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<h2 align="center" class="style2">Ilaksh: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</h2>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="22%" rowspan="7"><div align="center"><span class="style2"><img src="images/ilaksh-logo.gif" alt="Ilaksh Logo" width="140" height="159" align="top" /></span></div></td>
<td width="23%"><p class="style3"> </p></td>
<td width="24%"><p class="style3"> </p></td>
<td width="31%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="18"><span class="style17"><a href="index.html">Home</a></span></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_4.html"><span class="style17">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_9.html"><span class="style17">9 Syntax</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="18"><span class="style17"><a href="Ilaksh_Intro.html">Introduction</a></span></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_5.html"><span class="style17">5 Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_10.html"><span class="style17">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="18"><a href="Chapter_1.html"><span class="style17">1 Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_6.html"><span class="style17">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_11.htm"><span class="style17">11 The Writing System</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chapter_2.html"><span class="style17">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_7.html"><span class="style17">7 Suffixes</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_12.htm"><span class="style17">12 The Number System</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chapter_3.html"><span class="style17">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_8.html"><span class="style17">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Lexicon.htm"><span class="style17">The Lexicon</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="21"> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<h2 align="center" class="style5">Chapter 5: Verb Morphology </h2>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="2%"> </td>
<td width="33%"> </td>
<td width="19%"><a href="#Sec5o1">5.1 Mood</a> </td>
<td width="2%"> </td>
<td width="39%"><a href="#Sec5o5">5.5 Version </a> </td>
<td width="2%"> </td>
<td width="3%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o2">5.2 Case-Frames</a> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o6">5.6 Aspect</a> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o3">5.3 Phase </a> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o7">5.7 Illocution </a> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o4">5.4 Sanction </a> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="#Sec5o8">5.8 Level</a> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The Ilaksh verbal formative (termed “verb” in
this chapter for simplicity’s sake) is the workhorse of the language,
inflecting for twenty-one different morphological categories. These include
the seven categories shared by all formatives and already discussed in <a href="Chapter_3.html">Chapter
3</a>: <strong>Configuration, Affiliation, Perspective, Extension, Essence,
Context, </strong>and<strong> Designation</strong>. Additionally the following
fourteen categories apply solely to verbs: <strong>Mood, </strong><strong>Function, Illocution, Level, Case-Frame, Format, Modality, Valence, Validation, Phase,
Sanction, Version,
Aspect, </strong>and<strong> Bias</strong>. The verb can also
theoretically take any number of the over 1300 suffixes available to formatives.
Such suffixes are analyzed in <a href="Chapter_7.html" target="mainFrame">Chapter
7</a>. </p>
<p align="justify">The full structure of a Ilaksh verbal formative is in two parts,
i.e., having two distinct words, these being a<strong> valence/modality</strong><strong> adjunct</strong>
and the <strong>verb</strong> itself. In simple sentences, the valence/modality adjunct may be missing. The following extreme example of a fully inflected
Ilaksh verb illustrates all the morphological components of the two-word structure:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="center" class="style12">höčoum-mūi’ň uçweu’çrunsta’ūiđxö <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312010602id_/http:/ithkuil.net/ilaksh/sound_files/5-0.mp3" target="_blank"><font size="2">LISTEN</font></a></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312010602id_/http:/ithkuil.net/ilaksh/sound_files/5-0.mp3" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312010602id_/http:/ithkuil.net/ilaksh/images/Audio_icon.gif" alt="audio" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="baseline" /></a></p>
</blockquote>
<table width="75%" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="5">
<tr valign="top">
<td width="50%"><blockquote>
<p><font size="+1"><span class="style7"><strong>h.ö.č.ou.m-m.ūi.’ň</strong></span></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Validation: PRESUMPTIVE 2 <br />
Valence: DEMONSTRATIVE <br />
Incorporated Stem: <strong>čō</strong> <em>‘make/construct’</em><br />
Designation of Incorporated Stem: FORMAL <br />
Modality: DESIDERATIVE<br />
Aspect 1: REGRESSIVE </font><br />
<span class="style7"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Bias: COINCIDENTAL</font></span></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td width="50%"><blockquote>
<p><font size="+1"><strong>u.<span class="style7"><font size="+1"><strong>ç</strong></font></span>w.eu’.<span class="style7"><font size="+1"><strong>çr.</strong></font>u.n.s</span>t.a’ūi.đx.ö</strong></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Level: SURPASSIVE-RELATIVE <br />
Illocution: COMMISSIVE <br />
Designation: FORMAL
<br />
Essence: REPRESENTATIVE <br />
Format: AUTHORITIVE<br />
<span class="style6"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="style7">Apect 2: IMMINENT<br />
Phase: RECURRENT<br />
Sanction: REFUTATIVE<br />
Version: COMPLETIVE</span><br />
</font></span></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Function: INCHOATIVE<br />
Root: <strong>stā</strong> <em>‘chamber; spatial enclosure’</em><br />
Case-Frame: CONCESSIVE<br />
Extension: PROXIMAL<br />
Perspective: ABSTRACT<br />
Configuration: COMPOSITE<br />
Affiliation: COALESCENT<br />
Mood: SUBJUNCTIVE<br />
Context: AMALGAMATIVE
</font></p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">A highly stilted but approximate English translation of the
above, capturing as many of the nuances of the Ilaksh phrase as possible, would
be: ‘<em>…despite presumably being on the verge, contrary to the
allegation, of just so happening to want to succeed in vowing to maybe return
periodically to the honorable practice of superlative architecture for others
to follow by example</em>’ </p>
<p align="justify">Of the 14 morphological
categories particular to verbal formatives, we will examine in this chapter eight of the ten which constitute part of the verbal formative itself (Mood, Case-Frame, Phase, Sanction, Version, Aspect, Illocution, and Level). The remaining categories specific to valence/modality adjuncts (Modality, Valence, Validation, and Bias) will be described in <a href="Chapter_6.html">Chapter
6</a>. Additionally, the categories of Function and Format, while displayed within the formative, are closely allied with the phenomenon of stem incorporation which is displayed within the valence/modality adjunct. Therefore, Function, Format, and stem incorporation will be discussed together in Chapter 6. </p>
<p><br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td height="26"><div><a name="Sec5o1" id="Sec5o1"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.1 MOOD</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Most languages have a morphological category for verbs known
as “mood,” serving to indicate specific attitudes or perspectives
on the act, condition, or event, or the degree of factuality involved. Example
moods common to Western languages include the indicative (factual utterances),
subjunctive (showing doubt or probability, expressed by ‘may/might’
in English), imperative (indicating commands, e.g., <em>Go now!, Sing it for
us!</em> ), conditional (expressing hypotheticals, e.g., <em>She would travel
if she could</em>), optative (indicating wishes, hopes, expectations, e.g., <em>I wish he’d go, I expect him to be here</em>), and hortative (indicating
exhortations, e.g., <em>May he live 100 years! Let them see for themselves!</em>).</p>
<p align="justify">We will see later in <a href="#Sec5o7">Section 5.7
</a> that in Ilaksh the functions of certain moods in Western languages
correspond not to Mood, but to the grammatical category of Illocution, specifically
where Western moods function to describe types of speech acts. In Ilaksh, moods
simply convey a two-fold distinction as to whether the factuality of an utterance
is certain or uncertain, combined with a four-way distinction as to whether
the factuality of an explicit or implicit assumption underlying the utterance
(i.e., a presupposition) is true, false, unknown, or a determinant of the factuality
of the utterance. This twofold by fourfold matrix renders eight moods in Ilaksh.</p>
<p align="justify">The eight moods are <font size="2">FACTUAL, SUBJUNCTIVE, ASSUMPTIVE,
SPECULATIVE, COUNTERFACTIVE, HYPOTHETICAL, IMPLICATIVE</font>, and <font size="2">ASCRIPTIVE</font>.
(These are the same as in Ithkuil and have the same function.) They are shown in conjunction with the morphological category of Context (see <a href="Chapter_3.html">Section 3.5</a>) by a vocalic suffix. Table 10 below shows these suffixes. </p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>((V<span class="style10">L</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">x</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">p</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center"><strong>(<span class="style6">V<span class="style10">F</span></span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><br />
<span class="style13"><strong>Table 10: V<span class="style10">F</span>-suffix Indicating 4 contexts x 8 moods </strong></span></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top"> </td>
<td colspan="8" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong>MOOD</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="176" height="40" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">
<div><span class="style9">CONTEXT</span> <br />
(explained in <a href="Chapter_3.html">Sec. 3.5</a>) <br />
↓ </div>
</div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
FAC</strong></div></td>
<td width="74" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
SUB</strong></div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
ASM</strong></div></td>
<td width="71" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
SPE</strong></div></td>
<td width="66" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
HYP</strong></div></td>
<td width="68" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
COU</strong></div></td>
<td width="65" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
IPL</strong></div></td>
<td width="74" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong><br />
ASC</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="176" valign="top"><div class="style13">1 <font size="-1">EXISTENTIAL</font> </div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">(a)*</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">o</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ü</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ei</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">iu</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">au</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">io</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">uo</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="176" valign="top"><div class="style13">2 <font size="-1">FUNCTIONAL</font> </div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ai</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">i</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">oi</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ë</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ia</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ua</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ie</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ue</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="176" valign="top"><div class="style13">3 <font size="-1">REPRESENTATIONAL</font> </div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">u</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">e</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ëi</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ëu</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ea</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">oa</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">eo</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">üo</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="176" valign="top"><div class="style13">4 <font size="-1">AMALGAMATE</font> </div></td>
<td width="70" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ui</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ö</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ou</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">eu</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ï</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">iö</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">öi</font></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">öu</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
*The suffix <strong>-a</strong>, being the "default" suffix is optional. It usually appears when an additional syllable is phonotactically necessary or for differentiating syllabic stress.<br />
<br />
<br />
<p>The function of the eight moods is described in the sections below. <br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>FAC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Factual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">FACTUAL</font> mood signifies that the
factuality of the speaker’s statement is certain and that there either
is no underlying presupposition to the statement, or if there is, its factuality
is also certain or has no bearing on the factuality of the statement.
