he caught it).Other sorts of co-active relationships are possible. It is
the differences in these relationships that are systematized in Ithkuil into
the category called valence. In English and other languages co-activity is rarely
explicit and systematic (the use of adverbs such as ‘together,’
‘each other,’ or prefixes such as ‘out-’ as in <em>out-perform</em> are some exceptions), and when lexified within a verb itself, are implicitly
specific to that verb, giving rise to monoactive/co-active pairs such as <em>find/meet,
throw at/throw, perform/entertain</em>, etc. In Ithkuil, co-activity is explicitly shown morphologically,
and the types of co-active relationships, i.e., the valences of the verb, are
systematic and fully productive for all verbs. As a result, no mono-active versus
co-active lexical distinctions are necessary, i.e., all verbs can function monoactively
as well as co-actively.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">There are fourteen valences in Ithkuil: the MONOACTIVE,
PARALLEL, COROLLARY, RECIPROCAL, COMPLEMENTARY, NONRELATIONAL, DUPLICATIVE,
DEMONSTRATIVE, RESISTIVE, IMITATIVE, CONTINGENT, PARTICIPATIVE, INDICATIVE,
and MUTUAL. Valence is shown by the <strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> affix to a formative, normally placed in Slot VI of the formative’s morphological structure (following the <strong>Cv</strong> affix in Slot V), unless the formative contains an incorporated root (see <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.4</a>) or a <strong>Cs</strong> aspect/mood infix in Slot III, in which case <strong><strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong></strong> is placed in Slot II following the <strong>Cv</strong> affix in Slot I. As per the <a href="#Sec5o5note">Note in Section 5.5</a>, the presence of <strong>Cv</strong> and <strong><strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong></strong> in Slots V and VI require that the <strong>Vr</strong> infix in Slot IV be followed by a glottal stop <strong>’</strong>.</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="70" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="85" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="60" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="104" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv</font></strong>)</div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style6 style14"><strong>Valence</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
<span class="style6"><strong>Valence</strong></span></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
(In <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.4</a> we will see that Valence can also be shown via a cosonantal prefix to a verbal adjunct.)</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Table 12 below shows the values for the <strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> affix for each of the fourteen valences.</p>
<p class="style11"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a name="Table12" id="Table12"></a></strong></font><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 12: V<span class="style14">L</span> Valence Prefixes</strong></font><br />
</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>Label</strong></div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div><strong>Valence name</strong></div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style14">L</span> </strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">1</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">MNO</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Monoactive</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">a</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">2</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">PRL</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Parallel</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">e</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">3</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">CRO</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Corollary</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">o</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">4</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">RCP</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Reciprocal</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">i</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">5</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">CPL</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Complementary</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">u</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">6</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">NNR</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Nonrelational</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>â</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">7</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">DUP</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Duplicative</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ê</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">8</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">DEM</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Demonstrative</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ô</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">9</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">RES</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Resistive</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>û / î</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">10</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">IMT</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Imitative</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ai / au</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">11</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">CNG</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Contingent</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ei / eu</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">12</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">PTI</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Participative</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>oi / ou</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">13</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">IDC</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Indicative</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ui / iu</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="left">14</div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style20">MUT</div></td>
<td width="129" valign="top" class="style11"><div class="style20">Mutual</div></td>
<td width="78" valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ö</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="style11">The fourteen corresponding consonantal prefixes for Valence used with verbal adjuncts are given in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.4</a>. </p>
<p class="style11"> The fourteen valences are explained as follows:<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.1</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>MNO</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Monoactive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The MONOACTIVE valence is the default
valence and indicates a lack of co-activity, i.e., no participation by a second
party is implied.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.2</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PRL</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Parallel</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The PARALLEL valence indicates that a
second party is engaging in the same activity as the first party at same time.
It would be used in translating sentences such as <em>The children all sang
together, We both went jogging on the parkway</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.3</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CRO</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Corollary</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The COROLLARY valence is similar to the PARALLEL, except that the second party engages in related
activity at the same time as the first party, rather than the same activity.
It would be used in translating sentences such as <em>The children played in
the yard </em>(i.e., each child engaged in a different play activity) or <em>The
band played my favorite song</em> (implying that not everyone in the band was
playing the same instrument, or perhaps that someone in the band sang as opposed
to playing an instrument).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><strong><a name="Sec5o7o4" id="Sec5o7o4"></a></strong></p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.4</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RCP</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Reciprocal</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The RECIPROCAL valence indicates identical
activity by each party directed at the other, thus translating the English adverbial
phrases ‘each other’ and ‘one another,’ as in <em>They
looked at each other, The clown and the grocer despise one another</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.5</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CPL</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Complementary</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The COMPLEMENTARY valence indicates that
the second party performs a complementary activity to that of the first party.
By “complementary” is meant an activity different from that of the
first party, but necessary to complete the whole of the joint activity, i.e.,
the “other half” of the joint activity. This is exemplified in sentences
such as <em>The man and his son played catch, Hortense took me into the woods,
The clown read the children a story, My back itches so I scratch it</em>, where ‘played catch’ implies
the complementary activities of throwing and catching, ‘took (into the
woods)’ implies someone leading while the other follows, ‘read’
implies a reader and an audience, and ‘itches’ implies scratching.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.6</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>NNR</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Nonrelational</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The NONRELATIONAL valence indicates that
a second party engages in a completely unrelated activity from the first, i.e.,
an incidental or circumstantial co-activity. There is no direct way to exemplify
this valence in English translation other than to add a periphrastic clause
such as ‘while the other did something else’ as in <em>He shaved
while she did something else</em>. The way an Ithkuil sentence would utilize
this valence would be in sentences overtly constructed to say, for example,
‘They were in the house’ with the NONRELATIONAL valence rendering a connotation of ‘…where one party was doing one
thing while the other did something else.’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.7</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DUP</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Duplicative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The DUPLICATIVE valence indicates that
the second party copies or repeats the activity of the first party, as in the
sentences <em>Let’s draw a picture</em> (i.e., I’ll draw it first,
then you draw the same picture), <em>They both read that book</em> (i.e., first
one, then the other), <em>I bought a new car</em> (i.e., and now someone else
