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<title>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 5: Verb Morphology</title>
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<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil:
A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br>
<img src="Images/Title-Script5.gif"><br>
<br>
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<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td>
<td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td>
<td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a
Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td>
<td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9
Syntax</a></font></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10
Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td>
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<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1
Phonology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6
More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11
The Script </a></font></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2
Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a
Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12
The Number System</a></font></font></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3
Basic Morphology</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The
Lexicon</a></font></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4
Case Morphology </a></font> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8
Adjuncts</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 align="center"> </h2>
<h2 align="center">Chapter 5: Verb Morphology</h2>
<div align="center">
<table width="39%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
<tr>
<td width="296"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o1">5.1 Illocution</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o2">5.2 Valence</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o3">5.3 Version</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec5o4">5.4 Conflation, Derivation and Format</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="17"><font size="2"><a href="Ch-5%20Verbs%20Contd.htm">Chapter
5 Continued: Sections 5.5 through 5.7</a></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The Ithkuil verbal formative (termed “verb” in
this chapter for simplicity’s sake) is the workhorse of the language,
inflecting for twenty-two different morphological categories. These include
the eight categories shared by all formatives and already discussed in <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">Chapter
3</a>: <strong>Configuration, Affiliation, Perspective, Extension, Focus, Essence,
Context, </strong>and<strong> Designation</strong>. Additionally the following
fourteen categories apply solely to verbs: <strong>Illocution, Valence, Version,
Conflation/Derivation, Format, Modality, Level, Case-Frame, Validation, Phase,
Sanction, Aspect, Mood, </strong>and<strong> Bias</strong>. The verb can also
theoretically take any number of the over 1300 affixes available to formatives.
Such affixes are analyzed in <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm" target="mainFrame">Chapter
7</a>. </p>
<p align="justify">The full structure of a Ithkuil verbal formative is tripartite,
i.e., having three distinct words, these being an<strong> aspectual adjunct</strong>,
a <strong>conflation </strong>(or<strong> valence</strong>)<strong> adjunct</strong>,
and the <strong>verb</strong> itself. In simple sentences, either or both of
the two adjuncts may be missing. The following extreme example of a fully inflected
Ithkuil verb illustrates all 22 morphological components of the tripartite structure:</p>
<table width="93%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="2%" height="43"> </td>
<td width="37%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0e.gif" width="214" height="31"></td>
<td width="44%"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">____</font><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0a.gif" width="262" height="22"></div></td>
<td width="17%"><div align="center"><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-1.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">______</font>Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-1.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font>
</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="47%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0b.gif" width="144" height="174" align="top"></td>
<td width="32%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0c.gif" width="159" height="174"></td>
<td width="21%"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-0d.gif" width="252" height="258"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">A highly stilted but approximate English translation of the
above, capturing as many of the nuances of the Ithkuil phrase as possible, would
be: ‘<em>…despite apparently being on the verge, contrary to the
allegation, of just so happening to want to succeed in vowing to maybe return
periodically to the honorable practice of superlative architecture for others
to follow by example</em>’ </p>
<p align="justify">In this chapter we will examine eight of the 14 morphological
categories particular to verbal formatives. The six categories specific to aspectual
adjuncts will be described in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Chapter
6</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <p><a name="Sec5o1"></a><strong><font size="4">5.1
ILLOCUTION</font></strong></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Illocution refers to what in linguistics is usually termed
types of speech acts, i.e., the general purpose of a statement such as whether
it is an assertion, a command, a declaratory pronouncement, a question, a warning,
etc. This is a category which is not generally marked within Western languages
in any consistent grammatical sense, the nearest equivalent grammatical category
usually being Mood. In Ithkuil, Mood (which will be discussed in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Chapter
6</a>) functions in a much narrower grammatical range than in Western languages.
When the moods of Western language actually relate to types of speech acts,
the equivalent function in Ithkuil is shown by the category of Illocution.</p>
<p align="justify">There are seven illocutions in Ithkuil: <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font>,
<font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font>, <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font>, <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font>,
<font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font>, <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> and <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font>.
They distinguish the type of speech act being performed by the speaker, with
a specific focus on the type of commitment being made on the part of either
the speaker or the hearer to the truth or purpose of the utterance. They are
marked by a consonantal affix to the verb which immediately follows the Affiliation/Extension/Conflation
prefix (see <a href="#Sec5o4o1">Section 5.4.1</a>) and precedes the C<font size="1">1</font>
radical consonant. The illocutions and their prefixes are described below.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assertive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> illocution is unmarked
by any affix. The <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> is used to express propositions
which purport to describe or name some act, event, or state in the real world,
with the purpose of committing the hearer to the truth of the proposition. Thus,
an utterance in the <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> illocution is one that can
be believed or disbelieved, and is either true or false. Such utterances would
include general statements, descriptions, and explanations. </p>
<p> </p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DIR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Directive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the affix -<strong>’</strong>- (i.e., the glottal stop). For stems whose
C<font size="1">1</font> radical is a single stop or affricate consonant (i.e.,
<img src="Images/Ch%205/5-1-2a.gif" width="271" height="18" align="absbottom">
plus corresponding ejectives or aspirates) in mutational grades 1 through 8,
this illocution is shown by gemination of the initial consonant of C<font size="1">1</font>
consonantal form rather than by a glottal stop (e.g., <strong> <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">aqq<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absmiddle">wet</font></strong>,
not <font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>a’q<font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absmiddle"></font>wet</strong></font>).
The <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution is for the purpose of committing
the hearer to undertake a course of action represented by the proposition, where
the proposition describes a mental wish, desire, or intention on the part of
the speaker. Thus, an utterance in the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> is one
that is neither true nor false because it is not describing something that purports
to exist in the real world; rather, it describes an act or situation which can
potentially be made real, i.e., that can be fulfilled or carried out. Such utterances
include commands, orders, and requests and would generally be marked in Western
languages by either the imperative, optative, or subjunctive moods. The commitment
on the part of the hearer is not belief or disbelief, but rather whether to
obey, comply with, or grant. <br>
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Commissive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></strong>-
(with alternative affixes -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>m</strong></font>-
or -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">-
where euphonically appropriate). Preceding a C<font size="1">1</font> form beginning
with -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></strong>-,
-<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r</font></strong>-, or -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">-,
the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">m</font></strong>-
is used. The <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font> illocution is similar to the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font>
above, except that the listener and the speaker are the same person, i.e., the
statement is a wish or command directed at oneself as in a promise, vow, pledge,
oath, contract, or guarantee. </p>
<p> </p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EXP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Expressive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">f</font></strong>-,
with alternate forms -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">-
or -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>z</strong></font>- where
euphonically appropriate or where necessary to avoid confusion with a geminated
C<font size="1">1</font> form (i.e., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">azvar</font></strong>
and <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>a<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absmiddle">far</strong></font>
rather than <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">afvar</font></strong>
and <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>affar</strong></font>).