Examples:</p>
<p align="justify"><em>His kids are ill.</em> [i.e., it is known he has kids and
it is known they are ill]</p>
<p align="justify"><em>We’re taking a walk later on. </em>[i.e., it is our
intention and we have the opportunity to do so]<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SUB</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Subjunctive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">SUBJUNCTIVE</font> mood indicates that the
factuality of an explicit or implicit presupposition underlying the statement
is certain, but the factuality of the speaker’s statement itself is questionable
or uncertain, the specific nuance of factuality intended being subject to the
particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Corresponds roughly
with English ‘may,’ ‘maybe’ or ‘might,’
with the added distinction that an explicit or implicit (i.e., underlying) presupposition
is true. Examples:</p>
<p align="justify"><em>Maybe his kids are ill.</em> [i.e., it is known that he
has kids but it is not known whether they are ill]</p>
<p align="justify"><em>We may take a walk later on. </em>[i.e., it is known that
the opportunity to do so will arise, but it is uncertain whether we will choose
to]<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assumptive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSUMPTIVE</font> mood functions identically to the <font size="2">FACTUAL</font> except that the factuality of an underlying presupposition is unknown. It therefore
conveys an act, state, or event whose factuality is dependent on whether something
else is factual, thus corresponding to certain usages of English ‘maybe’
and ‘will’ (where ‘will’ primarily conveys possibility,
not future tense). As with all moods, the specific translation is subject to
the particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Examples:</p>
<p align="justify"><em>His kids’ll be ill</em> <strong><font size="2">OR</font></strong> <em>If he has kids, they are ill.</em> [i.e., it is unknown whether he has kids,
but if he does, they are certainly ill.]</p>
<p align="justify"><em>We’ll take a walk later on</em> [i.e., if we can] <strong><font size="2">OR</font></strong> <em>We intend to take a walk.</em> [i.e., but we don’t know if we’ll be able to]<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>SPC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Speculative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The<font size="2"> SPECULATIVE</font> mood indicates that the factuality of both the presupposition and the statement
itself are unknown. Its translation into English is dependent on the specific
context, sometimes corresponding to ‘may,’ ‘maybe’ or
‘might,’ and at other times corresponding to the auxiliary ‘would.’
Compare the examples below to those above:</p>
<p align="justify"><em>Maybe his kids are ill</em> [i.e., it is unknown if he
has kids but if he does, they may be ill].</p>
<p align="justify"><em>We may take a walk later on</em> [i.e., it is unknown whether
we will have the opportunity to do so, and even if we do, it is uncertain whether
we will choose to].<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>COU</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Counterfactive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The<font size="2"> COUNTERFACTIVE</font> mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying presupposition
is false or unreal but that the factuality of the statement would otherwise
be true. It thus corresponds to the English construction of auxiliary ‘would’
or ‘would have’ in its use to show counterfactuality (i.e., what
would have been if a false presupposition had been true). Again, the specific
translation is subject to the particular Bias and Validation associated with
the verb. Compare the examples below to those above.</p>
<p align="justify"><em>His kids would be (would have been) ill</em> [i.e., if
he had kids they would be ill, but he doesn’t].</p>
<p align="justify"><em>We would take (would have taken) a walk later on</em> [i.e.,
it is our intention but we won’t have the opportunity].<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>HYP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Hypothetical</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">HYPOTHETICAL</font> mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying presupposition is
false or unreal and that the factuality of the statement itself is uncertain.
It thus corresponds to the English construction of auxiliary ‘might have’
in its use to show possible counterfactuality (i.e., what might have been if
a false presupposition had been true). Again, the specific translation is subject
to the particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Compare the
examples below to those above.</p>
<p align="justify"><em>His kids might’ve been ill</em> [if he had kids,
but he doesn’t, so we’ll never know].</p>
<p align="justify"><em>We might’ve taken a walk later on</em> [i.e., but
we won’t have the opportunity, so the decision whether to do so is moot].<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IPL</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Implicative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">IMPLICATIVE </font>mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying presupposition
determines the factuality of the statement and that the relationship between
the two need not necessarily be a direct cause-and-effect, but merely an indirect
chain of events from which the speaker infers the statement from the underlying
presupposition. In grammatical analysis, this is referred to as an “epistemic
conditional.” Examples are shown below. </p>
<p align="justify"><em>His kids are (must be) ill</em> [i.e., as implied by some
other fact such as his staying home from work].</p>
<p align="justify"><em>If she wears a blue dress, we’ll be taking a walk
later on</em> <strong><font size="2">OR</font></strong> <em>She’s wearing
a blue dress, so that means we’ll be taking a walk later on</em> [i.e.,
the dress implies something has happened that we’ll make the walk a certainty].<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.1.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ascriptive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASCRIPTIVE</font> mood functions identically to the <font size="2">IMPLICATIVE</font> immediately above, except that the factuality of the inference derived from
the underlying presupposition is uncertain. Examples: </p>
<p align="justify"><em>His kids may be ill</em> [i.e., as implied by some other
fact such as his staying home from work].</p>
<p align="justify"><em>If she wears a blue dress, we might be taking a walk later
on </em><strong><font size="2">OR</font></strong> <em>She’s wearing a
blue dress, so that means we might be taking a walk later on</em> [i.e., the
dress implies something has happened that we’ll make the walk a possibility]. </p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
5.1.9 Examples of Mood in Use</h3>
<p align="justify">The following examples compare the eight <font size="2"></font> moods applied to the same sentence: </p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Ūalkresk zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-(<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">FAC</font></strong>)</font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>His wife’s clothes are inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">ālkresko zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">SUB</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>His wife’s clothes may be inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">ā</font><font size="+1">lkreskü zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">ASM</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>If he has a wife her clothes are inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">ā</font><font size="+1">lkreskei zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">SPE</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>If he has a wife her clothes may be inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">ā</font><font size="+1">lkreskiu zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">HYP</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>If he were to have a wife her clothes would be inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">ā</font><font size="+1">lkreskau zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">COU</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>If he were to have a wife her clothes might be inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">alkrēskio zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">IPL</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>His wife’s clothes must be inside-out.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">alkrēskuo zìhh ùdvüöl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘inside-out’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<strong><font color="#FF0000" size="-1">ASC</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">OBL</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/ASO/AGG </font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘wife’-<font size="-1">POS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>That means his wife’s clothes are inside-out. </em><br />
</p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"></p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td height="26"><div><font size="4"><strong>5.2 CASE-FRAMES </strong></font><a name="Sec5o2" id="Sec5o2"></a></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Virtually all languages allow for sentences to be hierarchically
embedded within other sentences, a process termed <strong>subordination</strong>.
In Western languages, the embedded sentence becomes either a subordinate clause
or a relative clause, explicitly introduced by a conjunctions such as ‘that,’
‘which,’ ‘who,’ ‘where,’‘although,’‘if,’‘while,’‘whereas,’
or a preposition followed by a conjunction, such as ‘through which,’‘by
whom,’etc. In English, such clauses can also occur as an infinitive or
gerundial verb construction. Both relative and subordinate clauses are illustrated
in the following sentences:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"> <em>The dog <strong>that ate my hat</strong> belongs to
them.<br />
I want <strong>him to stop shouting</strong>.<br />
The committee voted <strong>to fire the superintendant</strong>.<br />
We demand <strong>(that) you give us equal pay</strong>.<br />
<strong>Although he’s a college graduate</strong>, he acts like a child.<br />
This is the slot<strong> through which the letter is passed</strong>.<br />
<strong>In case you’re unaware</strong>, I’ll be leaving next
month.<br />
The boy <strong>walking toward us</strong> is my nephew.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">The Ilaksh equivalent to relative or subordinate clauses is
known as a <strong>case-frame</strong>, or simply, <strong>frame</strong>. Conceptually,
the sentence to be embedded is simply treated as a noun participant to the main
verb of a sentence and is therefore marked for case like any other noun. For
example, take the following two sentences:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"><em>She and I were working together. <br />
The two nations were at war.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">Suppose we want to use the second sentence to provide a temporal
context for the first sentence. In English we could do this by subordinating
the second sentence to the first using the conjunction ‘while,’
as in <em>She and I were working together while the two nations were at war</em>.
Alternately, we could create a relative clause by inserting a connecting prepositional
phrase, as in <em>She and I were working together during the time (that) the
two nations were at war</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">In Ilaksh, temporal context for a sentence may be provided
by a noun in any of the temporal cases such as the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> (see <a href="Chapter_4.html">Sec. 4.6.3</a>). A word
such as ‘summer’ or ‘famine’ would be placed in the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> case to create a sentence corresponding to:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"><em>She and I were working together during the summer.<br />
She and I were working together at the time of the famine.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">Just as the single words ‘summer’ and ‘famine’
are placed in the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> case, so an entire sentence
such as <em>The two nations were at war</em> can be placed in the <font size="2">CONCURSIVE</font> case to provide the temporal context for the main sentence. In other words,
Ilaksh treats the entire subordinate sentence as a noun phrase to be declined
into any required case. That is the purpose of a frame, to place sentences into
noun cases. By doing so, Ilaksh accomplishes the same task for which Western
languages use relative and subordinate conjunctions. In theory, any sentence
can be placed into any of the 96 cases and inserted into another sentence wherever
a simple noun might be placed in the sentence using that same case.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
5.2.1 Relation and the Placement of Frames<a name="Sec5o2o1" id="Sec5o2o1"></a></h3>
<p align="justify">To construct a case-frame, the second-order sentence (i.e.,
the sentence to be subordinated) is placed in the main sentence at the point
where a noun declined for the required case would appear. The actual case of the second-order sentence is indicated in the verbal
formative the same way as for nominal formatives, i.e., by mutation of the
stem vowel into the appropriate mutation series, as described in Chapter 4 on Case. If inserted
into the middle of the main sentence, the final word of the case-frame should
be a noun (or a personal reference adjunct – see <a href="Chapter_8.html">Sec.
8.1</a>) and carries a special suffix, <strong>V<span class="style10">1<span class="style11">’</span></span></strong> (see details in <a href="Chapter_7.html">Section 7.4.13</a>), which signifies the end of the frame if
this will help to avoid confusion as to which words in the sentence belong inside
the frame (i.e., with the secondary sentence), and which belong to the main
sentence.</p>
<p align="justify">A case-frame usually has its verb appear
as the first element of the case frame. This is to easily recognize the beginning
of the case-frame visible via the mutation of the stem vowel to show the case (see <a href="Chapter_2.html">Section 2.5</a> and <a href="Chapter_4.html">Chapter 4</a>). For case-frames in the OBLIQUE case where the stem vowel does not mutate, or where otherwise necessary to overtly indicate that the formative is part of a case frame, the suffix <strong>V<span class="style10">1<span class="style11">’</span></span></strong> is added to the formative (details in <a href="Chapter_7.html">Section 7.4.13</a>). </p>
<p align="justify">In general, the perspective of the verb in
the secondary sentence operates independently from that of the main verb, however,
it is also common for the perspective of the verb in the secondary sentence
to be placed in the <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font>, which has the effect of
deferring all <a href="Chapter_3.html">Perspective</a> information about the verb to the main verb, similarly to the way English subordinate
clauses using gerunds and infinitives defer all tense information to the main
verb of the sentence.<br />
</p>
<h3 align="justify"> 5.2.2 Reinterpreting the Notion of a Relative Clause</h3>
<p align="justify">There is no direct equivalent in Ilaksh to the relative clauses
of Western languages. Ilaksh treats such clauses the same as subordinate clauses
using case-frames as described above. However, the manner in which this is done,
while ultimately logical, is somewhat complex and confusing from a Western perspective.