is buying a new car, too).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.8</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DEM</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Demonstrative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The DEMONSTRATIVE valence indicates that
the first party demonstrates for the second party how to do something or what
to do. Thus an Ithkuil sentence constructed as <em>We played chess</em> with
the verb in the DEMONSTRATIVE valence would mean ‘I
showed her how to play chess,’ while the sentence constructed as <em>They
fought us</em> in this valence would mean ‘They taught us how to fight.’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><strong>5.7.9</strong></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RES</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Resistive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The RESISTIVE valence indicates that
the second party resists or attempts to avoid participating in the activity
of the first party. This sense can sometimes be suggested in English using the
adverbs ‘anyway,’ ‘nevertheless,’ or adverbial phrases
such as ‘just the same,’ as in sentences such as <em>We took the
children to see the clowns anyway</em> (i.e., they didn’t want to go), <em>They fed me liver just the same</em> (i.e., I can’t stand liver), <em>Nevertheless, he told us the story</em> (i.e., despite our not wanting to
hear it).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.7.10</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IMT</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Imitative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The IMITATIVE valence indicates that
the second party mimics, imitates, or attempts to duplicate the activity of
the first party. The Ithkuil sentence <em>The clown juggled three balls for
the child</em> in the IMITATIVE valence implies that the
child attempted to juggle the balls as well.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.7.11</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CNG</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Contingent</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The CONTINGENT valence indicates that
the second party engages in the next or dependent phase of a multi-part activity,
the specific activity being dependent on context. Thus the Ithkuil sentence <em>I started the campfire for my friend</em> in the CONTINGENT implies that the friend then performed the next logical step, i.e., he cooked
the food.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.7.12</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PTI</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Participative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The PARTICIPATIVE valence indicates that
the parties take part in an activity involving a greater whole, translatable
by the English phrase ‘take part in.…’ Thus, the Ithkuil sentence <em>They raced </em>in the PARTICIPATIVE means ‘They
each took part in the race.’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.7.13</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IDC</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Indicative</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The INDICATIVE valence indicates that
the second party perceives a cue, nuance, or implication from the first party’s
activity. Thus the sentence <em>I looked at her</em> in the INDICATIVE would mean ‘She understood what I meant from my looking at her’
while the sentence <em>I spoke to them</em> would mean ‘They gleaned what
I really meant from my words.’</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.7.14</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>MUT</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Mutual</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The MUTUAL valence indicates that both
parties alternate performing an activity, as in <em>She and I take turns cleaning</em> or <em>They both alternate teaching the beginning and advanced classes</em>.</p>
<h3 class="style11"><br />
<br />
<strong>5.7.</strong>15 Examples of Valence in Use</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="style11"><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-7-15a.jpg" width="246" height="52" /><br />
Tö ¯um-mixhakc’éçt eglelôn ükšàleač.</strong> <br />
<span class="style25">1M-EFF <span class="style6"><strong>CPL</strong></span>-SUB-DYN-‘study’-NRM/GRA/M/CSL/UNI-FML-CVT<sub>1</sub>/3-CPT STA-‘illness’-ABS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<sub>2</sub>/7-IFL<br />
FRAMED-FML-MNF-‘clown’-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-QUA<sub>2</sub>/8</span><br />
<em>I may secretly teach the doctor to be a truly oustanding clown.</em></span> <span class="style11"><span class="style25"> <img src="images/Clown4.jpg" width="83" height="96" align="top" /> </span></span></p>
<p class="style11"><img src="images/5-7-15b.jpg" width="120" height="35" /><br />
<span class="style11"><strong> Il-lrazgall eqill.</strong><br />
<span class="style25"><span class="style6"><strong>RCP</strong></span>-HAB-STA-‘smile’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DPX-IFL STA-‘person’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DPX-IFL</span><br />
<em>The couple are always smiling at each other.</em></span> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-7-15b.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-7-15b.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p><br />
</p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-7-15c.jpg" width="162" height="44" /><br />
Uin-ntixal ömmul ekšíl.</strong><br />
<span class="style25"><span class="style6"><strong>IDC</strong></span>-SUB/RTR-DYN-‘see’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘father’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘clown’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML</span><br />
<em>Maybe the clown understood the meaning of father’s look.</em></p>
<p class="style11"><br />
</p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-7-15d.jpg" width="117" height="44" /><br />
Ailtac wëtöin-n qeiwi.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘write.message’-NRM/DEL/A/CSL/UNI-IFL <span class="style6"><strong>RCP</strong></span>-PPS/CTX/ASR-DVR-FAC ma-ACT-CSL-NRM/DPX</span><br />
<em>The two of them like writing to each other.</em></p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong><br />
</p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-7-15e.jpg" width="175" height="42" /><br />
Em-mrigradh ekšóll âmmeļ.</strong><br />
<span class="style25"><span class="style6"><strong>PRL</strong></span>-PRS-DYN-‘eat/drink food’-NRM/PRX/N/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘clown’-ERG-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DPX-FML STA-‘child’-ABS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/AGG-IFL</span><em><br />
<em>The pair of clowns will make the children eat together from now on.</em></em></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<img src="images/4-3-12e.jpg" width="146" height="41" /><br />
<strong> <span class="style11">A’tukças<strong> </strong> t<strong>ê </strong> oxnall</span><br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-PPS/CTX/ASR-<span class="style6"><strong>CPL</strong></span>-‘itch’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL 1m-GEN STA-‘back’-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DPX-IFL</span><em><br />
My back itches so I scratch it.</em><span class="style11"> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-7-15f.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-7-15f.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></span><br />
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-6-10a.jpg" width="131" height="46" /><br />
T<sup>h</sup>em-mp<strong><sup>h</sup></strong>âmnas osmuil.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">ASR/CTX/ALG-<span class="style6"><strong>PRL</strong></span>-PRS/COU-STA-‘awe’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘valley’-DER-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span><span class="style14">-<span class="style21">IFL</span></span><br />
<em>You, too, would've found the valley to be awe-inspiring </em>[i.e., if you had seen/visited/been to it]<em>.</em> </p>
<p class="style11">NOTE: The example sentence immediately above is interesting in that there is no overt reference in the Ithkuil sentence to any subject “you.” The idea that there are two parties involved, i.e., the speaker and the listener(s), is conveyed solely by the presence of PARALLEL valence. Without PRL valence, the sentence would simply mean <em>‘the valley would have been awe-inspiring’</em>; the added PRL valence implies the speaker is alleging to another party (i.e., the listener/reader) that the latter would have also enjoyed the valley's awesomeness.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a name="Sec5o8" id="Sec5o8"></a></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><font size="4"><strong>5.8 VERSION</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Version refers to a six-way aspectual distinction indicating
whether the verb refers to an act, event or state which is goal- or result-oriented,
and/or whether it has been successfully actualized subsequent to one’s
initial intention. Like many Ithkuil morphological categories, version addresses
semantic distinctions which are usually rendered by lexical differentiation
(i.e., word choice) in other languages. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Version is shown by the formative’s tone (see <a href="01_phonology.html">Section 1.3.2</a> for an explanation of how tone functions in Ithkuil formatives). The six versions are PROCESSUAL, COMPLETIVE, INEFFECTUAL, INCOMPLETIVE, POSITIVE and EFFECTIVE. </p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="70" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="85" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="60" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="104" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv</font></strong>)</div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood </div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style29">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> The six versions are explained below:<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.8.1</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PRC</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Processual</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The PROCESSUAL version is marked by falling tone. It is the default version and describes all acts, conditions,
or events which are ends in themselves and not goal-oriented, i.e., are not
focused on an anticipated outcome or final purpose toward which a progressive
effort is being made. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.8.2</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CPT</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Completive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The COMPLETIVE version is marked by high tone. It describes acts, conditions,
or events which achieve, or are intended to achieve, an anticipated outcome,
i.e., which are oriented toward the achievement of some purpose, outcome, or
final state. Such a distinction is usually handled by word choice in Western
languages. The dynamism of Version can be seen in the following comparisons:</p>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p><strong>PROCESSUAL → COMPLETIVE</strong></p>
<p><em>hunt → to hunt down <br />
to be losing → to lose <br />
to study → to learn <br />
to be winning → to win<br />
to strive for → to accomplish, achieve <br />
to risk → to defeat the odds; win<br />