The <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font> is used for various types of specialized
utterances where the truth-value of the proposition is taken for granted and
the commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of acceptance or non-acceptance.
Such utterances include welcomes, offers, congratulations, condolences, and
apologies. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Declarative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font> illocution is marked
by the affix -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ç</strong></font>-
with alternate forms -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p</strong></font>-,
-<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong>- or -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k</strong></font>-
where euphonically appropriate and/or to avoid confusion with a geminated C<font size="1">1</font>
consonantal form. The <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font> is used for utterances
whose purpose is to themselves effect a change upon the real world, based upon
convention, cultural rules, law, subjective authority, or personal authority
or control of a situation. The commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of
recognition or non-recognition. Such utterances include declarations, announcements,
proclamations, and various “performative” expressions. Certain languages
mark this function of a verb using a mood known as hortative. Examples would
be: <em>I dub thee “Clown Master”!, The king will hear all grievances
at noon each day, This court is now in session, We hereby declare this treaty
null and void!</em></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interrogative<a name="Sec5o1o6"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> illocution is marked
by the affix -<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r</font></strong>-
with alternate form -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>n</strong></font>-
used where euphonically appropriate and/or to avoid confusion with a geminated
C<font size="1">1</font> consonantal form. The <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font>
is used for utterances corresponding to questions in other languages. Questions,
as such, do not exist in Ithkuil. All inquiries and interrogatives are treated
as a type of directive in which the speaker tells the addressee to validate
the truth of an assertion or provide missing information specified by an interrogative
affix to a formative, i.e., when using the <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font>,
one is not asking <em>Would you like to dance with me?</em> Rather, one is expressing
what can only be translated either a specialized command <em>(State whether)
you will dance with me</em> or a specialized assertion <em>(I inquire whether)
you will dance with me</em>. One does not say <em>What’s your name?</em>,
but rather <em>Tell me your name</em>. </p>
<p align="justify">Indeed, Ithkuil has no words corresponding to the English words
‘question’ or ‘ask,’ the nearest equivalents being derived
from the words for ‘investigation’ and ‘determine.’
Consequently, there is no question mark used at the end of the sentence, nor
does the pitch of the voice rise as is usual with Western languages when asking
questions. The commitment on the part of the listener in regard to the <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font>
is one of compliance or non-compliance in divulging the information sought,
and the truth value of the utterance is neutral pending the reply.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ADM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Admonitive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the affix -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>l</strong></font>-
with alternate forms -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">-
or -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absbottom">-
used where euphonically appropriate and/or to avoid confusion with a geminated
C<font size="1">1</font> consonantal form. The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font>
is used for admonitions and warnings, corresponding to English phrases such
as ‘(I) caution you lest…,’ ‘(I) warn you against…,’
or ‘Be careful not to….’ The utterance is neither true nor
false because it describes only a potential act or situation which may occur
unless avoided. The commitment on the part of the hearer is to assess the degree
of likelihood of the potentiality, followed by a choice whether to heed or ignore/defy
the utterance. </p>
<h3><br>
5.1.8 Examples of Illocution in Use</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-1-8.gif" width="333" height="508"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown7.GIF" width="83" height="101" border="0"></a><br>
<font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-2.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">___</font>Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-2.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><p><a name="Sec5o2"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.2 VALENCE</strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">In Ithkuil, the term <strong>Valence</strong> is used to refer
to the manner of participation of two separate entities or parties to any given
verb, i.e., participation by one party automatically implies participation by
another party to the same act, event, or state in either a parallel, corollary,
or complementary fashion. Such dual participation occurs naturally in the verbs
of world languages and is the province of what is known as “co-active”
verbs. While all languages implicitly have co-active verbs, Ithkuil explicitly
shows this dual participation in a formal and systematic way. To illustrate
the concept of co-activity in English compare the following pairs of sentences:</p>
<table width="71%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="43%">1a) <em>I found an old man.</em></td>
<td width="7%"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"></td>
<td width="50%">1b) <em>I found an empty can.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2a) <em>I threw the ball at Sam.</em></td>
<td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td>
<td>2b) <em>I threw the ball at the window.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3a) <em>I performed in front of her.</em></td>
<td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td>
<td>3b) <em>I performed in front of the wall.</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Note that the first member of each sentence pair has an animate
object of the verb (<em>an old man, Sam, </em>and<em> her</em>), while the second
member of each pair has an inanimate object (<em>an empty can, the window, </em>and<em>
the wall</em>). Now compare this set of sentence pairs to the similar set below:
</p>
<table width="71%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="39%">1c) <em>I met an old man.</em></td>
<td width="7%"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"></td>
<td width="54%">1d) <em>* I met an empty can.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2c) <em>I threw Sam the ball.</em></td>
<td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td>
<td>2d) <em>* I threw the window the ball.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3c) <em>I entertained her.</em></td>
<td><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif"></td>
<td>3d) <em>* I entertained the wall.</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"> The asterisk * indicates that the second sentence of these
pairs is semantically unacceptable to English speakers. Why?</p>
<p align="justify">The second set of sentence pairs parallel the first set except
that the verbs <em>find</em>, <em>throw at</em>, and <em>perform</em> have been
replaced by the semantically similar <em>meet</em>, <em>throw</em>, and <em>entertain</em>.