Therefore, to analyze how Ilaksh reinterprets Western relative clauses into
subordinate case-frames will first require us to review the nature of relative
clauses in Western languages such as English. </p>
<p align="justify">A relative clause refers to an imbedded sentence which modifies
or describes a “head” noun in the main clause. There are two types
of relative clauses, restricted (or dependent) and unrestricted (or independent).
The two types are illustrated in the following English sentences.</p>
<p align="justify">RESTRICTED CLAUSE<br />
(1) <em>Lions <strong>that like chasing their tails</strong> can be seen at
any circus.</em><br />
(2) <em>That book <strong>(that) I just finished reading</strong> was written
by a priest.</em></p>
<p align="justify">UNRESTRICTED CLAUSE<br />
(3) <em>Lions<strong>, which like chasing their tails,</strong> can be seen
at any circus.</em><br />
(4) <em>That book<strong>, which I just finished reading,</strong> was written
by a priest.</em></p>
<p align="justify">In the first sentence, the clause ‘that like chasing
their tails’ refers to a specific type of lion found at a circus (i.e,
not all lions chase their tails). Similarly, the clause ‘(that) I just
finished reading’ in the second sentence is restricted in that it is considered
by the speaker as being necessary in order to identify which book is being talked
about, i.e., without the clause, the listener would not know which book the
speaker was referring to.</p>
<p align="justify"> Note the difference in meaning, however, when comparing the
first two sentences to the third and fourth sentences. In the third sentence,
the speaker implies that all lions chase their tails regardless of whether they
are in the circus. In the fourth sentence, the identity of the book is already
known to the listener, and the speaker is merely providing two additional facts
about it: the fact that he just finished reading it and the fact about its author.
Notice that in English, an unrestricted relative clause is set off in writing
by commas and cannot begin with ‘that’ (rather ‘which’
or ‘who’ must be used); also, such clauses are normally spoken in
a lowered intonation with juncture (i.e., brief pauses) immediately before and
after the clause.</p>
<p align="justify"><br />
<strong>5.2.2.1 Restricted Clauses</strong>. Ilaksh treats the above notions
about relative clauses in a different way. We will first analyze how Ilaksh
creates equivalents to restricted relative clauses. This can best be approached
by analyzing the underlying sentences which give rise to the main and relative
clauses. Analyzing Sentence No. 2 above, it can be broken up into two discrete
sentences:</p>
<p align="justify"><em>That book was written by a priest. (= A priest wrote that
book.)<br />
I just finished reading that book.</em></p>
<p align="justify"> In Ilaksh, the sentence which will be functioning as the
main sentence acts as a “template” in which the secondary sentence
is placed. The particular place in the template to be filled is dependent on
what semantic role, i.e., case (see <a href="Chapter_4.html" target="mainFrame">Chapter
4</a>) the secondary sentence is to fill. Note that the common point of reference
of the two sentences is ‘that book.’ In the main sentence, ‘that
book’ functions in the semantic role of CONTENT (See <a href="Chapter_4.html">Sec.
4.1.2</a>), superficially equivalent to the direct object of the <font size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</font> subject ‘priest’, therefore, the main sentence becomes the template
‘A priest wrote X’ where X is in the <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font> case (See <a href="Chapter_4.html">Section 4.3.1</a>).
Meanwhile, in the secondary sentence, the noun which is the common point of
reference (what in Western grammar would be called the “head” of
the relative clause) is marked with an affix indicating such. So we now have
the two sentences as:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">A priest wrote [ ]. I just finish reading that book-<font size="2">H</font>. </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">The ‘-<font size="2">H</font>’ in the second sentence
above is meant to represent an affix marking the “head” or common
reference point between the two sentences. At this point, Ilaksh inserts the
second sentence as a case-frame into the empty “slot” based on the
semantic role it will be playing, in this instance the role of CONTENT marked
by the OBLIQUE case (see <a href="Chapter_4.html">Sec.
4.3.1</a>).</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">A priest wrote [<font size="2">OBL</font>]. I just finish
reading that book-<font size="2">H</font>. </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">As described in <a href="#Sec5o2o1">Sec. 5.2.1</a> above , the verb
of the secondary sentence is moved to the beginning of the case-frame and takes
the relevant case marker (<font size="2">OBLIQUE</font>).</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">A priest wrote I just finished reading-<font size="2">OBL</font> that book-<font size="2">H</font>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">Reverse translating this sentence back to English, the closest
literal translation would be the rather awkward construction: <em>A priest wrote
what I just finished reading, that book</em>. However, this is how Ilaksh translates
the English sentence ‘A priest wrote that book that I just finished reading.’</p>
<p align="justify">Two observations can be noted from the Ilaksh sentence. First
of all, unlike Western languages, the main clause contains no “head.”
Instead, the “head” is marked from within the imbedded clause. Secondly,
there is no difference between this process and the rendering of other types
of subordinate clauses using case-frames, as the main sentence was rearranged
(or reinterpreted) to provide a slot for the semantic role of the imbedded sentence,
the exact same way that subordinate clauses are constructed in Ilaksh. Therefore,
as was previously stated, Ilaksh makes no distinction between subordinate and
relative clauses.</p>
<p align="justify">Similarly, the other example sentence from above, <em>Lions
that like chasing their tails can be seen at any circus</em> would become in
Ilaksh: <em>At any circus one can see certain lions-</em><font size="2">H</font><em> like to chase-</em><font size="2">OBL</font><em> their tails</em>. A literal
translation into English would be: <em>At any circus one can see (that) certain
lions like chasing their tails.</em></p>
<p align="justify"><br />
<strong>5.2.2.2 Unrestricted Clauses</strong>. As for independent or unrestricted
clauses, as shown in example sentences (3) and (4) earlier, Ilaksh treats these
differently still. In Western languages, an unrestricted clause does not help
to identify a noun or provide a context for it, but simply adds additional information
about an already identified noun. Thus, unrestricted relative clauses serve
a wholly different cognitive-semantic purpose than restricted clauses, a fact
hidden by their nearly identical surface structures. Ilaksh acknowledges this
profound difference at the overt sentence level by not subordinating any clause
at all. Rather, the two sentences are given co-equal status as main clauses
and simply joined by a coordinating affix. Thus sentences (3) and (4) from earlier
become:</p>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify"><em>One can see lions at any circus and they like chasing
their tails.<br />
A priest wrote that book and I just finished reading it.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"><br />
<span class="style7"><strong>5.2.2.3 Use of the<font size="2"> CORRELATIVE </font>Case In Lieu of Simple
Relative Clauses</strong>. The <span class="style14">CORRELATIVE</span> case (discussed in <a href="Chapter_4.html">Section
4.5.25</a>) is used to create case-frames which are semantically equivalent to the English phrase ‘that/which/who
is/are…’ Such </span>a case-frame would be used in conjunction with specific Functions (see Section 6.4) to convey whether the relationship of the relativized clause to the main clause is one of description, copula identification, etc. </p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
5.2.3 Example of Case-Frames in Use</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Andmùt </font><font size="+1"> žiëlùimäv asavéwöc ukšu’ŭs ajgălärň žö’äàcërb.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL/ICH</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘cry’-<font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘article of clothing’-<font size="-1">AFF-DEL/M/CSL/UNI-ROL<font size="-2">2</font>/9-CAP<font size="-2">1</font>/3</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font size="-1">CPT</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font>‘know’-<font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>PCR</strong></font>-<font size="-1">DEL/A/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">FML</font>-‘clown’-<font size="-1">OGN-DEL/N/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘rule’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI-TPP<font size="-2">1</font>/3</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-“article of clothing’-<font size="-1">PUR</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/A/CSL/UNI-DEV<font size="-2">2</font>/1</font></font><br />
<em>The incompetent tailor cried after finding out about the clowns’ new directive on nakedness.</em></p>
<p><span class="style11"><strong>Ria uleuvăst utpu’öustūyüž.</strong></span><br />
<span class="style13"><span class="style14">ma</span>-<span class="style14">IND</span> <span class="style14">FML/OPR</span>-<span class="style14">PRC/CTX/PPS</span>-<span class="style14">CNT</span>-‘job/employment’-<span class="style14">PRX/M/ASO/UNI</span> <span class="style14">FML-OPR</span>-‘travel’-<span class="style19">CON</span>-<span class="style14">PRX/M/ASO/UNI</span>-<span class="style14">EXD<span class="style10">1</span>/9</span>-<span class="style14">CNS<span class="style10">1</span>/6</span></span><br />
<em>He keeps on working despite having to travel more and more.<br />
</em> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><a name="Sec5o3" id="Sec5o3"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.3 PHASE</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Phase refers to variances in the temporal pattern of how an
act, condition or event occurs, e.g., in a momentary, lasting, or repetitive
manner (or lack thereof). This is especially useful in describing phenomena
that occur in sudden bursts of short duration, e.g., flashing, sputtering, blinking,
alternating, etc. Phase functions closely with the morphological category of
Extension, previously described in <a href="Chapter_3.html">Sec.