to work → to build, construct, make <br />
to displace; infiltrate → infest, to take over; vanquish<br />
to pour out → to drain <br />
to remove (incrementally) → to eliminate<br />
to increase → to maximize <br />
to read → to read to the end; finish reading<br />
to decrease → minimize <br />
to flank → to surround<br />
to enlarge → to make gigantic <br />
to spread upon or over → to cover, engulf, envelop<br />
to shrink → miniaturize <br />
to chase → to catch up to<br />
to eat → eat
all up <br />
to pursue → to capture<br />
to compete → to win <br />
to be pregnant → to give birth<br />
to throw at → to hit (with a throw) <br />
to run low on → to run out of, deplete<br />
to grow → to grow up <br />
to use → use
up<br />
to possess, hold → to keep <br />
to tear/ rip → to tear/rip up or to pieces<br />
to join together → to unify <br />
to accelerate, speed up → to achieve maximum speed<br />
to pour into → to fill (up) <br />
to bleed → to bleed to death<br />
to run → to
run all the way <br />
to descend, go down → to get to the bottom<br />
to brighten → to illuminate <br />
to decelerate, slow down → to stop<br />
to search for, seek → to find <br />
to polish → to burnish<br />
to practice → to perfect <br />
to darken → to make dark<br />
to ascend, rise → to reach the top <br />
to explore → to discover</em></p>
</blockquote>
<span class="style11"><br />
</span>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%" class="style11"><strong>5.8.3</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>INE</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%" class="style11"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%" class="style11"><strong>The Ineffectual</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The INEFFECTUAL version is marked by rising tone. It, and the INCOMPLETIVE which follows, operate in parallel fashion to
the PROCESSUAL and the COMPLETIVE versions respectively but are specific to acts, events, or states initially
expressed (whether explicitly or implicitly) as unrealized intentions, attempts,
desires, needs, etc., often in conjunction with a modality affix to the verb
(see <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.1</a>). Such “unrealized”
verbs are exemplified in the following sentences: <em>I want to dance, She needs
to work, I tried to finish, She must find him, I choose to celebrate</em>. Each
of these sentences in itself does not specify whether the action was “realized”
or not, i.e., just because I want to dance doesn’t necessarily mean that
I actually do dance; her need to work doesn’t tell us by itself whether
she in fact will work, etc.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The INEFFECTUAL version indicates that
the outcome of an “unrealized” PROCESSUAL verb is unsuccessful. Thus the sentence <em>I want to dance</em> in the INEFFECTUAL would be translated as <em>I want to dance but I’m not going to</em>,
while the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the INEFFECTUAL means <em>I tried to eat but couldn’t</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.8.4</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>INC</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Incompletive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The INCOMPLETIVE version is marked by low tone. It indicates that
the outcome of an “unrealized” COMPLETIVE verb is unsuccessful. It functions identically to the INEFFECTUAL,
except that it refers to a verb that is result/goal-oriented, as illustrated
in the comparative chart shown above for the COMPLETIVE version. Thus, the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the INCOMPLETIVE means <em>I tried to eat all of it but couldn’t</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><strong>5.8.5</strong></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PST</strong></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="65%"><strong>The Positive</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The POSITIVE version is marked by rising-falling tone. Complementing the INEFFECTUAL, the POSITIVE indicates an intention brought to reality. Thus the sentence <em>I want
to dance</em> in the POSITIVE would be translated as <em>I
want to dance and so I’m going to</em>, while the sentence <em>I tried
to eat</em> in the POSITIVE means <em>I succeeded in eating
something</em>.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18%"><strong>5.8.6</strong></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EFC</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong>The Effective</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Likewise, the EFFECTIVE version complements
the INCOMPLETIVE, indicating the same successful effort
implied by the POSITIVE version, only applied to goal-/result-oriented
verbs. Thus <em>I wanted to finish</em> in the EFFECTIVE implies that the desire was successfully carried out; <em>I tried to eat</em> in the EFFECTIVE means <em>I succeeded in eating it all
up</em>. The EFFECTIVE is marked by falling-rising tone.</p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<span class="style7">5.8.7 Examples of Version in Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><br />
<strong><img src="images/5-8-7a.jpg" width="245" height="52" /></strong><br />
ˇIxhát’ êpal Iţkuil efneil tê.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘study’-NRM/TRM/M/CSL/UNI-FML<strong>-<span class="style6">EFC</span></strong> STA-[carrier stem]-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI “Ithkuil” STA-‘male cousin’-ACT-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL 1M-GEN </span><br />
<em>My cousin has finally learned Ithkuil.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-8-7a.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-8-7a.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-8-7b.jpg" width="117" height="45" align="absmiddle" /><em> </em> <strong> → </strong> <img src="images/5-8-7c.jpg" width="117" height="45" align="absmiddle" /><br />
Uakal egruláun. → ¯Uakal egruláun.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">[<span class="style6"><strong>PRC</strong></span>]-DYN-‘come’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL <strong> </strong> STA-‘prepare.food’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<sub>2</sub>/2-FML <strong> <br />
<strong> </strong>→ </strong> <span class="style6"><strong>CPT</strong></span>-DYN-‘come’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘prepare.food’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<sub>2</sub>/2-FML </span><br />
<em>The cook is on his way. </em> <strong> → </strong> <em>The cook has arrived.</em> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-8-7b.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-8-7b.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong><a name="Sec5o9" id="Sec5o9"></a><br />
</strong></p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td class="style11"><div><strong>5.9 VALIDATION</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"> Validation expresses the degree or type of evidence
supporting a statement, a grammatical requirement of Ithkuil. Such categories
are usually termed “evidentials” or “factives” in various
non-Western languages which have them. There are 14 validations in Ithkuil, five refer to non-hearsay types of evidence, while nine refer to hearsay situations. These nine hearsay categories are distinguished by a two-fold matrix of whether the source of the hearsay is considered by the speaker to be trustworthy and whether the statement/information is potentially verifiable. The exactitude of Ithkuil evidential categories is impossible to capture in English translation except through cumbersome paraphrase, but can be approximated in a rough way using phrases such as <em>reportedly, presumably, supposedly, purportedly, allegedly, rumour has it, I have a feeling that,</em> etc. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The 14 validations are shown by a consonantal prefix<strong> Cg</strong> in Slot III.</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="70" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="85" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="60" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="104" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style14"><span class="style6"><strong>Validation</strong></span><br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
The values for the <strong>Cg</strong> prefix are shown in Table 13 below as well as the meaning (description of evidential basis) of each validation.<br />
</p>
<span class="style24"><strong><br />
Table 13(a) and (b): Cg Validation Prefixes</strong></span><span class="style11"><br />
<br />
</span>
<table width="949" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="23" height="36" valign="middle" class="style11"> </td>
<td width="48" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Label</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="139" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Name</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="middle" class="style31"><div align="center">Cg</div></td>
<td width="439" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Evidential Basis </font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="36" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">1</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style9">CNF</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style24"><font color="#000000">CONFIRMATIVE</font></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">(<strong>h</strong>-)<strong>*</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11">direct observation/knowledge and verifiable by others </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="36" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">2</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style9">AFM</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style24">AFFIRMATIVE</td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>y</strong>-</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11">direct observation/knowledge but unknown verifiability by others </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="37" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">3</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style9">RPT</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style24"><font color="#000000">REPORTIVE</font></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>w-</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11">direct observation/knowledge but unverifiable by others </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="23" height="37" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">4</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style9">INF</div></td>
<td width="139" valign="middle" class="style24"><font color="#000000">INFERENTIAL</font></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>hw-</strong></div></td>
<td width="439" valign="middle" class="style11"><div>inference</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="23" height="37" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">5</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style9">ITU</div></td>
<td width="139" valign="middle" class="style24"><font color="#000000">INTUITIVE</font></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>hh-</strong></div></td>
<td width="439" valign="middle" class="style11"><div>intuition/feeling</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
* The CONFIRMATIVE Validation is unmarked unless the formative displays a <strong>V<span class="style14">L</span></strong> value in Slot II, in which case <strong>Cg</strong> is <strong>h</strong>-.