Nevertheless, the use of inanimate objects with these latter three verbs appears
unacceptable. The reason is that the verbs in the first set are “mono-active,”
i.e., they do not require that the object participate in the action in any way,
whereas the verbs in the second set are “co-active,” requiring that
the object participate in the action along with the subject. Thus, while I can
<em>find</em> an old man without the old man doing anything about it or even
being aware of it, I cannot <em>meet</em> an old man without the old man also
meeting me. I can <em>throw a ball at Sam</em> without Sam noticing, but if
I <em>throw Sam a ball</em> it implies that he is expected to participate by
catching it. Similarly, I can <em>perform</em> in front of someone even if they’re
asleep, but I can’t <em>entertain</em> them unless they are participating
in the situation by observing me. </p>
<p align="justify">The participatory relationship involving the second party of
a co-active verb differs depending on the context. It can be a parallel relationship
(i.e., both parties participate identically) as implied by the English adverb
‘together’ in <em>He and I jog together</em>, or a reciprocal relationship
as in the sentence <em>I met the old man</em> (i.e., and so he met me) or in
verbs used with the adverbial phrase ‘each other,’ as in <em>We
love each other</em>. The relationship can be one of accompaniment as in <em>I
played along with him</em> (e.g., as he sang), or a complementary relationship
as in <em>I threw Sam the ball</em> (i.e., and so he caught it).</p>
<p align="justify">Other sorts of co-active relationships are possible. It is
the differences in these relationships that are systematized in Ithkuil into
the category called valence. In English and other languages co-activity is rarely
explicit and systematic (the use of adverbs such as ‘together,’
‘each other,’ or prefixes such as ‘out-’ as in <em>out-perform</em>
are some exceptions), and when lexified within a verb itself, are implicitly
specific to that verb, giving rise to monoactive/co-active pairs such as <em>find/meet,
throw at/throw, perform/entertain</em>, etc. </p>
<p align="justify">In Ithkuil, co-activity is explicitly shown morphologically,
and the types of co-active relationships, i.e., the valences of the verb, are
systematic and fully productive for all verbs. As a result, no mono-active versus
co-active lexical distinctions are necessary, i.e., all verbs can function monoactively
as well as co-actively.</p>
<p align="justify">There are fourteen valences in Ithkuil: the <font size="2">MONOACTIVE,
PARALLEL, COROLLARY, RECIPROCAL, COMPLEMENTARY, NONRELATIONAL, DUPLICATIVE,
DEMONSTRATIVE, RESISTIVE, IMITATIVE, CONTINGENT, PARTICIPATIVE, INDICATIVE</font>,
and <font size="2">MUTUAL</font>. Valence is shown by the initial vocalic affix
to a type of adjunct known as either a valence adjunct or a conflational adjunct,
depending on whether the verb manifests a derivative conflation (explained later
in <a href="#Sec5o4">Sec. 5.4</a>). For now we will concentrate solely on the
valence adjunct form. Thirteen of these fourteen vocalic prefixes signify co-active
relationships while the first constitutes a neutral valence corresponding to
monoactivity. The initial prefix also indicates the additional morphological
category of <strong>Version</strong>, a separate morphological category described
later in <a href="#Sec5o3">Section 5.3</a>. </p>
<p align="justify">The form of a valence adjunct is <strong>V<font size="1">v</font></strong>
+ <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">,
where <strong>V<font size="1">v</font></strong> is the vocalic prefix signifying
the valence and version of the verb. These prefixes are shown below in Table
12. Following the table are explanations of each valence. It should be noted
that placement of a glottal stop infix -<strong>’</strong>- between the
<strong>V<font size="1">v</font></strong> prefix and <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
assigns positive focus <strong>+FC</strong> to the main verb.</p>
<p><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a name="Table12"></a>Table
12: Valence / Version* Prefixes</strong></font><br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%205/5-2a.gif" width="599" height="324"> <br>
<font size="2">*</font> <font size="2">see <a href="#Sec5o3">Section 5.3 below</a>
for an explanation of Version</font></p>
<p align="justify"> <br>
The fourteen valences are explained as follows:<br>
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>MNO</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Monoactive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">MONOACTIVE</font> valence is the default
valence and indicates a lack of co-activity, i.e., no participation by a second
party is implied.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Parallel</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARALLEL</font> valence indicates that a
second party is engaging in the same activity as the first party at same time.
It would be used in translating sentences such as <em>The children all sang
together, We both went jogging on the parkway</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CRO</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Corollary</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COROLLARY</font> valence is similar to the
<font size="2">PARALLEL</font>, except that the second party engages in related
activity at the same time as the first party, rather than the same activity.
It would be used in translating sentences such as <em>The children played in
the yard </em>(i.e., each child engaged in a different play activity) or <em>The
band played my favorite song</em> (implying that not everyone in the band was
playing the same instrument, or perhaps that someone in the band sang as opposed
to playing an instrument).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>RCP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Reciprocal<a name="Sec5o2o4"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">RECIPROCAL</font> valence indicates identical
activity by each party directed at the other, thus translating the English adverbial
phrases ‘each other’ and ‘one another,’ as in <em>They
looked at each other, The clown and the grocer despise one another</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Complementary</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPLEMENTARY</font> valence indicates that
the second party performs a complementary activity to that of the first party.