3.4</a>, to specify the durational nature, starting and ending, and operative
pattern of a state, action or event. The nine phases are the <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL,
PUNCTUAL, ITERATIVE, REPETITIVE, INTERMITTENT, RECURRENT, FREQUENTATIVE, FRAGMENTATIVE</font>,
and <font size="2">FLUCTUATIVE</font>. These are the same as in Ithkuil. They are marked by one of nine patterns
of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix to a formative, depending on the sanction
and version of the verb (discussed in <a href="#Sec5o4">Sections 5.4</a> and <a href="#Sec5o5">5.5</a> respectively). </p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>((V<span class="style10">L</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center"><strong>(<span class="style6">C<span class="style10">x</span></span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">p</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">F</span></strong><strong> </strong></div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The presence of a<strong> C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> infix requires the presence of a <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix, in order to able to distinguish the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong><strong> </strong>infix from the <strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong> root consonant(s). Furthermore, under certain circumstances, the presence of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> + <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> syllable requires that the <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix take an alternate form in order to be able able to discern which consonants in a formative correspond to which terms in the formula below. The specifics of these alternate <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix forms and when/how to use them which will be explained in <a href="Chapter_6.html">Section 6.5.2</a>. </p>
<p align="justify">The values for the <strong>C<span class="style14">x</span></strong> affix are
shown in Tables 11(a) through 11(f) below. <br />
</p>
<span class="style9">Tables 11(a)-(f): C<font size="-1">x</font> infixes: 9 Sanction x 9 Phases x 6 versions</span>
<a name="Table11" id="Table11"></a><br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="114" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
VERSION</font></div></td>
<td width="49" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="94" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="114" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PROCESSUAL</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC</font></div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">l</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ll</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ly</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">t</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ty</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">k</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ky</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">p</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">př</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">py</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">r</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">řl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">řř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">řw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">řy</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ry</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">f</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ff</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧŧ</strong></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">l</font><strong>ŧ</strong></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">r</font><strong>ŧ</strong></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong><font size="+1">r</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong><font size="+1">l</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong><font size="+1">ř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong><font size="+1">w</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>ŧ</strong><font size="+1">y</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">x</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xx</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lx</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rx</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňn</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">n</font><strong>ŧ</strong></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňx</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="114" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
VERSION</font></div></td>
<td width="49" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="94" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="114" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPLETIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CPT</font></div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">s</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ss</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ls</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rs</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">š</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">h</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hh</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lh</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rh</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňh</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">řç</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">v</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đđ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lđ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rđ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">đy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ç</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çç</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lç</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rç</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mç</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">b</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">br</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">by</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">d</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ld</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">g</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gy</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="114" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
VERSION</font></div></td>
<td width="49" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="94" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="114" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INEFFECTUAL</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INE</font></div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">m</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ml</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">my</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">n</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ln</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">r n</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ny</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">r ň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňç</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">z</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">c</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cc</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lc</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rc</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">č</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čč</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lč</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rč</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čy</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ż</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żż</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lż</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rż</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ży</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">j</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jj</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">lj</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">rj</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jy</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="84" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
VERSION</font></div></td>
<td width="43" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="94" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td width="378" colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="84" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INCOMPLETIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INC</font></div></td>
<td width="43" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sx</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">skl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zgl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">skr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zgr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">skř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zgř</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">st</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sŧ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">stl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zdl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">str</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zdr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">stř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zdř</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">spl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zbl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">spr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zbr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">spř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zbř</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šx</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">škl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žgl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">škr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žgr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">škř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žgř</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">št</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šŧ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">štl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ždl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">štr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ždr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">štř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ždř</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">špl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žbl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">špr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žbr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">špř</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žbř</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ms</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mv</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ns</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nđ</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="43" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žň</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňs</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňv</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="115" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style13">NAME OF <br />
VERSION</div></td>
<td width="49" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center" class="style13">PHASE<br />
LABEL</div></td>
<td width="94" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style13">NAME OF PHASE</div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center" class="style13">SANCTION</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">1<br />
PPS</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">2<br />
EPI</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">3<br />
ALG</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">4<br />
IPU</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">5<br />
RFU</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">6<br />
REB</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">7<br />
THR</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">8<br />
EXV</div></td>
<td valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center" class="style13">9<br />
AXM</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="115" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">POSITIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PST</font></div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ks</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çc</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kc</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hs</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ksm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ksn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ksr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ksl</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çč</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kč</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kšm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kšn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kšr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kšl</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ps</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fs</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pc</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vz</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">psm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">psn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">psr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">psl</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fš</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pč</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">vž</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pšm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pšn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pšr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pšl</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">żn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">sv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">zv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ftl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xpl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xtl</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">šv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">žv</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ftr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xpr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xtr</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ht</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hn</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">km</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hň</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fm</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fn</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">hm</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="116" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF <br />
VERSION</font></div></td>
<td width="49" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PHASE<br />
LABEL</font></div></td>
<td width="94" rowspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NAME OF PHASE</font></div></td>
<td colspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SANCTION</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1<br />
PPS</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2<br />
EPI</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3<br />
ALG</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4<br />
IPU</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5<br />
RFU</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6<br />
REB</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7<br />
THR</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8<br />
EXV</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9<br />
AXM</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="116" rowspan="9" valign="top" bgcolor="#999999"><div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"> </div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">EFFECTIVE</font></div>
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">EFC</font></div></td>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contextual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ct</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çtl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çtr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ttw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tty</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nç</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Punctual</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ck</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çkl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çkr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kkw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kky</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kç</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Iterative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">cp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">čp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">jp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çpl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">çpr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ppw</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ppy</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pç</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Repetitive</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">db</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tpl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tpr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ntl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">nt</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Intermittent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gb</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xp</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xf</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kpl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kpr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mpl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mpr</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recurrent</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">gd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">kŧ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">xŧ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ktl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ktr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňkl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňkr</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Frequentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pt</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bd</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ft</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pŧ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fŧ</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ptl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ptr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ndl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ndr</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fragmentative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">bg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fkl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">fkr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pkl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">pkr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mbl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="+1">mb</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49" valign="top"><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="94" valign="top"><div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fluctuative</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">dg</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧk</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧkl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ŧkr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tkl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">tkr</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňgl</font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1">ňgr</font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br />
The nine phases
are explained in the following sections. Sanction and Version are explained in Sections 5.4 and 5.5 respectively.</p>
<p align="justify"> <br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CTX</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Contextual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> is the default phase,
describing a single act, condition, or event as a relatively brief (but not
instantaneous), single holistic occurrence considered once, where the actual
duration of the occurrence is not relevant in the particular context. It can
be visually represented along a progressive timeline by a short dash, e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">—</font></strong><br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PUN</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Punctual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PUNCTUAL</font> describes an act, condition,
or event which is point-like, momentary or instantaneous in nature, such as
an explosion, a flash of lightning, a blow, a single handclap, a collision between
two objects, a stab of pain, a single cough, the clicking of a lock, etc. It
can be visually represented along a timeline by a single point, e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">•</font></strong><br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ITR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Iterative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ITERATIVE</font> refers to a momentary or
instantaneous event, like the <font size="2">PUNCTUAL</font> above, which repeats
itself in a rapid, on/off, staccato manner, like a machine gun burst, strobe
light burst, an alarm bell ringing, or the quick unconscious tapping of a finger,
the whole comprising a single <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> event. </p>
<p align="justify">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>•
• • •</strong></font></p>
<p align="justify"></p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>REP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Repetitive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">REPETITIVE</font> refers to a relatively
brief event of indeterminate or vague duration (i.e., as with the <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> phase above), but repeated in an on/off staccato manner, like a car horn being
honked repeatedly in a fast steady rhythm, or an automatic machine press. Visual
representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>— —
— —</strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ITM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Intermittent</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERMITTENT</font> is similar to the <font size="2">ITERATIVE</font> above, identifying a repetitive occurrence of a <font size="2">PUNCTUAL</font> event, however, unlike the <font size="2">ITERATIVE</font>, the duration of
time between repetitions is relatively long and contextually relevant. It would
be used in describing the downbeat pattern of a pop song, the ongoing snapping
of fingers to music, the steady one-drop-at-a-time dripping of a faucet, etc. </p>
<p align="justify">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> • <font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> •</strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>RCT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Recurrent</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">RECURRENT</font> is to the <font size="2">REPETITIVE</font> as the <font size="2">INTERMITTENT</font> is to the <font size="2">ITERATIVE</font>.
It indicates a slow repetition of a <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> event,
where the duration between occurrences is relatively long and contextually relevant.
Exemplified by the sounding of a foghorn, or the ongoing hooting of an owl. </p>
<p align="justify">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font> —</strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>FRE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Frequentative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">FREQUENTATIVE</font> indicates an iterative
occurrence (a single set of punctual repetitions) which in turn repeats at intervals,
the whole considered as a single <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> event. Examples
would be the repetitive sets of hammerings of a woodpecker or the repeated short
bursts of a jackhammer.</p>
<p align="justify">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font>•
• •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> </strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>• •
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> </strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>• •
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> </strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>• •
• </strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>FRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Fragmentative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">FRAGMENTATIVE</font> indicates a random
pattern of punctual occurrences, the whole considered as a single <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> event. </p>
<p align="justify">Visual representation: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font>•
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> • •</strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font>•
• <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>• </strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>• •
• •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>•
• </strong></font><br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.3.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>FLC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Fluctuative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">FLUCTUATIVE</font> indicates a random pattern
of both punctual and longer occurrences. An example would be the “sputtering”
of a lighted fuse, the random patterns of tongues of flames, the chirping of
birds in the wild, etc. </p>
<p align="justify">Visual representation:<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>—
• •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font></strong></font> •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> —</strong></font> •</strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong> •<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font> —<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>•
• <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>— </strong></font>•
• • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font>•
•<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FFFFFF">—</font></strong></font> —</strong></font>— • <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>—</strong></font> • •</strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong></strong></font></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<h3 align="justify" class="style7">5.3.10 Examples of Phase in Use</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">U</font><font size="+1">xakloskò.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">FRM</font>-<span class="style7"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/</font></span><font color="#FF0000" size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FRG</strong></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="style7">/PPS</span></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘rain’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">SUB</font></font><br />
<em>It may be raining.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">A</font><font size="+1">paččàsk ta’ulštíën.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-<span class="style7"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/</font></span></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">REP</font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="style7">/PPS</span></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font>‘sound’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘inscribe’-<font size="-1">OGN</font>-<font size="-1">PRX/U/ASO/DCT</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/7</font></font><br />
<em>The sound coming from the banks of printers keeps on steadily repeating.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">A</font><font size="+1">ntaláršp azdlëh.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-<span class="style7"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/</font></span></font><font color="#FF0000" size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>FLC</strong></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="style7">/PPS</span></font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-</font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘voice’-<font size="-1">PRX/U/VAR/AGG</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘bird’-<font size="-1">IND</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/AGG</font></font><br />
<em>Birds are chirping, tweeting, and calling.</em></p>
<p align="justify"><strong><font size="+1">Epsiolřūl aktäàl.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-<span class="style7"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">PST</font></font></span><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">/<span class="style6"><strong>ITR</strong></span>/PPS</font>-</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">TMP</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><font size="-1">ATV</font>-‘circular motion’<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><font size="-1"> </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘man’-<font size="-1">IND</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>The man succeeded in twirling/spinning around for a while.</em></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><br />
</p>
</blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><a name="Sec5o4" id="Sec5o4"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.4 SANCTION</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The morphological category of Sanction indicates the discourse-related
purpose of an utterance in relation to what sort of truthfulness the listener
should ascribe to it. In everyday terms, this corresponds to whether the utterance
is a neutral proposition or assertion, an allegation, a rebuttable presumption,
a counter-argument, a refutation of an allegation, a rebuttal, etc.</p>
<p align="justify">There are nine sanctions: the <font size="2">PROPOSITIONAL,
EPISTEMIC, ALLEGATIVE, IMPUTATIVE, REFUTATIVE, REBUTTATIVE, THEORETICAL, EXPATIATIVE</font>,
and <font size="2">AXIOMATIC</font>. Sanction is shown by the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix to formative, as shown in <a href="#Table11">Table
11</a> in Sec. 5.3 above, the specific affix value being dependent on the version
and phase of the verb. </p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>((V<span class="style10">L</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center"><strong>(<span class="style6">C<span class="style10">x</span></span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">p</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">F</span></strong><strong> </strong></div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The presence of a<strong> C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> infix requires the presence of a <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix, in order to able to distinguish the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong><strong> </strong>infix from the <strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong> root consonant(s). Furthermore, under certain circumstances, the presence of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> + <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> syllable requires that the <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix take an alternate form in order to be able able to discern which consonants in a formative correspond to which terms in the formula below. The specifics of these alternate <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix forms and when/how to use them which will be explained in <a href="Chapter_6.html">Section 6.5.2</a>. </p>
<p align="justify">Each sanction is explained in the sections below.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PPS</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Propositional</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROPOSITIONAL</font> sanction is either
unmarked (where there is no aspectual adjunct), or marked by Grade 1 mutation
of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It is the default sanction, indicating the utterance represents
a neutral proposition or assertion of ontologically objective fact, i.e., a
statement of fact irrespective of third-party opinion, belief, or interpretation.