<p class="style11"><br />
<strong>Hearsay Categories</strong> <br />
</p>
<table width="734" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td height="60" valign="top" class="style11"> </td>
<td valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Label</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Name</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Source<br />
Trustworthy?</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="top" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Verifiable?</font> </strong></div>
<div align="center"></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="36" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">6</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">PSM</div></td>
<td width="168" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20"><font color="#000000">PRESUMPTIVE</font></div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>hm-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Yes</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Yes</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="38" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">7</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">PSM2</div></td>
<td width="168" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20"><font color="#000000">PRESUMPTIVE 2 </font></div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>hn-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Yes</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Unknown</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="38" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">8</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">PPT</div></td>
<td width="168" valign="middle" class="style20">PURPORTIVE</td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>hr-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Yes</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">No</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="37" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">9</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">PPT2</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style20">PURPORTIVE 2 </td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>lw-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Unknown</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Yes</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="38" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">10</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">CJT</div></td>
<td width="168" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20"><font color="#000000">CONJECTURAL </font></div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ly-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Unknown</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Unknown</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="36" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">11</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">DUB</div></td>
<td width="168" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20"><font color="#000000">DUBITATIVE</font> </div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>rw-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Unknown</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">No</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="39" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">12</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">TEN</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20"><font color="#000000">TENTATIVE</font> </div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>ry-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">No</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Yes</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="37" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">13</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">PUT</div></td>
<td width="168" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20"><font color="#000000">PUTATIVE</font></div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>řw-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">No</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">Unknown</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="29" height="36" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">14</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style34">IPB</div></td>
<td valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="left" class="style20">IMPROBABLE</div></td>
<td width="74" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center"><strong>řy-</strong></div></td>
<td width="194" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">No</div></td>
<td width="158" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center">No</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"><br />
<br />
<span class="style7">5.9.1 Examples of Validation in Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong> <span class="style25"> <strong><strong><strong><img src="images/5-9-1a.jpg" width="229" height="49" /> </strong></strong></strong> <strong> </strong></span><strong><span class="style25"><strong> </strong></span></strong><img src="images/Clown8.jpg" width="76" height="88" align="absbottom" /><br />
Qö ¯uhmixhákc’ eglelôn ükšàwëla.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">ma-EFF CPT-CPL-<span class="style6"><strong>PSM</strong></span>-DYN-‘study’-GRA/M/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘illness’-ABS-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<sub>2</sub>/7-IFL FRAMED/FML-MNF-‘clown’-OBL-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI</span><br />
<em>Presumably he is teaching the doctor to be a clown.</em> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-9-1b.jpg" width="136" height="37" /><br />
Ihrazgallamz eqill.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">RCP-<span class="style6"><strong>PPT</strong></span>-STA-‘smile’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DPX-MOT<sub>2</sub>/5-IFL STA-‘person’-AFF-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/DPX-IFL</span><br />
<em>Purportedly, the couple can’t help smiling at each other.</em> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong> </strong></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-9-1c.jpg" width="96" height="45" /><br />
Irwailtac qeiwi.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">RCP-<span class="style6"><strong>DUB</strong></span>-DYN-‘write.message’-NRM/DEL/A/CSL/UNI-IFL ma-ACT-CSL-NRM/DPX</span><br />
<em>Supposedly the two of them write to each other but who knows if it’s true or not.</em> </p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"></p>
<p align="justify"><a name="Sec5o10" id="Sec5o10"></a><br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font size="4"><strong>5.10
ASPECT</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Aspect provides detailed and specific temporal information
about the verb, not in relation to the speaker’s present moment of utterance
(as with Perspective in <a href="03_morphology.html">Sec. 3.3</a>), but rather in relation to the contextual “present” of
the act, condition, or event being spoken about. There are 32 aspects in Ithkuil. For the most part, they translate various common adverbial
phrases used in English. </p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Generally, Aspect is usually shown by affixes to a verbal adjunct, since such adjuncts allow for a second aspect to be conveyed, and any other morphological information carried by the adjunct requires the adjunct to carry an aspectual marker as well. However, it is also possible to show a single aspect within the formative itself, by means of the <strong>Cs</strong> consonantal prefix in Slot III. Such an alernative would be available when Slots I and II of the formative are filled, thus requiring the presence of either <strong>Cg</strong> or <strong>Cs</strong> in Slot III.<br />
</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="70" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="85" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="60" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="104" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
<span class="style6"><strong>Aspect</strong></span> ( + Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Illocution +<br />
Mood</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
The <strong>Cs</strong> consonantal affix will always contain one of the specialized dyssyllabic geminate clusters described in <a href="01_phonology.html">Section 1.2.1.3</a>, written <strong>n-n</strong>, <strong>m-m</strong>, <strong>l-l</strong>, <strong>r-r</strong>, etc. or various other syllabic consonant clusters, e.g.,<strong> l-m</strong>, <strong>l-n</strong>, <strong>r-m</strong>, <strong>r-n</strong>, and <strong>r-<strong>ň</strong></strong>. The only appearance in Ithkuil of these specialized consonantal clusters is in the <strong>Cs</strong> affix used in Slot III of formatives (as well as in Slot D of verbal adjuncts, discussed in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.0</a>). In this way, the reader/listener can always distinguish whether the consonantal form in Slot III represents <strong>Cs</strong> showing Aspect as opposed to <strong>Cg</strong> showing Validation (see <a href="#Sec5o9">Section 5.9</a> above).</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Besides showing Aspect, <strong>Cs</strong> also shows Mood. If the formative’s Mood is already shown via the <strong>Ci+Vi</strong> infix in Slot IX (see <a href="#Sec5o2">Section 5.2)</a>, then <strong>Cs</strong> will show a FACTUAL mood solely as a placeholder/default value, and only the Aspect value of <strong>Cs</strong> will be semantically active.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The values for <strong>Cs</strong> are shown in Table 14 below. (The forms of alternate vocalic affixes used for showing Aspect within verbal adjuncts will be discussed in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.1</a>.)</p>
<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
Table
14: Values for Cs (32 Aspects x 8 Moods)</font></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td height="29" colspan="2" valign="middle"> </td>
<td valign="middle"> </td>
<td colspan="8" valign="middle"><div align="center">MOOD</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="30" colspan="2" valign="middle"><p align="center">Aspect</p></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"> </td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">FAC</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">SUB</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">ASM</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">SPC</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">COU</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">HYP</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">IPL</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style36">ASC</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="28" valign="middle"><p align="center"> </p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><p align="center">none </p></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"> </td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-n</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-m</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-l</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-r</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ň</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-n</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ň</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-ň</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">1</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">RTR</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">RETROSPECTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nr</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt’</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nd</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nţ</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ndh</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nh</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="31" valign="middle"><p align="center">2</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PRS</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PROSPECTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mr</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp’</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mb</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mf</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mv</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mh</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">3</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">HAB</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">HABITUAL</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lr</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt’</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ld</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lţ</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ldh</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lh</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">4</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PRG</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PROGRESSIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rn</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt’</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rd</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rţ</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rdh</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rh</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="31" valign="middle"><p align="center">5</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">IMM</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">IMMINENT</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňr</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňk</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňk’</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňg</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňk<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňx</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňq</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňh</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">6</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PCS</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PRECESSIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ntw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt’w</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ndw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nţw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ndhw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nhw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="33" valign="middle"><p align="center">7</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">REG</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">REGULATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mpw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp’w</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mbw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mfw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mvw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mhw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">8</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">EXP</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">EXPERIENTIAL</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ltw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt’w</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ldw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lţw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ldhw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lhw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><p align="center">9</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">RSM</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">RESUMPTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rtw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt’w</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rdw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rţw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rdhw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rhw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">10</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CSS</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CESSATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňkw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňk’w</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňgw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňk<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňxw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňqw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňhw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">11</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">RCS</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">RECESSATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ny</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nty</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt’y</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ndy</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nt<sup>h</sup>y</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nţy</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ndhy</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nç</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">12</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PAU </div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PAUSAL</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-my</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mpy</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp’y</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mby</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mp<sup>h</sup>y</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mfy</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mvy</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mç</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><p align="center">13</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">RGR</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">REGRESSIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ly</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lty</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt’y</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ldy</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lt<sup>h</sup>y</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lţy</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ldhy</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lç</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="31" valign="middle"><p align="center">14</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PCL</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PRECLUSIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-ry</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rty</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt’y</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rdy</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rt<sup>h</sup>y</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rţy</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rdhy</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rç</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">15</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CNT</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CONTINUATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ns</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nz</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nsw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nzw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nc’</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nc<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nc’w</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nc<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><p align="center">16</p></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">ICS</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">INCESSATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-ms</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mz</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-msw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mzw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mc’</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mc<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mc’w</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mc<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="33" valign="middle"><div align="center">17</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PMP</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PREEMPTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňs</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňz</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňsw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňzw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňc’</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňc<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňc’w</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňc<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><div align="center">18</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CLM</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CLIMACTIC</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ls</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lz</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lsw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lzw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lc’</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lc<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lc’w</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lc<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="32" valign="middle"><div align="center">19</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">PTC</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">PROTRACTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rs</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rz</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rsw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rzw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rc’</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rc<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rc’w</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rc<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><div align="center">20</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">TMP</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">TEMPORARY</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nš </p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nž</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nšw </p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nžw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nč’ </p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nč<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nč’w </p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nč<sup>h</sup>w </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="29" valign="middle"><div align="center">21</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">MTV</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">MOTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mš </p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mž</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mšw </p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mžw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mč’ </p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mč<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mč’w </p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mč<sup>h</sup>w </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><div align="center">22</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CSQ</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CONSEQUENTIAL</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňš </p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňž</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňšw </p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňžw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňč’ </p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňč<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňč’w </p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňč<sup>h</sup>w </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><div align="center">23</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">SQN</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">SEQUENTIAL</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lš </p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lž</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lšw </p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lžw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lč’ </p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lč<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lč’w </p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lč<sup>h</sup>w </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="30" valign="middle"><div align="center">24</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">EPD</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">EXPEDITIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rš</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rž</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-ršw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-ržw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rč’</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rč<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rč’w</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rč<sup>h</sup>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="27" valign="middle"><div align="center">25</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">DCL</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">DISCLUSIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nļ</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mļ</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňļ</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-ntļ</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mtļ</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňtļ</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ltļ</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rtļ</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="28" valign="middle"><div align="center">26</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CCL</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CONCLUSIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lm</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lļ</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nl</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňm</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mř</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mt</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňt</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňn</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="27" valign="middle"><div align="center">27</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CUL</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CULMINATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rm</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rl</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-ml</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mn</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-mř</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mt’</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňt’</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňç</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="31" valign="middle"><div align="center">28</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">IMD</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">INTERMEDIATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ln</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-nļ</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lř</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">n-nm</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňř</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">m-mt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňt<sup>h</sup></p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">ň-ňţ</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="28" valign="middle"><div align="center">29</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">TRD</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">TARDATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-nw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ny</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lg</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lgw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lx</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lxw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lv</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lcw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="28" valign="middle"><div align="center">30</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">TNS</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">TRANSITIONAL</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-nw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-my</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rg</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rgw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rx</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rxw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rv</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rcw</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="27" valign="middle"><div align="center">31</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">ITC</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">INTERCOMMUTATIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-mw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-my</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lb</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lbw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lf</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lfw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-ňw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">l-lčw </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" height="27" valign="middle"><div align="center">32</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style36">CSM</div></td>
<td width="171" valign="middle"><div class="style21">CONSUMPTIVE</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-mw</p></td>
<td width="69" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-ny</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rb</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rbw</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rf</p></td>
<td width="75" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rfw</p></td>
<td width="71" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-ňw</p></td>
<td width="79" valign="middle"><p align="center" class="style21">r-rčw </p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br />
</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11">The thirty-two aspectual categories are explained below. </p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RTR</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> RETROSPECTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This aspect operates in conjunction with Perspective (see <a href="03_morphology.html">Sec. 3.3</a>) to create
various equivalents to Western tense categories. With the MONADIC,
the RETROSPECTIVE can be translated by English ‘have
already’ as in <em>I’ve already done it</em>. With the UNBOUNDED,
the RETROSPECTIVE is equates with the English simple past
tense. With the NOMIC and ABSTRACT,
it adds a sense of ‘and it’s always been that way’ to the
verb. </p>
<p><a name="Sec5o10o2" id="Sec5o10o2"></a><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PRS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PROSPECTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Like the RETROSPECTIVE above, this aspect operates in
conjunction with Perspective to create various equivalents to Western tense
categories. With the MONADIC, the PROSPECTIVE equates with the English future tense. With the UNBOUNDED,
it can be translated by the English future perfect (i.e., ‘will have…’).