By “complementary” is meant an activity different from that of the
first party, but necessary to complete the whole of the joint activity, i.e.,
the “other half” of the joint activity. This is exemplified in sentences
such as <em>The man and his son played catch, Hortense took me into the woods,
The clown read the children a story</em>, where ‘played catch’ implies
the complementary activities of throwing and catching, ‘took (into the
woods)’ implies someone leading while the other follows, and ‘read’
implies a reader and an audience.</p>
<p align="justify"></p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>NNR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Nonrelational</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">NONRELATIONAL</font> valence indicates that
a second party engages in a completely unrelated activity from the first, i.e.,
an incidental or circumstantial co-activity. There is no direct way to exemplify
this valence in English translation other than to add a periphrastic clause
such as ‘while the other did something else’ as in <em>He shaved
while she did something else</em>. The way an Ithkuil sentence would utilize
this valence would be in sentences overtly constructed to say, for example,
‘They were in the house’ with the <font size="2">NONRELATIONAL</font>
valence rendering a connotation of ‘…where one party was doing one
thing while the other did something else.’</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DUP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Duplicative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DUPLICATIVE</font> valence indicates that
the second party copies or repeats the activity of the first party, as in the
sentences <em>Let’s draw a picture</em> (i.e., I’ll draw it first,
then you draw the same picture), <em>They both read that book</em> (i.e., first
one, then the other), <em>I bought a new car</em> (i.e., and now someone else
is buying a new car, too).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Demonstrative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DEMONSTRATIVE</font> valence indicates that
the first party demonstrates for the second party how to do something or what
to do. Thus an Ithkuil sentence constructed as <em>We played chess</em> with
the verb in the <font size="2">DEMONSTRATIVE</font> valence would mean ‘I
showed her how to play chess,’ while the sentence constructed as <em>They
fought us</em> in this valence would mean ‘They taught us how to fight.’</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>RES</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Resistive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">RESISTIVE</font> valence indicates that
the second party resists or attempts to avoid participating in the activity
of the first party. This sense can sometimes be suggested in English using the
adverbs ‘anyway,’ ‘nevertheless,’ or adverbial phrases
such as ‘just the same,’ as in sentences such as <em>We took the
children to see the clowns anyway</em> (i.e., they didn’t want to go),
<em>They fed me liver just the same</em> (i.e., I can’t stand liver),
<em>Nevertheless, he told us the story</em> (i.e., despite our not wanting to
hear it).</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.10</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IMT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Imitative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">IMITATIVE</font> valence indicates that
the second party mimics, imitates, or attempts to duplicate the activity of
the first party. The Ithkuil sentence <em>The clown juggled three balls for
the child</em> in the <font size="2">IMITATIVE</font> valence implies that the
child attempted to juggle the balls as well.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.11</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CNG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Contingent</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONTINGENT</font> valence indicates that
the second party engages in the next or dependent phase of a multi-part activity,
the specific activity being dependent on context. Thus the Ithkuil sentence
<em>I started the campfire for my friend</em> in the <font size="2">CONTINGENT</font>
implies that the friend then performed the next logical step, i.e., he cooked
the food.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.12</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PTI</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Participative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PARTICIPATIVE</font> valence indicates that
the parties take part in an activity involving a greater whole, translatable
by the English phrase ‘take part in.…’ Thus, the Ithkuil sentence
<em>They raced </em>in the <font size="2">PARTICIPATIVE</font> means ‘They
each took part in the race.’</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.13</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IDC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Indicative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INDICATIVE</font> valence indicates that
the second party perceives a cue, nuance, or implication from the first party’s
activity. Thus the sentence <em>I looked at her</em> in the <font size="2">INDICATIVE</font>
would mean ‘She understood what I meant from my looking at her’
while the sentence <em>I spoke to them</em> would mean ‘They gleaned what
I really meant from my words.’</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.2.14</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>MUT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Mutual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">MUTUAL</font> valence indicates that both
parties alternate performing an activity, as in <em>She and I take turns cleaning</em>
or <em>They both alternate teaching the beginning and advanced classes</em>.</p>
<h3><br>
5.2.15 Examples of Valence in Use</h3>
<p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-2-15a.gif" width="473" height="105"> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown1.GIF" width="102" height="102" border="0" align="top"></a></strong><strong><br>
<font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-3.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">
</font>Listen!</a> <a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-3.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font>
<br>
</strong></p>
<p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-2-15b.gif" width="543" height="256"></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><p><a name="Sec5o3"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.3 VERSION</strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Version refers to a six-way aspectual distinction indicating
whether the verb refers to an act, event or state which is goal- or result-oriented,
and/or whether it has been successfully actualized subsequent to one’s
initial intention. Like many Ithkuil morphological categories, version addresses
semantic distinctions which are usually rendered by lexical differentiation
(i.e., word choice) in other languages. </p>
<p align="justify">Version is shown by one of six forms of the vocalic valence
prefix to a conflational adjunct as previously discussed and shown in <a href="#Table12">Sec.
5.2, Table 12</a>). The six versions are <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font>, <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font>,
<font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, <font size="2">POSITIVE</font>
and <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font>. They are explained below.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Processual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> describes all acts, conditions,
or events which are ends in themselves and not goal-oriented, i.e., are not
focused on an anticipated outcome or final purpose toward which a progressive
effort is being made. It is the default or neutral version and is shown by the
first form of the valence prefix (as shown in <a href="#Table12">Table 12</a>)
or, where there is no conflational or valence adjunct, is unmarked.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Completive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> describes acts, conditions,
or events which achieve, or are intended to achieve, an anticipated outcome,
i.e., which are oriented toward the achievement of some purpose, outcome, or
final state. Such a distinction is usually handled by word choice in Western
languages. The dynamism of version can be seen in the following comparisons:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="2"><strong>PROCESSUAL <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
COMPLETIVE</strong></font></p>
<p><em>hunt <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to hunt down <br>
to be losing <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to lose <br>
to study <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to learn <br>
to be winning <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to win<br>
to strive for <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to accomplish, achieve <br>
to risk <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to defeat the odds; win<br>
to work <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to build, construct, make <br>
to displace; infiltrate <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
infest, to take over; vanquish<br>
to pour out <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to drain <br>
to remove (incrementally) <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to eliminate<br>
to increase <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to maximize <br>
to read <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to read to the end; finish reading<br>
to decrease <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
minimize <br>
to flank <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to surround<br>
to enlarge <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to make gigantic <br>
to spread upon or over <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to cover, engulf, envelop<br>
to shrink <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
miniaturize <br>
to chase <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to catch up to<br>
to eat <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> eat
all up <br>
to pursue <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to capture<br>
to compete <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to win <br>
to be pregnant <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to give birth<br>
to throw at <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to hit (with a throw) <br>
to run low on <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to run out of, deplete<br>
to grow <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to grow up <br>
to use <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> use
up<br>
to possess, hold <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> to keep <br>
to tear/ rip <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to tear/rip up or to pieces<br>
to join together <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to unify <br>