Example of such statements would be <em>That is a mountain</em>, or <em>I’m
hungry</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EPI</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Epistemic</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EPISTEMIC</font> sanction is marked by Grade
2 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance as being a statement
of shared knowledge or conventionalized fact whose ontology is human convention
(i.e., agreed-upon knowledge) as opposed to objective fact irrespective of human
knowledge. An example would be <em>That mountain is Mount Fuji</em> or <em>The
U.N. tries to relieve hunger in the Third World</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ALG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Allegative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ALLEGATIVE</font> sanction is marked by Grade
3 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as an ontologically subjective assertion or allegation, i.e., a proposition
expressing one’s opinion, belief, or interpretation, open to challenge
or refutation. Examples would be <em>That mountain is beautiful</em> or <em>No
one in the United States goes hungry</em>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IPU</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Imputative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">IMPUTATIVE</font> sanction is marked by Grade
4 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as a rebuttable presumption, i.e., an assertion, whether ontologically objective
or by convention, that is to be assumed true unless and until rebutted by a
sufficient counter-argument or other evidence. Examples would be <em>He knows
how to drive</em> [e.g., because he owns a car] or <em>She can’t be hungry
now</em> [e.g., because I saw her come out of the restaurant]. <br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>RFU</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Refutative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">REFUTATIVE</font> sanction is marked by Grade
5 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as a counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal of a previous assertion, allegation
or presumption, where the counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal is epistemic
in nature, i.e., based on shared human knowledge as opposed to ontologically
objective fact.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>REB</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Rebuttative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">REBUTTATIVE</font> sanction is marked by Grade
6 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as a counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal of a previous assertion, allegation
or presumption, where the counter-allegation, refutation, or rebuttal is based
on ontologically objective fact, irrespective of subjective opinion, belief,
or interpretation.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>THR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Theoretical</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">THEORETICAL</font> sanction is marked by Grade
7 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as a testable hypothesis or potentially verifiable theory.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EXV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Expatiative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EXPATIATIVE</font> sanction is marked by Grade
8 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as a hypothesis or theory that is not necessarily provable or verifiable.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.4.9</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>AXM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Axiomatic</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">AXIOMATIC</font> sanction is marked by Grade
9 mutation of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix. It identifies an utterance
as a conclusive presumption, i.e., a statement of ontologically objective, pan-experiential
fact not open to rational argument or refutation. Examples would be <em>Gravity
is ubiquitous</em>, or <em>Hunger is caused by not consuming enough food</em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
5.4.10 Examples of Sanctions In Use</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">A</font><font size="+1">mnemrûsk zmöōal.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/</font></font></font><font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>ALG</strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRS</font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘awe’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘valley’-<font size="-1">DER</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>The valley will be awe-inspiring.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">A</font><font size="+1">nmeulkrûsk àgmiel.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/</font></font></font></font><font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>REB</strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CNT</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><font size="-1">STA</font>-‘sadness’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘female child ’-<font size="-1">AFF</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>On the contrary, the girl is still sad.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Uxriwöôluë</font></strong><span class="style11">ŧ</span><strong><font size="+1"> wain-nya u’rleuvaskăr ktòal.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘incident’-<font size="-1">PCR</font>-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">EXT<font size="-2">2</font>/6 </font> <font size="-1">INF</font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MNO</font></font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">CPC</font></font> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">FML</font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/<span class="style16">IPU</span></font></font><font size="-1"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<span class="style7">CNT</span>-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font></font></font>‘job/employment task’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5 </font><font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘man’-<font size="-1">ACT</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>After an incident like that, it's a fair guess the man won’t be able to work any longer.</em></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td><div><a name="Sec5o5" id="Sec5o5"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.5 VERSION</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Version refers to a six-way aspectual distinction indicating
whether the verb refers to an act, event or state which is goal- or result-oriented,
and/or whether it has been successfully actualized subsequent to one’s
initial intention. Like many Ilaksh morphological categories, version addresses
semantic distinctions which are usually rendered by lexical differentiation
(i.e., word choice) in other languages. </p>
<p align="justify">Version is shown by the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> affix to a formative, in conjunction with Phase and Sanction as explained above in Sections 5.3 and 5.4. The values for <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> are shown above in <a href="#Table11">Table 11</a> above. The six versions are <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font>, <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font>, <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> and <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font>. </p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>((V<span class="style10">L</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center"><strong>(<span class="style6">C<span class="style10">x</span></span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">p</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">F</span></strong><strong> </strong></div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The presence of a<strong> C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> infix requires the presence of a <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix, in order to able to distinguish the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong><strong> </strong>infix from the <strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong> root consonant(s). Furthermore, under certain circumstances, the presence of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> + <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> syllable requires that the <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix take an alternate form in order to be able able to discern which consonants in a formative correspond to which terms in the formula below. The specifics of these alternate <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix forms and when/how to use them which will be explained in <a href="Chapter_6.html">Section 6.5.2</a>. </p>
<p align="justify"><br />
The six versions are explained below:<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.5.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PRC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Processual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> describes all acts, conditions,
or events which are ends in themselves and not goal-oriented, i.e., are not
focused on an anticipated outcome or final purpose toward which a progressive
effort is being made. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.5.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CPT</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Completive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> describes acts, conditions,
or events which achieve, or are intended to achieve, an anticipated outcome,
i.e., which are oriented toward the achievement of some purpose, outcome, or
final state. Such a distinction is usually handled by word choice in Western
languages. The dynamism of Version can be seen in the following comparisons:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><font size="2"><strong>PROCESSUAL → COMPLETIVE</strong></font></p>
<p><em>hunt → to hunt down <br />
to be losing → to lose <br />
to study → to learn <br />
to be winning → to win<br />
to strive for → to accomplish, achieve <br />
to risk → to defeat the odds; win<br />
to work → to build, construct, make <br />
to displace; infiltrate → infest, to take over; vanquish<br />
to pour out → to drain <br />
to remove (incrementally) → to eliminate<br />
to increase → to maximize <br />
to read → to read to the end; finish reading<br />
to decrease → minimize <br />
to flank → to surround<br />
to enlarge → to make gigantic <br />
to spread upon or over → to cover, engulf, envelop<br />
to shrink → miniaturize <br />
to chase → to catch up to<br />
to eat → eat
all up <br />
to pursue → to capture<br />
to compete → to win <br />
to be pregnant → to give birth<br />
to throw at → to hit (with a throw) <br />
to run low on → to run out of, deplete<br />
to grow → to grow up <br />
to use → use
up<br />
to possess, hold → to keep <br />
to tear/ rip → to tear/rip up or to pieces<br />
to join together → to unify <br />
to accelerate, speed up → to achieve maximum speed<br />
to pour into → to fill (up) <br />
to bleed → to bleed to death<br />
to run → to
run all the way <br />
to descend, go down → to get to the bottom<br />
to brighten → to illuminate <br />
to decelerate, slow down → to stop<br />
to search for, seek → to find <br />
to polish → to burnish<br />
to practice → to perfect <br />
to darken → to make dark<br />
to ascend, rise → to reach the top <br />
to explore → to discover</em></p>
</blockquote>
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.5.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INE</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Ineffectual</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">This version, the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, and the
next, the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, operate in parallel fashion to
the <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> and the <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> versions respectively but are specific to acts, events, or states initially
expressed (whether explicitly or implicitly) as unrealized intentions, attempts,
desires, needs, etc., often in conjunction with a modality affix to the verb
(see <a href="Chapter_6.html">Section 6.1</a>). Such “unrealized”
verbs are exemplified in the following sentences: <em>I want to dance, She needs
to work, I tried to finish, She must find him, I choose to celebrate</em>. Each
of these sentences in itself does not specify whether the action was “realized”
or not, i.e., just because I want to dance doesn’t necessarily mean that
I actually do dance; her need to work doesn’t tell us by itself whether
she in fact will work, etc.</p>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> version indicates that
the outcome of an “unrealized” <font size="2">PROCESSUAL</font> verb is unsuccessful. Thus the sentence <em>I want to dance</em> in the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> would be translated as <em>I want to dance but I’m not going to</em>,
while the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font> means <em>I tried to eat but couldn’t</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.5.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>INC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Incompletive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font> version indicates that
the outcome of an “unrealized” <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> verb is unsuccessful. It functions identically to the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>,
except that it refers to a verb that is result/goal-oriented, as illustrated
in the comparative chart shown above for the <font size="2">COMPLETIVE</font> version. Thus, the sentence <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font> means <em>I tried to eat all of it but couldn’t</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="19%"><font size="4"><strong>5.5.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>PST</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Positive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Complementing the <font size="2">INEFFECTUAL</font>, the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> version indicates an intention brought to reality. Thus the sentence <em>I want
to dance</em> in the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> would be translated as <em>I
want to dance and so I’m going to</em>, while the sentence <em>I tried
to eat</em> in the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> means <em>I succeeded in eating
something</em>.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="18%"><font size="4"><strong>5.5.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EFC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Effective</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Likewise, the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> version complements
the <font size="2">INCOMPLETIVE</font>, indicating the same successful effort
implied by the <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> version, only applied to goal-/result-oriented
verbs. Thus <em>I wanted to finish</em> in the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> implies that the desire was successfully carried out; <em>I tried to eat</em> in the <font size="2">EFFECTIVE</font> means <em>I succeeded in eating it all
up</em>.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
<span class="style7">5.5.7 Examples of Version in Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Teo fwò-ul ilákš ujtavépla.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1M</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">GEN </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘male maternal cousin’-<font size="-1">ACT</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"> </font></font> <font size="-1">IFL/RPV</font>-‘speak’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/COA/CST</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"> </font></font> <font size="-1"> </font> <font size="-1">FML</font>-<font size="-1"><strong><font color="#FF0000">EFC</font></strong>/CTX/IPU</font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘study’-<font size="-1">TRM/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>My cousin has finally learned Ilaksh.</em></p>
<p>Compare:<br />
<strong><font size="+1">Uräliòn āddul. </font>→<font size="+1"> Uräliòn asāddul.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘prepare food’-<font size="-1">IND</font>-<font size="-1">AGC2/2 </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘come’<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><font size="-1"> <strong><font size="+1"> <br />
</font></strong></font><strong>→</strong><font size="-1"><strong><font size="+1"> </font></strong> FML</font>-‘prepare food’-<font size="-1">IND</font>-<font size="-1">AGC2/2</font> <font size="-1"> </font><font size="-1"> </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font size="-1"><strong><font color="#FF0000">CPT</font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">/CTX/PPS</font></font></font>-‘come’</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>The cook is on his way.<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"> </font></font></em><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"> <strong><font size="+1"> </font></strong></font><strong>→</strong><font size="-1"><strong><font size="+1"> </font></strong> </font></font> <em>The cook has arrived.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Epsiolřūl aktäàl.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1"><strong><font color="#FF0000">PST</font></strong>/ITR/PPS</font>-</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">TMP</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><font size="-1">ATV</font>-‘circular motion’<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><font size="-1"> </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘man’-<font size="-1">IND</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>The man succeeded in twirling/spinning around for a while.</em></p>
<p> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"><br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><a name="Sec5o6" id="Sec5o6"></a><font size="4"><strong>5.6
ASPECT</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">Aspect provides detailed and specific temporal information
about the verb, not in relation to the speaker’s present moment of utterance
(as with Perspective in <a href="Chapter_3.html">Sec.