With the NOMIC and ABSTRACT, it
adds a sense of ‘and it’ll always be that way’ or ‘from
now on’ to the verb.</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>HAB</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> HABITUAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>When used with the MONADIC perspective, this aspect conveys
the idea of ‘always’ or ‘continues to’, while with the UNBOUNDED, the English ‘used to’ construction
offers an equivalent translation, as in <em>She used to come see me on Wednesdays</em>.</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PRG</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PROGRESSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This aspect conveys the idea of an act in progress, similar to the English construction
‘in the midst of [verb] + ing’ or the use of the present participle
in Spanish. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.5</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IMM</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> IMMINENT</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys that an action, state or event is imminent. Translates phrases such
as ‘(just) about to’ or ‘on the verge of’ as in <em>I
think Carl is about to cry</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PCS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PRECESSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys that an action, state or event has immediately preceded. Translates
such phrases as ‘just’ or ‘just now,’ as in <em>We just
saw a clown in the toy store</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.7</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>REG</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> REGULATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea of participation or involvement in an action, state, or event
over an amount of time extending from the past into the future relative to the
contextual present. Translates English phrases such as ‘engaged in’
or ‘involved in’ as in <em>Her husband is engaged in construction of
the new bridge</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.8</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EPR</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> EXPERIENTIAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Translates English ‘ever’ in the sense of ‘within the realm
of one’s experience’ or ‘at some point in one’s experience,’
as in <em>Does he ever shut up?</em> Note the EXPERIENTIAL does not equate to ‘ever’ when it means ‘always,’ as
in <em>Ever does he seek his destiny</em> nor as an adverb of mere emphasis
as in <em>Was she ever tired</em>. <br />
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.10.9</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RSM</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> RESUMPTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea of an act, state, or event resuming after having previously
ceased, as in <em>The girl resumed singing</em>, or <em>He is starting to laugh
again</em>. <br />
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.10</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CSS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CESSATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea of cessation of an event, state or action. Translates English
phrases such as ‘stop,’ ‘discontinue,’ or ‘cease,’
as in T<em>hey stopped dancing at midnight</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.11</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RCS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> RECESSATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea of cessation of event again, after having previously ceased
then resumed, as in <em>Lyudmila stopped eating yet again in order to enjoy
a quick interlude with the neighborhood clown</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.12</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PAU</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PAUSAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Indicates a pause in an action, state or event, with an implied intention to
resume. Translates phrases such as ‘take a break from’ or ‘pause
in’ as in <em>Mother took a break from cleaning to gossip with
her friends</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.13</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RGR</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> REGRESSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea of a return to an original or previous action, state or event
after a long hiatus involving an intervening change of state or situation, as
translated by the phrase ‘return to.’ The REGRESSIVE should be distinguished from the RESUMPTIVE above, which
merely implies the restarting after a stop or pause without an intervening change
of state or situation. An example would be <em>Mr. Yates returned to golf after
recovering from his stroke</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.14</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PCL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PRECLUSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the fact that an action, state, or event takes place from inception
to conclusion all in one contextual segment, translating such phrases as ‘all
at once,’ ‘all in one go,’ ‘without stopping,’
etc. as in <em>Walter drank the entire bottle in one gulp</em>.</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.15</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CNT</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CONTINUATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea that an action, event, or state continues on. Translates phrases
such as ‘keep on,’ ‘still,’ ‘stay,’ ‘yet,’
etc. When used in a negative sentence, conveys the idea of English ‘no
longer’ or ‘not anymore’ as in <em>She kept on singing, You’re
still staring at me, I’ve yet to meet him, Sam no longer loves you / Sam
doesn’t love you anymore</em>.</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.16</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ICS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> INCESSATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys that an action, state or event continues on without stopping. Translates
such English adverbials as ‘…on and on’ or ‘…away’
as in <em>They danced the night away</em> or <em>They’ve been battling
on and on since last year</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.17</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PMP</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PREEMPTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Emphasizes the singularity and initial occurrence of an action, state or event,
as translated by such English phrases as ‘for once’ or ‘just
once,’ as well as the anticipation preceding a long-expected situation,
as translated by phrases such as ‘at last,’ ‘after all this
time,’ ‘finally,’ and ‘for the first time.’ </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.18</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CLM</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CLIMACTIC</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Emphasizes the finality of an action, state or event, as translated by such
English phrases as ‘once and for all’ or ‘for the last time.’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.19</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PTC</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PROTRACTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys that an action, state or event takes place over a long period of time.