to accelerate, speed up <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to achieve maximum speed<br>
to pour into <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to fill (up) <br>
to bleed <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to bleed to death<br>
to run <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> to
run all the way <br>
to descend, go down <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to get to the bottom<br>
to brighten <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to illuminate <br>
to decelerate, slow down <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to stop<br>
to search for, seek <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to find <br>
to polish <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to burnish<br>
to practice <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to perfect <br>
to darken <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to make dark<br>
to ascend, rise <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to reach the top <br>
to explore <img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">
to discover</em></p>
</blockquote>
<br>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ineffectual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">This version, the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, and the
next, the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, operate in parallel fashion to
the <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> and the <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font>
versions respectively but are specific to acts, events, or states initially
expressed (whether explicitly or implicitly) as unrealized intentions, attempts,
desires, needs, etc., often in conjunction with a modality affix to the verb
(see <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</a>). Such “unrealized”
verbs are exemplified in the following sentences: <em>I want to dance, She needs
to work, I tried to finish, She must find him, I choose to celebrate</em>. Each
of these sentences in itself does not specify whether the action was “realized”
or not, i.e., just because I want to dance doesn’t necessarily mean that
I actually do dance; her need to work doesn’t tell us by itself whether
she in fact will work, etc.</p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> version indicates that
the outcome of an “unrealized” <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font>
verb is unsuccessful. Thus the sentence <em>I want to dance</em> in the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>
would be translated as <em>I want to dance but I’m not going to</em>,
while the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>
means <em>I tried to eat but couldn’t</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Incompletive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font> version indicates that
the outcome of an “unrealized” <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font>
verb is unsuccessful. It functions identically to the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>,
except that it refers to a verb that is result/goal-oriented, as illustrated
in the comparative chart shown above for the <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font>
version. Thus, the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>
means <em>I tried to eat all of it but couldn’t</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PST</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Positive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Complementing the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font>
version indicates an intention brought to reality. Thus the sentence <em>I want
to dance</em> in the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> would be translated as <em>I
want to dance and so I’m going to</em>, while the sentence <em>I tried
to eat</em> in the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> means <em>I succeeded in eating
something</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EFC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Effective</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Likewise, the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> version complements
the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, indicating the same successful effort
implied by the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> version, only applied to goal-/result-oriented
verbs. Thus <em>I wanted to finish</em> in the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font>
implies that the desire was successfully carried out; <em>I tried to eat</em>
in the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> means <em>I succeeded in eating it all
up</em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br>
5.3.7 Examples of Version in Use</h3>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-3-7.gif" width="609" height="375">
<br>
<strong><font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-4.mp3">Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-4.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font>
<br>
</strong> </p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><p><a name="Sec5o4"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.4 CONFLATION, DERIVATION
AND FORMAT</strong></font></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Many languages, including English, are able to combine two separate meanings
into a single verb, a process termed <strong>conflation</strong>. This is illustrated
in the following English sentences:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>1. <em>He bicycled south. = </em>He traveled south by bicycle.<br>
2. <em>She dolled herself up</em>. = She made herself look as pretty as a
doll.<br>
3. <em>They’re shelving the books</em>. = They’re putting the
books on the shelf/shelves.<br>
4. <em>Slide me a beer</em>. = Give me a beer by sliding it (e.g., along the
bar).</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">The above sentences show four verbs which respectively carry
inherent senses of vector movement, transformation, positioning/placement, and
giving. The patterning of such “conflated” verbs is usually random
and haphazard in any given language. For example, the English <em>to bicycle</em>
in sentence (1) means ‘to travel by means of bicycle,’ not ‘to
make a bicycle’ or ‘to be a bicycle.’ On the other hand, the
verb <em>to doll up</em> does not mean to ‘travel by doll,’ but
rather ‘to make appear like a doll.’ Yet, <em>to shelve</em> means
‘to place on a shelf,’ not ‘to travel by means of shelves’
or ‘to make appear like a shelf.’ And none of the verbs in the first
three sentences connotes the idea of giving or conveyance as does <em>slide</em>
in sentence (4).</p>
<p align="justify">As can be seen, verb conflation is essentially a “short-cut”
way of combining an unspoken primary verbal sense (such as movement, transformation,
placement, giving, etc.) with an overtly expressed verb that conveys a secondary
sense such as means, manner, or location. This can be formally notated for our
four sentences above as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">He [1:
(TRAVEL+past tense) south] [2: (BY-MEANS-OF) bicycle] <br>
=<em> <strong>He bicycled south</strong></em>.</font></p>
<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">She [1:
(CAUSE-TO-RESEMBLE+past tense+reflexive)] [2: (IN-THE-MANNER-OF) doll] <br>
= <em><strong>She dolled herself up</strong></em>.</font></p>
<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">They [1:
(PUT+progressive) the books] [2: (TO-LOCATION-OF) shelves] <br>
= <em><strong>They’re shelving the books</strong></em>.</font></p>
<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[1: (GIVE+imperative)]
a beer [2: (BY-MEANS-OF) sliding] to me <br>
= <em><strong>Slide me a beer</strong></em>.</font></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">Note that the particular unspoken covert and overt senses (shown
by the numerals 1 and 2 in the above analyses) are specific to any given verb
and must be subjectively learned by the listener, i.e., a speaker of English
must learn that <em>to hand</em> means to GIVE by MEANS of one’s hand,
but <em>to shoulder</em> does <strong>not</strong> mean to GIVE by MEANS of
one’s shoulder. </p>
<p align="justify">Thus, while conflation of verbs presents a potential opportunity
for instantiating verbs with patterns of overt and covert meaning, the lack
of systemization prevents one from knowing with certainty what pattern to use
when attempting to interpret the usage of a verb form. For example, imagine
an English speaker using a new verb form such as ‘to apple,’ as
in <em>Let’s ‘apple’ today</em>. Would this mean <em>to pick
apples?, to eat apples?, to plant apples?, to bake apples?, to buy apples?,
to turn something into an apple?, to wear apple-related clothing?</em> Without
a standardized system of conflation, the meaning of such a form could only be
learned from hearing others using it in context.</p>
<p align="justify">Ithkuil systemizes verb conflation into a complex, productive
scheme, in which a verb can convey any of eight covert senses, called <strong>formats</strong>,
which can then conflate with seven primary overt senses and 245 derivative overt
senses to theoretically yield 2016 possible semantic combinations. In this manner
the Ithkuil verb corresponding to English <em>to shelve</em>, can by systematic
conflation be made to indicate meanings as diverse as:</p>
<table width="62%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="8%" height="152"><em><br>
</em></td>
<td width="42%"><em>to build shelves<br>
to be a shelf <br>
to make straight as a shelf<br>
to remain a shelf <br>
to seem like a shelf <br>
to support on a shelf<br>
to compare shelves <br>
to reserve a shelf </em></td>
<td width="50%"><em>to convey with a shelf<br>
to make as long as a shelf <br>
to cover with shelves <br>
to arrange on shelves<br>
to place on a shelf<br>
to hurt someone with a shelf <br>
to push using a shelf <br>
to exchange for a shelf</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Note, however, that being completely systematic for all verbs,
the Ithkuil conflation system generates forms which, for any particular verb,
will often be semantically questionable, even anomalous, e.g., <em>to travel
by shelf, to taste of shelves, to make as warm as a shelf, to spend time as
a shelf</em>, etc. (The fact that such semantically anomalous forms are morphologically
permissible presents no problem from a logical perspective and is inherent in
human language, as exemplified in English by morphologically permissible but
semantically anomalous forms such as ‘re-laugh’ or ‘co-beer.’)</p>
<p align="justify">The specifics of primary conflation, format, and derivative
conflation are detailed in the following sections.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<h3 align="justify"><a name="Sec5o4o1"></a>5.4.1 (Primary) Conflation</h3>
<p align="justify">Primary Conflation, which we will hereafter simply termed Conflation,
refers to seven overt senses with which the main verb conflates. These conflations
are shown in conjunction with Affiliation and Extension by a vocalic prefix
to the main verb. We previously encountered these prefixes for nouns in Table
11 of <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">Sec 3.4</a>.