3.3</a>), but rather in relation to the contextual “present” of
the act, condition, or event being spoken about. There are 32 aspects, each
shown by a vocalic prefix to an aspectual adjunct. A second aspect may be shown
by a vocalic suffix. For the most part, they translate various common adverbial
phrases used in English. </p>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
5.6.1 Aspect Infixes</h3>
<p align="justify">Each
aspect is represented by a single vocalic form, appearing as the <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> infix to a formative. The presence of a <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> infix requires the presence of both a preceding <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> infix as well as a <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix, in order to able to distinguish the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong><strong> </strong>infix from the <strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong> root consonant(s). Furthermore, under certain circumstances, the presence of the <strong>C<span class="style10">x</span></strong> + <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> syllable requires that the <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix take an alternate form in order to be able able to discern which consonants in a formative correspond to which terms in the formula below. The specifics of these alternate <strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> prefix forms and when/how to use them which will be explained in <a href="Chapter_6.html">Section 6.5.2</a>. The values
of the <strong>V<span class="style10">p</span></strong> infix are shown in Table 12 below. </p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>((V<span class="style10">L</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">x</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center"><strong><span class="style6">V<span class="style10">p</span></span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">F</span></strong><strong> </strong></div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">NOTE: In <a href="Chapter_6.html">Section 6.7</a>, we will see that aspect may also be shown as a suffix to a valence/modality adjunct. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table
12: Aspectual Infixes (Vp)</font></strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td colspan="3" valign="top"><div><strong>ASPECT</strong> [ neutral V<font size="-1">p</font> = <strong>a</strong> ]</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">V<font size="-1">p</font></div></td>
<td width="79" rowspan="17" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="top"> </td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center">V<font size="-1">p</font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">1</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">RTR</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>RETROSPECTIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>i</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">17</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PMP</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>PREEMPTIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ou</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">2</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PRS</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>PROSPECTIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>e</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">18</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CLM</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>CLIMACTIC</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ia</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">3</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">HAB</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>HABITUAL</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ï</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">19</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PTC</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>PROTRACTIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ie</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">4</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PRG</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>PROGRESSIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>o</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">20</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">TMP</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>TEMPORARY</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>io</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">5</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">IMM</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>IMMINENT</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>u</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">21</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">MTV</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>MOTIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ua</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">6</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PCS</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>PRECESSIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ä</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">22</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CSQ</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>CONSEQUENTIAL</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ue</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">7</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">REG</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>REGULATIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ë</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">23</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">SQN</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>SEQUENTIAL</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>uo</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">8</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">EXP</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>EXPERIENTIAL</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ö</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">24</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">EPD</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>EXPEDITIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ië/</strong></font><font size="+1"><strong>äu</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">9</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">RSM</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>RESUMPTIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ü</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">25</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">DSC</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>DISCLUSIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>uë</strong></font>/<font size="+1"><strong>üa</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">10</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CSS</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>CESSATIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ai</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">26</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CCL</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>CONCLUSIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ea</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">11</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">RCS</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>RECESSATIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ei</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">27</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CUL</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>CULMINATIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>oa</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">12</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PAU </div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>PAUSAL</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>oi</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">28</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">IMD</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>INTERMEDIATIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>äi</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">13</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">RGR</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>REGRESSIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ui</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">29</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">TRD</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>TARDATIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>öu</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">14</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">PCL</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>PRECLUSIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>au</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">30</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">TNS</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>TRANSITIONAL</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>öi</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">15</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CNT</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>CONTINUATIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>eu</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">31</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">ITC</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>INTERCOMMUTATIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ëi</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="31" valign="top"><div align="center">16</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">ICS</div></td>
<td width="162" valign="top"><div>INCESSATIVE</div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>iu</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="42" valign="top"><div align="center">32</div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center">CSM</div></td>
<td width="185" valign="top"><div>CONSUMPTIVE</div></td>
<td width="53" valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="+1"><strong>ëu</strong></font></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<h3 align="justify"> 5.6.2 Explanation of Aspect Categories</h3>
<p align="justify">The thirty-two aspectual categories are explained below. </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.1</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">RTR</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">RETROSPECTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
This aspect operates in conjunction with Perspective (see <a href="Chapter_3.html">Sec. 3.3</a>) to create
various equivalents to Western tense categories. With the <font size="2">MONADIC</font>,
the <font size="2">RETROSPECTIVE</font> can be translated by English ‘have
already’ as in <em>I’ve already done it</em>. With the <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>,
the <font size="2">RETROSPECTIVE</font> is equates with the English simple past
tense. With the <font size="2">NOMIC</font> and <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font>,
it adds a sense of ‘and it’s always been that way’ to the
verb. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.2</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PRS</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PROSPECTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Like the <font size="2">RETROSPECTIVE</font> above, this aspect operates in
conjunction with Perspective to create various equivalents to Western tense
categories. With the <font size="2">MONADIC</font>, the <font size="2">PROSPECTIVE</font> equates with the English future tense. With the <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>,
it can be translated by the English future perfect (i.e., ‘will have…’).
With the <font size="2">NOMIC</font> and <font size="2">ABSTRACT</font>, it
adds a sense of ‘and it’ll always be that way’ or ‘from
now on’ to the verb. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.3</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">HAB</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">HABITUAL</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
When used with the <font size="2">MONADIC</font> perspective, this aspect conveys
the idea of ‘always’ or ‘continues to’, while with the <font size="2">UNBOUNDED</font>, the English ‘used to’ construction
offers an equivalent translation, as in <em>She used to come see me on Wednesdays</em>.<br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.4</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PRG</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PROGRESSIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
This aspect conveys the idea of an act in progress, similar to the English construction
‘in the midst of [verb] + ing’ or the use of the present participle
in Spanish. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.5</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">IMM</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">IMMINENT</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys that an action, state or event is imminent. Translates phrases such
as ‘(just) about to’ or ‘on the verge of’ as in <em>I
think Carl is about to cry</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.6</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PCS</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PRECESSIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys that an action, state or event has immediately preceded. Translates
such phrases as ‘just’ or ‘just now,’ as in <em>We just
saw a clown in the toy store</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.7</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">REG</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">REGULATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea of participation or involvement in an action, state, or event
over an amount of time extending from the past into the future relative to the
contextual present. Translates English phrases such as ‘engaged in’
or ‘involved in’ as in <em>Her husband is engaged in construction of
the new bridge</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.8</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">EPR</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">EXPERIENTIAL</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Translates English ‘ever’ in the sense of ‘within the realm
of one’s experience’ or ‘at some point in one’s experience,’
as in <em>Does he ever shut up?</em> Note the <font size="2">EXPERIENTIAL</font> does not equate to ‘ever’ when it means ‘always,’ as
in <em>Ever does he seek his destiny</em> nor as an adverb of mere emphasis
as in <em>Was she ever tired</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><strong>5.6.2.9</strong></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">RSM</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">RESUMPTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea of an act, state, or event resuming after having previously
ceased, as in <em>The girl resumed singing</em>, or <em>He is starting to laugh
again</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.10</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CSS</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CESSATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea of cessation of an event, state or action. Translates English
phrases such as ‘stop,’ ‘discontinue,’ or ‘cease,’
as in T<em>hey stopped dancing at midnight</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.11</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">RCS</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">RECESSATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea of cessation of event again, after having previously ceased
then resumed, as in <em>Lyudmila stopped eating yet again in order to enjoy
a quick interlude with the neighborhood clown</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.12</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PAU</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PAUSAL</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Indicates a pause in an action, state or event, with an implied intention to
resume. Translates phrases such as ‘take a break from’ or ‘pause
in’ as in <em>Mother took a break from cleaning to gossip with
her friends</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.13</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">RGR</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">REGRESSIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea of a return to an original or previous action, state or event
after a long hiatus involving an intervening change of state or situation, as
translated by the phrase ‘return to.’ The <font size="2">REGRESSIVE</font> should be distinguished from the <font size="2">RESUMPTIVE</font> above, which
merely implies the restarting after a stop or pause without an intervening change
of state or situation. An example would be <em>Mr. Yates returned to golf after
recovering from his stroke</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.14</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PCL</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PRECLUSIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the fact that an action, state, or event takes place from inception
to conclusion all in one contextual segment, translating such phrases as ‘all
at once,’ ‘all in one go,’ ‘without stopping,’
etc. as in <em>Walter drank the entire bottle in one gulp</em>.<br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.15</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CNT</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CONTINUATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea that an action, event, or state continues on. Translates phrases
such as ‘keep on,’ ‘still,’ ‘stay,’ ‘yet,’
etc. When used in a negative sentence, conveys the idea of English ‘no
longer’ or ‘not anymore’ as in <em>She kept on singing, You’re
still staring at me, I’ve yet to meet him, Sam no longer loves you / Sam
doesn’t love you anymore</em>.<br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.16</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">ICS</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">INCESSATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys that an action, state or event continues on without stopping. Translates
such English adverbials as ‘…on and on’ or ‘…away’
as in <em>They danced the night away</em> or <em>They’ve been battling
on and on since last year</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.17</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PMP</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PREEMPTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Emphasizes the singularity and initial occurrence an action, state or event,
as translated by such English phrases as ‘for once’ or ‘just
once,’ as well as the anticipation preceding a long-expected situation,
as translated by phrases such as ‘at last,’ ‘after all this
time,’ ‘finally,’ and ‘for the first time.’ <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.18</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CLM</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CLIMACTIC</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Emphasizes the finality of an action, state or event, as translated by such
English phrases as ‘once and for all’ or ‘for the last time.’ <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.19</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">PTC</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">PROTRACTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys that an action, state or event takes place over a long period of time.