If used with the CONTEXTUAL or PUNCTUAL phases, or with formatives describing naturally brief durations, the PROTRACTIVE conveys the idea of the act or event being long-delayed. Example usages: <em>It
rained for quite a while, We shared a long kiss, That slap to his face was a
long time coming</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.20</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>TMP</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> TEMPORARY</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys that an action, state or event is being considered or is applicable
only to the present subjective context or range of the contextual present, as
translated by phrases such as ‘for the time being’ or ‘but
only for the moment’ or ‘for now’ as in <em>This will be sufficient
for now</em> or <em>For the time being you’ll have to drink water</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.21</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>MTV</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> MOTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys that an action, state or event involves physical removal or absence
of the participant from the present context of discourse. Translates such phrases
as ‘be off …-ing’ or ‘go off to …’ as in <em>Dad’s off hunting</em> or <em>They went off to cavort with the clowns</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.22</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CSQ</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CONSEQUENTIAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This aspect conveys the idea of proceeding or engaging in an action or event
despite the possibility of adverse consequences. It translates the English phrases
such as ‘go ahead and’ or ‘anyway,’ as in <em>She went
ahead and bought the furniture</em> or <em>I decided to go there anyway</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.23</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SQN</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> SEQUENTIAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This aspect conveys the idea a “sequential progressive” in which
a series of contextually identical instances is seen as comprising a single
event, usually with an implied culmination point. It translates the English
use of ‘off’ as in <em>He's checking off each item as it is inventoried</em>,
or <em>The sheep died off from the disease</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.24</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EPD</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> EXPEDITIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys a sense of haste associated with an action or event. Translates English
‘hurry (up)’ as in <em>Hurry up and finish</em> or <em>They ate
in a hurry</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.25</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DCL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> DISCLUSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Focuses on the revelatory nature of an action, state or event, translating phrases
such as ‘turn out to be,’ ‘turn out that…’ and
‘be revealed that….’ </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.26</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CCL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CONCLUSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the direct outcome of an action, state or event within the short-term
context of the situation at hand. Translates phrases such as ‘end up…,
come to, reach the point where,’ as in <em>I ended up crashing the car</em> or <em>He drank to the point where he passed out</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.27</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CUL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CULMINATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Similar to the CONCLUSIVE above, but with a focus on the
eventual, long-term outcome over an extended period of time or through a series
of developmental steps. Compare the following examples with the CONCLUSIVE aspect above: <em>In the end, I’ll have to leave town; Things got to the
point where the mayor got involved; Eventually, they fell in love</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.28</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IMD</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> INTERMEDIATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea that the action, state, or event takes place at some point
along the timeline of, or within the duration of, another action, state, event,
or background context, as translated by the phrases ‘at some point’
or ‘somewhere along the way….’ </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.29</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>TRD</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> TARDATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea that an action, state, or event lessens, dwindles, or slackens
in energy, intensity, or effect, impliedly by exhaustion of the active source
of energy or agency, or by dissipation of the foundational context involved.
Translates such phrases as ‘to get tired of,’ ‘peter out,’
‘trail off,’ etc. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.30</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>TNS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> TRANSITIONAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Focuses on the initial stage of preparation, adjustment, or accustomization
to an action, state or event, translated by phrases such as ‘take up,’
‘start to,’ etc. implying a long-term process of initialization,
as in <em>I’m planning to take up golf</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.31</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ITC</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> INTERCOMMUTATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys the idea of “sequential reciprocity,” meaning that the action
or event is a consequent reciprocation triggered by, or in reaction to, an initiating
action or event. It translates the English verbal particle ‘back’
as in <em>The boy threw it back</em> or <em>She stared back at the men ogling
her</em>. </p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.10.32</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong>CSM</strong></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CONSUMPTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Conveys an all-consuming action, state, or event which interferes with or prevents
other events from occurring. It translates English phrases such as ‘spend
one’s time’ or ‘away’ as in <em>Mother spends her life
worrying</em> or <em>He’s pining away</em>. </p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<h3 align="justify"><a name="Sec5o10o33" id="Sec5o10o33"></a><br />
<span class="style7">5.10.33 Examples of Aspect In Us</span>e</h3>
<blockquote class="style11">
<p><strong><br />
<img src="images/5-10-33a.jpg" width="153" height="46" /><br />
Al-lsinyat eqţulisqa tê.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">MNO-<span class="style6"><strong>CLM</strong></span>-DYN-‘choose’-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-IFL STA-‘brother’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-DCS<sub>2</sub>/1-IFL 1M-GEN</span><br />
<em>My indecisive brother made a choice once and for all.</em></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><img src="images/5-10-33b.jpg" alt="" width="112" height="43" /><br />
Al-lyuolmát êqul.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">MNO-<span class="style6"><strong>RGR</strong></span>-DYN-‘sing.a.song’-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘woman’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>The woman returned to singing.</em></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-10-33c.jpg" width="133" height="46" /><br />
Çtar-ryo igraleiţrar eglulôn.</strong><br />
<span class="style20"><span class="style14">HOR/CTX/PPS-<span class="style6"><strong>PCL</strong></span>-<span class="style6"><strong>HAB</strong></span></span> <span class="style14"> DYN-‘eat.food’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-NA1<sub>1</sub>/5-EXT<sub>2</sub>/6-IFL STA-‘illness’-IND-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-AGC<sub>2</sub>/7-IFL</span><br />
</span><em>If only the physician wouldn’t always eat his food in one gulp like that.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><img src="images/5-10-33d.jpg" width="142" height="46" /><br />
Lêr-rwia hwaixtasár öqeil.</strong><br />
<span class="style25">ASR/CTX/IPU-CPC-<span class="style6"><strong>RSM</strong></span>-<span class="style6"><strong>TMP</strong></span> INF-DYN-‘job/employment.task’-PRX/M/ASO/UNI-NA1<sub>1</sub>/5-FML STA-‘man’-ACT-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>I’d venture to say the man won't be able to resume working anytime soon.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><a name="Sec5o11" id="Sec5o11"></a><br />
</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td class="style11"><div><strong>5.11 BIAS</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="style11">Bias expresses the general, overall subjective/emotional attitude
or perspective in which the speaker regards the action. There are 24 basic bias
categories, each of which has an additional “intensive” form which
often warrants a change in English translation. </p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style11"><a name="Sec5o11o1" id="Sec5o11o1"></a><br />
5.11.1 Bias Categories and Usage</h3>
<p align="justify" class="style11">Bias is shown as a word-final consonantal suffix to formative with a glottal stop being infixed between the suffix and the Vf mood/context suffix,
e.g., <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>uprexalo’ss</strong>.</font> (The glottal stop is necessary so that the reader/listener does not confuse it with a word-final VxC suffix in Slot XI.<br />
<br />
</p>
<table width="982" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="70" height="31" valign="top"><div align="center">I</div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center">II</div></td>
<td width="61" valign="top"><div align="center">III</div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center">IV</div></td>
<td width="85" valign="top"><div align="center">V</div></td>
<td width="142" valign="top"><div align="center">VI</div></td>
<td width="30" valign="top"><div align="center">VII</div></td>
<td width="28" valign="top"><div align="center">VIII</div></td>
<td width="60" valign="top"><div align="center">IX</div></td>
<td width="104" valign="top"><div align="center">X</div></td>
<td width="36" valign="top"><div align="center">XI</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XII</div></td>
<td width="47" valign="top"><div align="center">XIII</div></td>
<td width="46" valign="top"><div align="center">XIV</div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center">XV</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(((Cv<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">V<span class="style14">L)</span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Cg/Cs)</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Vr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Cx/Cv</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">Vp/V<span class="style14">L<strong><font color="#999999">)</font></strong></span></font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Cr</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>V<span class="style7">c</span></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><strong><font color="#999999">Ci +<strong><strong><font color="#999999">Vi</font></strong></strong></font></strong></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>Ca</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">VxC</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999">(Vf</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#999999"> (’Cb))</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[tone]</strong></div></td>
<td valign="middle"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="105" valign="top"><p align="center" class="style14"> Phase +<br />
Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</p></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Validation<br />
OR<br />
Aspect (+ Mood)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern +<br />
Stem +<br />
Function</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Incorp.Root<br />
OR<br />
Phase + Sanction<br />
(+ Illocution)</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Pattern + Stem + Designation of Incorp. Root<br />
OR<br />
Valence</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Root</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Case</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">
<p>Illocution +<br />
Mood</p>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Essence +<br />
Extension +<br />
Perspective +<br />
Configuration + Affiliation</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Deriv.<br />
Suffix</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Context + Format</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFCC"><div align="center" class="style29">Bias</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Version</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style14">Designa-<br />
tion + Relation</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="style11"><br />
NOTE: We will see in <a href="06_verbs_2.html">Section 6.3.2</a> that, as an alternative to the <strong>Cb</strong> bias suffix on a formative, Bias can instead be shown via a word-final consonantal suffix to to a verbal adjunct.</p>
<p class="style11">These <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Cb </font></strong>affix forms are shown in Table 15 below. The forms to the right of the arrow are the “intensive” forms
described above. The 24 biases are explained following the table.</p>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><a name="Table15" id="Table15"></a><br />
<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 15: Morpho-Phonological