Here, these prefixes are expanded to include the seven primary conflations.
The senses of the seven conflations are explained in Table 13 below, while the
prefixes themselves are shown in Table 14.</p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
<strong>Table 13: Conflations</strong></font></p>
<table width="84%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<td><div align="center"><font size="2"><strong>LABEL</strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="2"><strong>CONFLATION</strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="2"><strong>MEANING</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPR</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">To perform the action
of X; to do what X does; to carry out X’s function</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STA</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stative manifestation,
i.e. to be in a (temporary) state; does NOT mean “be” in the
sense of copula identification as in “I am John”</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MNF</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">To manifest or be identified
as a specific entity; this is the nearest equivalent to the “be”
copula of identification in Western languages</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DSP</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Descriptive manifestation,
i.e., to appear or manifest in the manner of; this sense is the nearest
Ithkuil equivalent to English adjectives</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ATV</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Either action or motion
<em>in situ</em>, i.e., action performed or movement in place (as in shaking,
spinning, wagging, jumping, etc.)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PSN</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Position or location,
i.e. to be situated in a location/position in space</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ICH</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Transformation from
one state to another or formation of an identity</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> <br>
<br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 14: Conflation Prefixes
by Extension & Affiliation</strong></font><br>
<br>
<img src="Images/Ch%205/5-4-1.gif" width="718" height="549"> <br>
<em>*</em> <font size="2">This <strong>a-</strong> prefix is optional if the
nominal versus verbal status of the formative can be determined from other morphological
elements or if the meaning of the phrase or sentence is clear regardless of
knowing the formative's nominal or verbal status.</font><br>
</p>
<h3><a name="Sec5o4o2"></a>5.4.2 Format </h3>
<p align="justify">As described above, any conflated verb carries both an overt
sense and a covert sense. The covert sense constitutes the <strong>format</strong>
of the verb. Format is shown by variation in the -<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
suffix to a valence adjunct, as previously described in <font color="#FF0000"><a href="#Sec5o2">Sec.
5.2</a></font>. The eight formats are explained in Table 15 below along with
their respective suffixes to a valence adjunct. </p>
<p align="justify">The astute reader may have noted in Table 14 above that the
prefixes for the <font size="2">OPERATIVE</font> conflation are the same as
the default (i.e., “conflation-less”) Extension/Affiliation prefixes
for nouns previously shown in Table 11 of <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">Sec.
3.4</a>. One may ask, then, how one knows whether or not these particular prefixes
are meant to show <font size="2">OPERATIVE</font> conflation on a formative.
The answer is that, in the absence of one of the formats below, the prefixes
do not indicate such conflation.</p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><br>
Table 15: Format Suffixes to Valence/Version Adjuncts</strong></font></p>
<table width="81%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><strong><font size="2">LABEL</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td width="19%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">FORMAT</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">SUFFIX</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">EXPLANATION (COVERT
SENSE OF VERB)</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SCH</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SCHEMATIC</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/m-double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="24" height="13"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies the manner of the conflated primary sense, e.g., <em>I’m
speeding through the book</em> = reading speedily; <em>Clouds blanketed
the city</em> = cover like a blanket</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ISR</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INSTRUMENT-ATIVE</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="10" height="16" align="absmiddle"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates the means,
cause, or instrument of causation of the conflated primary sense, e.g.,
<em>I clubbed him</em> = I hit him with a club; <em>She drove him there</em>
= She transported him there by driving </font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ATH</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AUTHORITIVE</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-cedilla-acute.gif" width="15" height="16" align="absbottom"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies the indirect/enabling cause or circumstance which gives rise
to the conflated primary sense, e.g., <em>He sang her cares away</em> =
his singing allowed her to forget her cares</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRECURRENT</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-grave.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absbottom"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies an initial event immediately preceding or continuing on into
the conflated sense, where the overt sense is not the cause of the conflated
sense, i.e., the conflated sense would have occurred anyway, e.g., <em>I
bought some lunch</em> (conflated sense: EAT)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">RSL</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">RESULTATIVE</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/rr-cedilla-grave.gif" width="13" height="18" align="absbottom"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies the concurrent result of the conflated sense, i.e., an event
which occurs in conjunction with the conflated sense but is also caused
by it, e.g., <em>The plane crashed into the water</em> (conflated sense:
FLY)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SBQ</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUBSEQUENT</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/mm-grave.gif" width="25" height="16" align="absbottom"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies the subsequent cause-and-effect result or purpose (not the
concurrent result) of the conflated sense, e.g., <em>I’ll look in
on the stew</em> (conflated sense: GO [to kitchen])</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CCM</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CONCOMITTANT</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-double%20grave.gif" width="7" height="14"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies an incidental simultaneous event having no causal relationship,
e.g., <em>She wore jeans to church</em> (conflated sense: GO); <em>He sweated
through her recital</em> (Conflated sense: LISTEN)</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999"> <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OBJ</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OBJECTIVE</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center">-<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/rr-cedilla-acute.gif" width="13" height="17" align="absmiddle"></div></td>
<td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Indicates that the
verb specifies the Patient (see <font color="#FF0000"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o1">Sec.