If used with the <font size="2">CONTEXTUAL</font> or <font size="2">PUNCTUAL</font> phases, or with formatives describing naturally brief durations, the <font size="2">PROTRACTIVE</font> conveys the idea of the act or event being long-delayed. Example usages: <em>It
rained for quite a while, We shared a long kiss, That slap to his face was a
long time coming</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.20</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">TMP</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">TEMPORARY</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys that an action, state or event is being considered or is applicable
only to the present subjective context or range of the contextual present, as
translated by phrases such as ‘for the time being’ or ‘but
only for the moment’ or ‘for now’ as in <em>This will be sufficient
for now</em> or <em>For the time being you’ll have to drink water</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.21</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">MTV</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">MOTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys that an action, state or event involves physical removal or absence
of the participant from the present context of discourse. Translates such phrases
as ‘be off …-ing’ or ‘go off to …’ as in <em>Dad’s off hunting</em> or <em>They went off to cavort with the clowns</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.22</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CSQ</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CONSEQUENTIAL</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
This aspect conveys the idea of proceeding or engaging in an action or event
despite the possibility of adverse consequences. It translates the English phrases
such as ‘go ahead and’ or ‘anyway,’ as in <em>She went
ahead and bought the furniture</em> or <em>I decided to go there anyway</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.23</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">SQN</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">SEQUENTIAL</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
This aspect conveys the idea a “sequential progressive” in which
a series of contextually identical instances is seen as comprising a single
event, usually with an implied culmination point. It translates the English
use of ‘off’ as in <em>He's checking off each item as it is inventoried</em>,
or <em>The sheep died off from the disease</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.24</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">EPD</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">EXPEDITIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys a sense of haste associated with an action or event. Translates English
‘hurry (up)’ as in <em>Hurry up and finish</em> or <em>They ate
in a hurry</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.25</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">DSC</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">DISCLUSIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Focuses on the revelatory nature of an action, state or event, translating phrases
such as ‘turn out to be,’ ‘turn out that…’ and
‘be revealed that….’ <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.26</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CCL</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CONCLUSIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the direct outcome of an action, state or event within the short-term
context of the situation at hand. Translates phrases such as ‘end up…,
come to, reach the point where,’ as in <em>I ended up crashing the car</em> or <em>He drank to the point where he passed out</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.27</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">CUL</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CULMINATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Similar to the <font size="2">CONCLUSIVE</font> above, but with a focus on the
eventual, long-term outcome over an extended period of time or through a series
of developmental steps. Compare the following examples with the <font size="2">CONCLUSIVE</font> aspect above: <em>In the end, I’ll have to leave town; Things got to the
point where the mayor got involved; Eventually, they fell in love</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.28</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">IMD</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">INTERMEDIATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea that the action, state, or event takes place at some point
along the timeline of, or within the duration of, another action, state, event,
or background context, as translated by the phrases ‘at some point’
or ‘somewhere along the way….’ <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.29</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">TRD</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">TARDATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea that an action, state, or event lessens, dwindles, or slackens
in energy, intensity, or effect, impliedly by exhaustion of the active source
of energy or agency, or by dissipation of the foundational context involved.
Translates such phrases as ‘to get tired of,’ ‘peter out,’
‘trail off,’ etc. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.30</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">TNS</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">TRANSITIONAL</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Focuses on the initial stage of preparation, adjustment, or accustomization
to an action, state or event, translated by phrases such as ‘take up,’
‘start to,’ etc. implying a long-term process of initialization,
as in <em>I’m planning to take up golf</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.31</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2">ITC</font></strong></div></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">INTERCOMMUTATIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys the idea of “sequential reciprocity,” meaning that the action
or event is a consequent reciprocation triggered by, or in reaction to, an initiating
action or event. It translates the English verbal particle ‘back’
as in <em>The boy threw it back</em> or <em>She stared back at the men ogling
her</em>. <br />
<br />
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="20%"><strong>5.6.2.32</strong></td>
<td width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><strong><font size="2">CSM</font></strong></td>
<td width="63%"><strong><font size="2">CONSUMPTIVE</font></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
Conveys an all-consuming action, state, or event which interferes with or prevents
other events from occurring. It translates English phrases such as ‘spend
one’s time’ or ‘away’ as in <em>Mother spends her life
worrying</em> or <em>He’s pining away</em>. </div>
<h3 align="justify"><br />
<span class="style7">5.6.3 Examples of Aspect In Use<a name="Sec5o6o3" id="Sec5o6o3"></a></span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Alianyût lülùlt teo.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/PPS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">CLM</font></strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">‘choose’-<font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘brother’-<font size="-1">IND</font>-<font size="-1">CFD<font size="-2">1</font>/9</font> <font size="-1">1M</font>-<font size="-1">GEN</font></font><br />
<em>My over-confident brother made a choice once and for all.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Akkäàl uluisét.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘woman’-<font size="-1">IND</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font> <font size="-1">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/PPS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">RGR</font></strong>-</font><font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘sing a song’</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>The woman returned to singing.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Ççwa’lauralaruëè</font>ŧ<font size="+1"> g</font><font size="+1">üliëèn.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">HOR</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/PPS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>PCL</strong></font></font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘eat food’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5</font>-<font size="-1">EXT<font size="-2">2</font>/6</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘illness’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/7</font></font><br />
<em>If only the physician wouldn’t eat his food in one gulp like that.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">W</font><font size="+1">ain-nya u’rleuvastăr ktòal.</font></strong><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1">INF</font>-<span class="style14">MNO</span><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1">CPC</font> <font size="-1"> FML</font>-<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/IPU</font></font><font size="-1"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font color="#FF0000"><strong>CNT</strong></font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-</font></font></font></font>‘job/employment task’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/ASO/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5 </font><font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘man’-<font size="-1">ACT</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>It's fair to say the man won't be able to work any longer.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify"><br />
</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div><a name="Sec5o7" id="Sec5o7"></a><strong><font size="4">5.7
ILLOCUTION</font></strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Illocution refers to what in linguistics is usually termed
types of speech acts, i.e., the general purpose of a statement such as whether
it is an assertion, a command, a declaratory pronouncement, a question, a warning,
etc. This is a category which is not generally marked within Western languages
in any consistent grammatical sense, the nearest equivalent grammatical category
usually being Mood. As was seen above in Section 5.1, Mood functions in a much narrower grammatical range than in Western languages.
When the moods of Western language actually relate to types of speech acts,
the equivalent function in Ilaksh is shown by the category of Illocution.</p>
<p align="justify">There are eight illocutions in Ilaksh: <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font>, <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font>, <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font>, <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font>, <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font>, <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE, </font> <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> and <font size="2">HORTATIVE</font>.
They distinguish the type of speech act being performed by the speaker, with
a specific focus on the type of commitment being made on the part of either
the speaker or the hearer to the truth or purpose of the utterance. Illocution is
marked by a consonantal prefix to the verb, <strong>Ci</strong>, which immediately precedes the <strong>Vc</strong> Designation-Essence-Format
prefix as shown in our standard morphological diagram for formatives below:</p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>((V<span class="style10">L</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center" class="style6"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">x</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">p</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">F</span></strong><strong> </strong></div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><br />
The illocutions are described below.</p>
<p align="justify"><br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.1</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ASR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Assertive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> illocution is unmarked
if the <strong>C</strong><span class="style10"><strong>i</strong></span> element is in word-initial position. However, in cases where it is preceded by the <strong>V<span class="style10">L</span></strong> Level prefix, then the <font size="2">ASSERTIVE </font>is indicated by the prefix <strong><font size="+1">hw</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font> as the <strong>C</strong><span class="style10"><strong>i</strong></span> element. The <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> is used to express propositions
which purport to describe or name some act, event, or state in the real world,
with the purpose of committing the hearer to the truth of the proposition. Thus,
an utterance in the <font size="2">ASSERTIVE</font> illocution is one that can
be believed or disbelieved, and is either true or false. Such utterances would
include general statements, descriptions, and explanations. </p>
<p> </p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.2</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DIR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Directive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the prefix <strong><font size="+1">h</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font>.
The <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution is for the purpose of committing
the hearer to undertake a course of action represented by the proposition, where
the proposition describes a mental wish, desire, or intention on the part of
the speaker. Thus, an utterance in the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> is one
that is neither true nor false because it is not describing something that purports
to exist in the real world; rather, it describes an act or situation which can
potentially be made real, i.e., that can be fulfilled or carried out. Such utterances
include commands, orders, and requests and would generally be marked in Western
languages by either the imperative, optative, or subjunctive moods. The commitment
on the part of the hearer is not belief or disbelief, but rather whether to
obey, comply with, or grant. <br />
<br />
<br />
</p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.3</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>CMV</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Commissive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the prefix<strong><font size="+1"> çw</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font>. The <font size="2">COMMISSIVE</font> illocution is similar to the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> above, except that the listener and the speaker are the same person, i.e., the
statement is a wish or command directed at oneself as in a promise, vow, pledge,
oath, contract, or guarantee. </p>
<p> </p>
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.4</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>EXP</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Expressive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the prefix <strong><font size="+1">hm</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font>.
The <font size="2">EXPRESSIVE</font> is used for various types of specialized
utterances where the truth-value of the proposition is taken for granted and
the commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of acceptance or non-acceptance.
Such utterances include welcomes, offers, congratulations, condolences, and
apologies. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.5</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>DEC</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Declarative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font> illocution is marked
by the prefix <strong><font size="+1">y</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font>. The <font size="2">DECLARATIVE</font> is used for utterances
whose purpose is to themselves effect a change upon the real world, based upon
convention, cultural rules, law, subjective authority, or personal authority
or control of a situation. The commitment imposed upon the hearer is one of
recognition or non-recognition. Such utterances include declarations, announcements,
proclamations, and various “performative” expressions. Certain languages
mark this function of a verb using a mood known as hortative. Examples would
be: <em>I dub thee “Clown Master”!, The king will hear all grievances
at noon each day, This court is now in session, We hereby declare this treaty
null and void!</em></p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="16%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.6</strong></font></td>
<td width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>IRG</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="9%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="63%"><font size="4"><strong>The Interrogative<a name="Sec5o7o6" id="Sec5o7o6"></a></strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> illocution is marked
by the prefix <strong><font size="+1">w</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font>. The <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> is used for utterances corresponding to questions in other languages. Questions,
as such, do not exist in Ilaksh. All inquiries and interrogatives are treated
as a type of directive in which the speaker tells the addressee to validate
the truth of an assertion or provide missing information specified by an interrogative
affix to a formative, i.e., when using the <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font>,
one is not asking <em>Would you like to dance with me?</em> Rather, one is expressing
what can only be translated either a specialized command <em>(State whether)
you will dance with me</em> or a specialized assertion <em>(I inquire whether)
you will dance with me</em>. One does not say <em>What’s your name?</em>,
but rather <em>Tell me your name</em>. </p>
<p align="justify">Indeed, Ilaksh has no words corresponding to the English words
‘question’ or ‘ask,’ the nearest equivalents being derived
from the words for ‘investigation’ and ‘determine.’