Markers for Bias</font></strong></p>
<table width="43%" border="1">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td><div align="center"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">LABEL</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF BIAS </font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="-2">b</font> AFFIX → <br />
C<font size="-2">b</font> INTENSIVE AFFIX </font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="5%">1</td>
<td width="13%"><div align="center" class="style9">ASU</div></td>
<td width="42%" class="style13">ASSURATIVE</td>
<td width="40%" class="style11 style21">n → nn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">HPB</div></td>
<td class="style13">HYPERBOLIC</td>
<td class="style11 style21">m → mm </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">COI</div></td>
<td class="style13">COINCIDENTAL</td>
<td class="style11 style21">ň → ňň</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">ACP</div></td>
<td class="style13">ACCEPTIVE</td>
<td class="style11"><p class="style21">ţ → ţţ</p> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">RAC</div></td>
<td class="style13">REACTIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">ç → çç</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">STU</div></td>
<td class="style13">STUPEFACTIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">s → ss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">CTV</div></td>
<td class="style13">CONTEMPLATIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">z → zz </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">DPV</div></td>
<td class="style13">DESPERATIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">š → šš</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">RVL</div></td>
<td class="style13">REVELATIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">l → ll</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">GRT</div></td>
<td class="style13">GRATIFICATIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">r → rr</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">SOL</div></td>
<td class="style13">SOLICITIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">ř → řř</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">SEL</div></td>
<td class="style13">SELECTIVE</td>
<td><span class="style36">ļ → ļļ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">IRO</div></td>
<td class="style13">IRONIC</td>
<td class="style11 style21">kç → kçç</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">EXA</div></td>
<td class="style13">EXASPERATIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">p<span class="style21">ļ</span> → p<span class="style21">ļļ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">LTL</div></td>
<td class="style13">LITERAL</td>
<td class="style11 style21">pç → pçç</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">CRR</div></td>
<td class="style13">CORRECTIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">x → xx</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">EUP</div></td>
<td class="style13">EUPHEMISTIC</td>
<td class="style11 style21">xh → xxh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">SKP</div></td>
<td class="style13">SKEPTICAL</td>
<td class="style11 style21">ks → kss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">CYN</div></td>
<td class="style13">CYNICAL</td>
<td class="style11 style21">f → ff</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">CTP</div></td>
<td class="style13">CONTEMPTIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">kš → kšš</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">DSM</div></td>
<td class="style13">DISMISSIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">kf → kff</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">IDG</div></td>
<td class="style13">INDIGNATIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">pš → pšš</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">SGS</div></td>
<td class="style13">SUGGESTIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">ps → pss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td><div align="center" class="style9">PPV</div></td>
<td class="style13">PROPOSITIVE</td>
<td class="style11 style21">pf → pff</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify" class="style11"><br />
</p>
<div align="justify" class="style11">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ASU</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> ASSURATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias indicates certainty or self-assurance on the part of the speaker,
translatable by such phrases as ‘of course,’ ‘after all,’
or ‘needless to say.’ The intensive form adds a sort of self-righteousness
quality conveyed by <em>I told you so!</em> or <em>You see?!</em></p>
<p> </p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>HPB</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> HYPERBOLIC</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias imparts a sense of hyperbole and exaggeration, captured in such colloquial
expressions as a prolonged ‘so’ or ‘totally’ as in <em>I
so don’t care!</em> or <em>That is totally not what I wanted.</em> The
intensive form adds a sense of “one-upmanship” as conveyed by the
expression <em>That’s nothing, wait till you hear this!</em></p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>COI</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> COINCIDENTAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of coincidence or happenstance as conveyed by the
use of ‘happen’ in<em> I happened to run into Jane</em> or <em>It
just so happens that I’m busy</em>. The intensive form adds a sense of
serendipity, as conveyed by expressions such as ‘as luck would have it,’
‘luckily’ or ‘fortunately.’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>ACP</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> ACCEPTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias indicates a sense of general acceptance, as conveyed by the expression
‘it’s just as well that.’ The intensive form conveys resignation
to fate, as expressed by phrases such as ‘like it or not’ or ‘…and
there’s nothing to be done about it!’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.5</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RAC</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> REACTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias indicates surprise, as conveyed by phrases such as ‘my goodness!’
or ‘it’s surprising that.’ The intensive form raises this
sense to the level of astonishment, as expressed by ‘Wow!’ or ‘Amazing!’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>STU</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> STUPEFACTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias indicates a mild sense of wonder or reflection, as conveyed by the
phrase ‘it’s a wonder that’ as in <em>It’s a wonder
he didn’t break a bone in that fall</em>. The intensive raises this sense
to one of awe, as conveyed by expressions such as ‘Well I’ll be!’
or ‘Who would’ve thought….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.7</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CTV</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CONTEMPLATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias expresses puzzlement, as conveyed by phrases such as ‘I wonder
how…,’ ‘that’s odd…,’ ‘I don’t
get it…,’ or a quizzical ‘hmmmm.’ The intensive form
raises this sense to sudden bewilderment, as in ‘Huh? What do you mean…?’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.11.1.8</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DPV</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> DESPERATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of dread or the conveyance of bad news, as expressed
by ‘I don’t know how to say this, but…’ or ‘I’m
afraid that….’ The intensive form raises this to the level of outright
despair, as in ‘Oh, God…’ or ‘Oh, no!….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18%"><strong>5.11.1.9</strong></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>RVL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> REVELATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias expresses a sense of discovery, as conveyed by expressions such as
‘No wonder….’ or ‘So that’s why….’
The intensive form raises this to a sense of surprised revelation, as in ‘Aha!….’
or ‘Well, well, well!….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.10</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>GRT</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> GRATIFICATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of pleasantness or mild pleasure, as conveyed by expressions
such as ‘It’s pleasant to…’ or ‘I like to….’
The intensive raises this to a state of bliss or rapture, as in ‘Oh, there’s
nothing like….’ or ‘(Sigh) What bliss it is to….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.11</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SOL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> SOLICITIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias expresses the Ithkuil equivalent of English ‘please.’
In its intensive form, this transforms into an impatient demand, expressed in
‘C’mon!,’ ‘What’re you waiting for?’ or
the phrase ‘so…already!’ as in the sentence <em>So dance already! </em></p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.12</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SEL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> SELECTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys the idea of subjective interpretation, as seen in expressions
such as ‘Look at it this way…,’ ‘As I see it,…,’
‘Subjectively speaking,…,’ or ‘From one point of view,….’
In its intensive form, it conveys a narrow, singleminded interpretation, as
conveyed by expressions such as ‘It can only mean one thing…,’
‘and that’s that!’ ‘and that’s all there is to
it!’ or ‘There’s no two ways about it,….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.13</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IRO</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> IRONIC</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of understatement, as conveyed in many subtle ways
in English such as tone of voice or deliberately undramatic word choices. In
its intensive form, this sense is raised to that of blatant irony, as when saying
‘Well! That was fun!’ after an unpleasant or harrowing experience.</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.14</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EXA</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> EXASPERATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of impatient exasperation, as conveyed by expressions
such as ‘Look, don’t you get it?…’ or ‘Look, I’m
trying to tell you….’ In its intensive form, this bias conveys a
sense of outright mockery, as expressed by a mocking tone of voice in English,
or by an deliberate, exasperated echolalia, i.e., the repeating of a person’s
words back at them in contempt.</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.15</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>LTL</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> LITERAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias underscores a distinction between context and literalness, expressed
by the English phrases ‘technically speaking’ or ‘Context
aside for a moment,…’ as in <em>Technically speaking, that’s
not a polka</em> (i.e., it’s a polka version of a non-polka song). In
the intensive form, this bias conveys a sense of total literalness and exactitude,
expressed in English by phrases such as ‘strictly speaking’ or ‘to
put it in clinical terms….’ as in <em>Strictly speaking, that’s
not a polka</em> (i.e., its rhythm is not that of a true polka).</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.16</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CRR</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CORRECTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias indicates a correction on the part of the speaker, as expressed in
English by ‘that is to say…,’ ‘What I mean(t) to say
is…’ or ‘I mean….’ The intensive form indicates
a sense of subjective equivalence, as expressed in English by ‘in a manner
of speaking,’ ‘so to speak,’ or ‘for all intents and
purposes.’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.17</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>EUP</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> EUPHEMISTIC</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias indicates a rephrasing or substitution of wording for means of clarification,
as expressed in English by ‘in other words…’ or ‘to
put it more exactly….’ The intensive form conveys a sense of outright
euphemism, as expressed in English by phrases such as ‘Let’s just
say that….’ or ‘Well, let me put it this way….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.18</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SKP</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> SKEPTICAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of skepticism, as expressed in English by ‘It’s
(a little) hard to believe that….” The intensive form raises this
sense to that of outright incredulity, as in a derisive ‘Oh, yeah! Suuuure!’
or a sneering ‘Yeah, right!’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.19</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CYN</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CYNICAL</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of incredulous unexpectedness or cynical surprise,
as in “You mean to tell me…?’ or ‘You gotta be kidding
me, ….’ The intensive form shifts this to outright sarcasm upon
the discovery, as in ‘So! You just had to go and…’ or ‘Well,
wouldn’t you know it, …’ or ‘Oh, nice!….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.20</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>CTP</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> CONTEMPTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias expresses simple disapproval, as conveyed by phrases such as “I
don’t like the fact that…’ or ‘It bothers me that….’