4.1.1</a></font>) of the underlying conflated sense, e.g., <em>She dusted
the table</em> (conflated sense: REMOVE); <em>They fish that river each
spring</em> (conflated sense: GATHER/COLLECT)</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 align="justify"> <br>
<br>
5.4.3 Derivation and Conflation Adjuncts<a name="Sec5o4o3"></a></h3>
<p align="justify">In addition to the seven primary conflations signified by vocalic
prefix to the verb, there are 245 additional overt conflation senses which utilize
the same seven verbal prefix patterns in conjunction with an additional conflation
adjunct preceding the verb. Because these 245 conflations are derived by adding
a special adjunct to the verb along with the same verb prefixes of the seven
primary conflations, they are called derivations, to distinguish them from the
seven conflations. Note that when a derivation is present (evidenced by a conflation
adjunct), it is the derivation that determines the conflative meaning of the
verb, not the conflation shown by the main verb.</p>
<p align="justify">The conflation adjunct used with these derivations is the same
adjunct as the valence adjunct already analyzed in <a href="#Sec5o2">Section
5.2</a>. By adding an additional consonantal prefix and the consonantal format
suffix from <a href="#Sec5o4o2">Sec. 5.4.2</a> above, we generate the following
formula:</p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>
+ V<font size="1">V</font> + C<font size="1">K</font></strong></font>, where:</p>
<p align="justify"><strong>V<font size="1">V</font></strong> = A vocalic prefix
signifying the valence and version of the verb, as previously described in <a href="#Sec5o2">Sections
5.2</a> and <a href="#Sec5o3">5.3</a> above and shown in <a href="#Table12">Table
12</a>. In its basic form, <strong>V<font size="1">V</font></strong> always
begins either with a vowel, <em>w</em> + vowel, or <em>y </em>+ vowel.</p>
<p align="justify"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> = A single consonant
form signifying a pattern of derivative conflation, whose exact meaning is dependent
on which of the seven primary conflation patterns is shown by the vocalic prefix
of the verb itself. For example, where <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong>
is <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font></strong>,
the actual conflationary meaning differs depending on whether the main verb
shows the <font size="2">OPERATIVE, STATIVE, MANIFESTIVE, DESCRIPTIVE, ACTIVE</font>,
<font size="2">POSITIONAL </font> or <font size="2">INCHOATIVE</font> pattern.
Additionally, each <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> has three variations
depending on whether <strong>V<font size="1">V</font></strong> above begins
with a vowel, begins with <strong>w</strong>- or with <strong>y</strong>-. Where
<strong>Vv</strong> begins with a vowel, the first form of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong>
(labelled <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong>) is used; where <strong>Vv</strong>
has an initial <strong>w</strong>-, the second form of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong>
(labelled <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong>) is used and the initial
<strong>w</strong>- to <strong>Vv</strong> is dropped; where <strong>Vv</strong>
begins with <strong>y</strong>-, the third form of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong>
(labelled <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong>) is used and the initial
<strong>y</strong>- to <strong>Vv</strong> is dropped.</p>
<p align="justify"> For example, the forms of <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong>
= <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font></strong>
are as follows: <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong> = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font></strong>,
<strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong> = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">b</font></strong>,
and <strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong> = <strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</font>’</strong>.
Thus, combining <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong> = <strong>p</strong>
with the valence adjunct forms <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ei</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">,
<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wei</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">,
and <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yei</font></strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
we get the following results:</p>
<table width="75%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p
+ ei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
= pei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"></font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p
+ wei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
= bei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
</font></strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p
+ yei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">
= p’ei<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle"></font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><br>
<strong>C<font size="1">K</font></strong> = One of the eight format suffixes
shown in <a href="#Sec5o4o2">Sec. 5.4.2</a> above, indicating the covert sense
of the conflated verb. </p>
<p align="justify">Examples of basic conflation adjuncts are <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>bram<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absbottom">,
téu<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-cedilla-grave.gif" width="15" height="15" align="absmiddle">,
wiu<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">,
llëu<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-bar%20double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="13" height="16">,
and cÿ<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla%20double%20plus%20accent.gif" width="15" height="16" align="absmiddle">ua.
</strong></font></p>
<p align="justify">The following tables show the <strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong>
prefixes and the overt senses associated with these derivations.</p>
<p align="justify"><br>
<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tables 16-1 through 16-40:
Derivations</font></strong></p>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%">
<div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%">
<div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%">
<div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7">
<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p<br>
</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7">
<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">b</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7">
<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>do, undertake, take on</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>mentally envision</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be in a certain position, put, place</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>feel, emote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>attend to, deal with</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>translative motion; move from one place to another</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>happen, occur, take place</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">d</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>use, utilize</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>stay, remain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>comprise, make up, include</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>resemble (physically)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>act, function</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>arrange, set up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>make, create</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absmiddle"></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absbottom"></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" align="absmiddle"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>get, induce to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>depend upon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>model, emulate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>resemble (behaviorally)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>touch, feel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>distribute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>build, construct</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">g</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>let, permit, allow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>think, speculate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>organize, coordinate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>resemble (physically and behaviorally)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>handle, manipulate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>disseminate, distribute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>develop into</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/g-dot.gif" width="12" height="19" align="bottom"></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q</strong>’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have (someone do something)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>analyze, reason</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have order, delineate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have three-dimensional form or shape of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>strike, impact, hit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>contain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>grow, raise</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>f</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>v</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>p<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absbottom"></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>persuade, cajole</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>learn, study</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>substitute (identity)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have or take shape, form or outline of, e.g., the posse ringed them in</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>shake, spasm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>enclose</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>strive, pursue</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17"></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>t<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17" align="absbottom"></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>influence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>remember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>play role of, act as</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>texture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>touch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>inhabit, store</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>ameliorate, repair, fix</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/c-cedilla.gif" width="6" height="16"></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Yv.gif" width="12" height="19"></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla%20aspirated.gif" width="18" height="20"></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>urge, motivate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>see</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>declare, pronounce</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>compare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>derive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>inundate with, overwhelm </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="27"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>strengthen</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>x</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Gv.gif" width="12" height="21"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17"></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hint at, suggest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hear</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>present</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>impute, ascribe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>gather, collect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>shelter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>enhance, improve</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">l</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/x-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Rv.gif" width="7" height="16"></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>q<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/aspiration-h.gif" width="4" height="17"></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>attract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>smell, have odor of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>exemplify, provide model for</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>imitate, mimic, act like</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>kill</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>release, let out</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="27"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>open, reveal (physically make visible/available)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>m</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>mm</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hm</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>obey, comply</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>taste</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>introduce</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be similar, have similarity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>regulate, establish rule</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>traverse, follow path, go</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>to (be) open, to (be/set) ajar</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>n</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>nn</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hn</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>substitute (use)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>sense, intuit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>embody, example of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>mean, signify</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>embellish, decorate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>journey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>close, seal, hold fast</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>l</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ll</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hl</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>play, recreate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>alive, living</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>mark, reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>point out, indicate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>activate, turn on</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>convey, transfer, transport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>find, discover</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="5%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="25%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="54%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>l</strong></font><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">l</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-eng%20geminate.gif" width="17" height="12" align="absbottom"></font></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">h<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>work, toil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have aura or air of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>explain, show how</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>wave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>prove, demonstrate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>lift, ascend, raise</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>reveal (figuratively), let know</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>h</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/h-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="19" align="absbottom"></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hh</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>command</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be ill, be sick</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>support (figurative)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>imbue with</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>create art, compose</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>lower, descend</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>join, connect</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>r</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>rr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>hr</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>practice, rehearse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>injury, be injured</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>procure, obtain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>(de)limit, constrain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>consume, use (up)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>push, contact</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>establish, ordain, to found</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" align="absmiddle"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" align="absmiddle"></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>h<img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/r-cedilla.gif" align="absbottom"></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>choose, select</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>engage in</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>acknowledge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>different(iate)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>follow/disciple</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>pull, draw</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>fuse, blend, mix</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/l-slash.