The intensive form raises this to all-out contempt or disgust, as conveyed by
‘Shit!’ or ‘What nonsense!’ or ‘What bullshit!’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.21</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>DSM</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> DISMISSIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of downplaying or lowering of expectations, as expressed
in English by “sorry, but…’ or ‘It’s nothing.
It’s just…” as in It’s just a small cut or Sorry, but
it’s only the mailman. The intensive form expresses outright dismissal
or insignificance, as conveyed by such expressions as ‘Is that it?’
‘Big deal!’ or ‘So what!?’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.22</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>IDG</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> INDIGNATIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys a sense of second-guessing, as expressed in English by ‘I’m
sorry, what did you say?’ or ‘Say again? You want me to what?’
or ‘I beg your pardon?’ The intensive form shifts this sense to
outright indignation, as conveyed by expressions such as ‘The nerve!’
or ‘How dare…!?”</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.23</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>SGS</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> SUGGESTIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This bias conveys the sense of suggestiveness conveyed in English by such phrases
as ‘what if…’ or ‘It could be that….’ The
intensive form shifts this to a sense of a formal suggestion or proposition,
as in ‘Consider this: …’ or ‘Posit the following: …’
or ‘Assume for the sake of argument that….’</p>
<p><br />
</p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.11.1.24</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong>PPV</strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong> PROPOSITIVE</strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
This bias expresses a proposal or suggested activity, as conveyed by English
phrases such as ‘How about,’ ‘We could,’ or general
suggestions, as in the sentences <em>How about going for a stroll?</em>, <em>We
could meet the clowns behind the barn if you want</em>, or <em>You can sit on my lap</em>.
The intensive form turns this into an ultimatum, as conveyed in English by phrases
such as ‘take it or leave it,’ ‘this is your last chance,’
or ‘it’s now or never.’ </div>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
<span class="style11">5.11.2 Examples of Bias in Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-11-2a.jpg" width="208" height="46" /><br />
Isvala’kss êzguirs èkšôt âmmit.</strong> <span class="style14"><a href="sound_files/5-11-2a.mp3" target="_blank">LISTEN</a></span> <a href="sound_files/5-11-2a.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absmiddle" /></a><br />
<span class="style25">DYN-‘fear’-NRM/DEL/M/CSL/UNI-EXS-IFL-<span class="style6"><strong>SKP<strong>+</strong></strong></span> STA-‘sound.of.laughter’-DER-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/AGG-IFL STA-‘clown’-ATT-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-FML STA-‘child’-AFF-NRM/DEL/U/CSL/UNI-IFL</span><br />
<em>You can hardly expect us to believe that the sound of the clowns’ laughter frightens the children.</em> <img src="images/Clown7.jpg" width="72" height="88" align="top" /></p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-11-2b.jpg" width="167" height="37" /><br />
Uzlasa’nn gvarl âpcââl.<br />
</strong><span class="style25">STA-‘inside-out’-PRX/M/CSL/UNI-EXS-IFL-<span class="style6"><strong>ASU+</strong></span> ‘article.of.clothing’-OBL-DEL/M/ASO/AGG STA-‘wife’-POS-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-FML</span><br />
<em>You see?! I told you his wife’s clothes are inside-out!</em></p>
<p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11"><strong><img src="images/5-11-2c.jpg" width="85" height="42" /><br />
Hwe’maklasá’ň. (<span class="style14">OR</span> Hweklasürná’ň.)</strong><br />
<span class="style25">INF-STA-ASR/FRG/PPS-‘rain’-NRM/PRX/M/CSL/UNI-FML-<span class="style6"><strong>COI</strong></span></span><br />
<em>It may just so happen to be raining.</em></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p align="justify"><br />
</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="right"><strong><a onclick="javascript:changenav2();" href="06_verbs_2.html">Proceed to Chapter 6: More Verb Morphology >></a></strong></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<table width="88%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="14%"> </td>
<td width="4%"> </td>
<td width="19%"><p class="style3"> </p></td>
<td width="23%"><p class="style3"> </p></td>
<td width="20%"> </td>
<td width="20%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style17"><a href="index.htm">Home</a></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td height="24"><a href="00_intro.html"><span class="style17">Introduction</span></a></td>
<td><a href="04_case.html"><span class="style17">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="08_adjuncts.html"><span class="style17">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td>
<td><a href="12_numbers.htm"><span class="style17">12 The Number System</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style17"><a href="faqs.html">FAQs</a></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td height="18"><a href="01_phonology.html"><span class="style17">1 Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="05_verbs_1.html"><span class="style17">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="09_syntax.html"><span class="style17">9 Syntax</span></a></td>
<td><a href="abbreviations.html"><span class="style17">List of Abbreviations</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><span class="style17"><a href="updates.htm">Updates / News</a></span></td>
<td> </td>
<td height="18"><a href="02_morpho-phonology.html"><span class="style17">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="06_verbs_2.html"><span class="style17">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="10_lexico-semantics.html"><span class="style17">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td>
<td><a href="lexicon.htm"><span class="style17">The Lexicon</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="03_morphology.html"><span class="style17">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="07_suffixes.html"><span class="style17">7 Suffixes</span></a></td>
<td><a href="11_script.htm"><span class="style17">11 The Writing System</span></a></td>
<td><span class="style17"><a href="texts.html">Texts</a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<table width="98%" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="18%" height="219"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-quijada/a-grammar-of-the-ithkuil-language/paperback/product-18708279.html" target="_blank"><img src="images/front_cover-small.png" alt="Cover of Ithkuil Grammar book" width="164" height="212" border="0" /></a></td>
<td width="66%" valign="top"><p class="style11"> </p>
<p class="style11">For those who would like a copy of the Ithkuil Grammar<br />
in book form, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-quijada/a-grammar-of-the-ithkuil-language/paperback/product-18708279.html" target="_blank">it is now available!</a> </p>
<p align="right"><span class="style11">And while you’re at it, you can check out the novel I co-<br />
wrote</span><span class="style11"> with my twin brother Paul, <a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-paul-quijada/beyond-antimony/paperback/product-18831117.html" target="_blank">also now available!</a> </span></p>
<p align="right"><span class="style11">(It’s a political thriller/science fiction story that explores the<br />
philosophical implications of quantum physics, and features<br />
Ithkuil as a “para-linguistic” interface to a quantum computer.)</span></p></td>
<td width="16%" valign="middle"><p class="style11"><a href="http://www.lulu.com/shop/john-paul-quijada/beyond-antimony/paperback/product-18831117.html" target="_blank"><img src="images/front_cover-novel.png" alt="Cover of "Beyond Antimony" by John & Paul Quijada" width="149" height="217" border="0" align="top" /></a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">©2004-2019 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website for private, individual, or personal use which is non-commercial in nature and not for purposes of profit. Otherwise, you may copy or excerpt brief portions of the contents of this website in published, web-accessible, or commercially distributed articles, papers or webpages for purposes of review, commentary or analysis, provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
<!-- Start of StatCounter Code -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var sc_project=7057807;
var sc_invisible=1;
var sc_security="86f5bf92";
</script>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.statcounter.com/counter/counter.js"></script><noscript><div
class="statcounter"><a title="drupal analytics"
href="http://statcounter.com/drupal/" target="_blank"><img
class="statcounter"
src="http://c.statcounter.com/7057807/0/86f5bf92/1/"
alt="drupal analytics" ></a></div></noscript>
<!-- End of StatCounter Code -->
</body>
</html>
|