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18"></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>try out, ‘taste’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>please, enjoy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>visit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have height, be tall</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>manage, oversee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>destination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>illuminate</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>s</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>z</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ss</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>probe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>pass time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>host</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have width, be wide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>relieve of, strip of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>originate (from)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>determine, ascertain</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-cedilla.gif" width="14" height="15"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14"></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>facilitate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>occupy space, ‘cover’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>project, emanate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have depth, be deep</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>surrender, succumb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>arrive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be new</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Zv.gif" width="9" height="16"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16"></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>support (physically)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>value, have value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>honor, respect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have length, be long</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>experiment, test</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>spread, overtake</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>react</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>c</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-bar.gif" width="9" height="11" align="absbottom"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>c’</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>ally (with)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>relish, adore</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>sanction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have volume, have size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>cover, apply</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>conceal, hide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>enlarge, increase</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/C%20dot.gif" width="9" height="14"></strong></font></strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-dot.gif" width="9" height="15"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/C%20dot.gif" width="9" height="14" align="absmiddle"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>’</strong></font></strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>do right, best thing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>experience, undergo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>emphasize</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>have weight or mass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>uphold, preserve</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>seek, search, look for</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>shrink, decrease</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15"></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>j</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>respond, reply</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>behave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>encounter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be rectilinear, be squarely aligned</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>maintain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>circle, revolve, orbit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>clean</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>pl</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>pr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">bl</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>speak, talk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>imply</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>reserve</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>critique, criticize</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>explore</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>exchange for</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>heal, treat</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>tl</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>tr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>dl</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hail, acknowledge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>distinguish</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>write</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>teach, train</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>entertain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>read</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>help, aid</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kl</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>kr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>gl</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hunt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>protect, keep safe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>provide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be fair, be just</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>dominate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>remove, rid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>ensure, certain</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>fl</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>fr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>br</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>harm, damage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>nurture, succor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>undermine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be unfair or unjust</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>counteract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>trap, catch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>ruin, break, render useless</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">l</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">r</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>dr</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>conduct, hold (e.g., a meeting)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hang, suspend</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>carry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>learned in</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>render harmless, subdue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>set aright, position optimally</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>cook, prepare food</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>xl</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>xr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>gr</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>give</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>flap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>obsession</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>characterize</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>take</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>be upright, vertical</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>generate, give rise to</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sl</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sr</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>zl</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>wear</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>secure, lock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>study</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>suffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>bring</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>be horizontal, be flat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>draw forth, bring out</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">l</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom">r</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-cedilla.gif" width="14" height="15" align="absbottom">l</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hold</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>opine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>tolerate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>argue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>send</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>be perpendicular, be at right angle to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>approach</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"><div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16" align="absmiddle">l</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Sv.gif" width="8" height="16" align="absmiddle">r</strong></font></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><img src="Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Zv.gif" width="9" height="16" align="absmiddle">l</strong></font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>harass, bother</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>lay, lie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>hide</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>endanger</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>assault, attack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>avoid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>treachery</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ks</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">gz</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kst</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>commit immoral act</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>commit error</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>dote upon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>trick, pull a ruse </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>illegal act</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>run</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>bandy, play with</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ps<br>
</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">bz</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">pst</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>reward</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>prepare, make ready</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>extract, take out of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>ceremony/ritual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>curtail, stop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>linger, hang around</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>subsidize</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">st</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sn</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">st’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>waste</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>make difficult, trouble</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>circumvent, hinder</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>be or act belligerently, be hostile</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>impede, block</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>set foot in or upon, enter into or onto, be in presence of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>eat/ingest</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="72%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="6%"> <div align="center"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="27%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATION PREFIX<br>
OF MAIN VERB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="55%"> <div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CONFLATIVE MEANING
OF DERIVATION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sp<br>
</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sm</font></strong></div></td>
<td rowspan="7"> <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">sp’</font></strong></div></td>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPERATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>practice, perform practice of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">STATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>disregard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MANIFESTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>joke, play around, have fun with</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DESCRIPTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>ridicule, make fun of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ACTIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>violate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
<td>trespass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCHOATIVE</font></strong></td>
<td>align, be in alignment</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><br>
<br>
5.4.4 Examples of Conflation, Derivation and Format in Use</h3>
<p><strong><img src="Images/Ch%205/5-4-4.gif" width="591" height="576"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-5.mp3"><img src="Images/Clowns/Clown5.GIF" width="79" height="97" border="0"></a><br>
<font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-5.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">__</font>Listen!</a>
<a href="Sound_Files/Ch-5-5.mp3"><img src="Images/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font>
</strong></p>
<p align="right"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm" target="mainFrame">Chapter
5 continued >></a></font></strong></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
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<td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a
Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td>
<td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9
Syntax</a></font></font></div></td>
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<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10
Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1
Phonology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6
More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11
The Script </a></font></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2
Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a
Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12
The Number System</a></font></font></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3
Basic Morphology</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The
Lexicon</a></font></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="top"> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4
Case Morphology </a></font> </td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8
Adjuncts</a></font></td>
<td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
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