Consequently, there is no question mark used at the end of the sentence, nor
does the pitch of the voice rise as is usual with Western languages when asking
questions. The commitment on the part of the listener in regard to the <font size="2">INTERROGATIVE</font> is one of compliance or non-compliance in divulging the information sought,
and the truth value of the utterance is neutral pending the reply.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.7</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>ADM</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Admonitive</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the prefix <strong><font size="+1">hn</font></strong><font size="+1">-</font>. The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> is used for admonitions and warnings, corresponding to English phrases such
as ‘(I) caution you lest…,’ ‘(I) warn you against…,’
or ‘Be careful not to….’ The utterance is neither true nor
false because it describes only a potential act or situation which may occur
unless avoided. The commitment on the part of the hearer is to assess the degree
of likelihood of the potentiality, followed by a choice whether to heed or ignore/defy
the utterance. </p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<div align="justify">
<table width="45%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><font size="4"><strong>5.7.8</strong></font></td>
<td width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><div align="center"><font size="4"><strong>HOR</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="7%"><div align="center"><font size="4"></font></div></td>
<td width="65%"><font size="4"><strong>The Hortative</strong></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="justify">The <font size="2">ADMONITIVE</font> illocution is marked by
the prefix<strong><font size="+1"> </font></strong><font size="+1"><strong><font size="+1">ççw</font></strong>-</font>. The <font size="2">HORTATIVE</font> is used for statements that are untrue or unreal, but wished to be true or real, corresponding to English phrases such
as ‘if only…’, or ‘were it that….’<br />
</p>
<h3><br />
<span class="style7">5.7.9 Examples of Illocution in Use</span></h3>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">H</font><font size="+1">uđòl.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">DIR</font></strong>-FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘water as nourishment ’</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>Drink some water!</em> </p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Y</font><font size="+1">oaňšŭl gmèint.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">DEC</font></strong>-FML/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ICH</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘clown’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font> </font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘child’-<font size="-1">ABS</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1">DEL/U/CSL/DPX</font></font><br />
<em>The pair of children are hereby turned into clowns!</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Hnoasés uzdlelọkt.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">ADM</font></strong>-FML/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘sing a song’-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEL/N/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘bird’-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEF<font size="-2">1</font>/8</font><br />
<em>Be aware that this pet bird sings. </em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Woërariòn?</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">IRG</font></strong>-FML/SBQ</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘food’-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEL/M/CSL/DCT</font>-<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/2</font><br />
<em>Will the cook prepare some meals? </em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Çwuavyúšk ukšüŭt.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000">CMV</font></strong>-IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘do good’-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRX/U/CSL/UNI</font> <font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FML</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘clown’-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEL/U/CSL/UNI</font><br />
<em>The clowns promised to do good. </em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Hlŭakya nia.</font></strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font color="#FF0000"><br />
EXP</font></strong>-IFL/RSL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘congratulate’</font> <font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1m+ua</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IND</font><br />
<em>We (I and the others) offer our congratulations. </em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Ççwa’lauralaruëè</font>ŧ<font size="+1"> g</font><font size="+1">üliëèn.</font></strong><br />
<span class="style6"><strong><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">HOR</font></strong></span><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRC/CTX/PPS</font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-</font></font><span class="style7"><font size="-1">PCL</font></span></font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘eat food’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">NA1<font size="-2">1</font>/5</font>-<font size="-1">EXT<font size="-2">2</font>/6</font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘illness’-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font>-<font size="-1">AGC<font size="-2">2</font>/7</font></font><br />
<em>If only the physician wouldn’t eat his food in one gulp like that.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p><br />
<br />
</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<tr>
<td height="26"><div><font size="4"><strong>5.8 LEVEL</strong></font><a name="Sec5o8" id="Sec5o8"></a></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><strong>Level</strong> corresponds roughly to what is known
as degree of comparison in other languages. Many languages morphologically indicate
degrees of comparison as exemplified by the English suffixes -<em>er</em> and
-<em>est</em> seen in <em>great-greater-greatest</em>, or alternately with the adverbs <em>more</em> and <em>most</em>, as well as their negative counterparts <em>less</em> and <em>least</em>. The Ilaksh comparison schema is much more complex than those found in natural languages and is designed to eliminate various ambiguities that arise from those simpler schemata, as discussed below. <br />
</p>
<h3 align="justify">5.8.1 Ambiguity and Under-specification in Natural Languages </h3>
<p align="justify">The comparison schemata of natural languages tend to grossly under-specify the exact semantic nature of the comparison. A clear case of such under-specification can be seen in an English example sentence such as <em>Jane is healthier.</em> This sentence can mean any of the following:</p>
<p align="justify">(a) Jane's state of health has improved, although she is still unwell.<br />
(b) Jane's state of health has improved so that now she is well (whereas before she was unwell).<br />
(c) Jane's state of health is even better than it previously was (i.e., she was healthy before, but is even healthier now). <br />
(d) Jane's state of health is not as poor as someone else's state of health (although neither Jane nor the other person are well).<br />
(e) Jane's state of health is better than someone else's state of health, so that Jane can be considered healthy while the other is unwell.<br />
(f) Jane's state of health is better than someone else's state of health, even though both can be considered healthy.</p>
<p align="justify">This ambiguity is not alleviated even when we specify a party to which Jane's health is being compared as in <em>Jane is healthier than Sue</em>, which can mean:</p>
<p align="justify">(a) Jane's state of health is not as poor as Sue's although both are unwell.<br />
(b) Jane's state of health is better than Sue's, so that Jane can be considered well while Sue is unwell.<br />
(c) Both Jane and Sue are healthy, but Jane's state of health is even better than Sue's. <br />
(d) Jane's state of health is not as poor as Sue's (although neither Jane nor the other person are well).</p>
<p align="justify">This sort of ambiguity allows odd-sounding sentences such as <em>Snow is warmer </em>(e.g., than liquid nitrogen) to be perfectly grammatical. What is important to note about the above analysis is that the words <em>healthier</em> or <em>warmer</em> do not indicate in the actual context of usage <em>whether a person is actually healthy or whether snow is actually warm!</em> Rather English -<em>er</em> and -<em>est</em> (and <em>more</em> and <em>most</em>) as well as their negative counterparts (<em>less</em> and <em>least</em>) merely serve to indicate <em>on a relative scale</em> a relationship between two entities being compared (or where only one party is mentioned, in relationship to some unspecified standard or expectation). Additional statements are needed to clarify the actual context to determine where the entities fall on the quantitative "spectrum" or range of the particular quality or attribute pair in question, e.g., <em>unhealthy < --- > healthy</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">The comparison scheme of Ilaksh has been designed to inherently specify such relative comparison while simultaneously specifying placement within the qualitative spectrum, so that ambiguity as to whether “healthier” means the person is well or unwell is eliminated. </p>
<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td height="127"><p align="center"><strong>NOTE TO THOSE FAMILIAR WITH ITHKUIL</strong></p>
<p>The category of Level in Ilaksh differs radically from Ithkuil. The entire concept of Level has been completely re-thought by the author and vastly expanded compared to the rather simple scheme used in Ithkuil. There is little if any correspondence between the description above and any elements seen in Ithkuil's Level category. </p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
<h3 align="justify">5.8.2 Relative Versus Absolute Comparison</h3>
<p align="justify">An additional aspect of Ilaksh comparison is the concept of <strong>relative comparison </strong>versus<strong> absolute comparison</strong>. This is an important concept which impacts the truth value of a statement based upon context. Specifically, relative comparison allows for statements to be true within the narrow confines of the context-at-hand, whereas absolute comparison allows for statements to be true without reference to any specific context. This can be illustrated by the following examples.</p>
<p align="justify"><em>(a) Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky.<br />
(b) That highway is the fastest way into town.</em></p>
<p align="justify">Both of these sentences are true in certain pragmatic contexts and not true in others. For example, while Sirius is the most luminous star as seen from Earth, this is merely due to its relative nearness to Earth (8.4 light years) as compared to most other stars. There are thousands of known stars which are larger (and inherently more luminous) than Sirius but are much further away from Earth. So Sentence (a) is true in a relative context but false in an absolute context. Similarly the highway in Sentence (b) may be the fastest way in most conditions, but if there is a traffic jam or an accident blocking the highway, or if one has access to a private helicopter, then the statement would be false. Therefore, it is only true in a narrow context determined by the pragmatics of the moment it is spoken. Ilaksh allows speakers to specify whether a comparison is to be interpreted within the context-at-hand (relative comparison) or as an absolute statement irrespective of the context-at-hand.</p>
<h3><br />
5.8.3 Comparison Operators (Levels) </h3>
<p align="justify">There are nine comparison operators for the Ilaksh verb, called Levels, which specify the comparative relationship involved, e.g., <em>same as, more than, less than</em>, etc. These levels are marked by a word-initial vocalic prefix to the verb, <strong>V<font size="-2">L</font></strong>. Each prefix comes in two varieties, to distinguish between relative versus absolute comparison. Additionally there is an unmarked default zero-level in which no comparison is being made).</p>
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="39" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><div align="center"><strong>((<span class="style6">V<span class="style10">L</span></span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="59" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">i</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">c</span></strong> </div></td>
<td width="90" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">x</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="80" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">p</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="64" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(C<span class="style10">m</span>)</strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="56" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>V<span class="style10">r</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="77" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>C<span class="style10">a</span></strong></div></td>
<td width="48" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">x</span>C)</strong></div></td>
<td width="54" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(V<span class="style10">F</span></strong><strong> </strong></div></td>
<td width="55" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>(’C<span class="style10">b</span>))</strong></div></td>
<td width="99" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong>[stress]</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify"><br />
In interpreting the meaning of the various Levels, the terms used in the formulas refer to the following X-M-(Y) model, where M represents a verb or an adjectival description, X is the "subject" of the verb, and Y is the standard being compared to. </p>
<table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td width="8%"><div align="center" class="style13">Sue</div></td>
<td width="16%"><div align="center" class="style13"> dances as well as / <br />
dances better than / <br />
dances worse than<br />
etc.<br />
<br />
</div> </td>
<td width="12%"><div align="center" class="style13">Mary</div></td>
<td width="28%" rowspan="2"><div align="center" class="style13"><strong>OR</strong></div> <div align="center"></div></td>
<td width="10%"><div align="center" class="style13">Sue</div></td>
<td width="16%"><div align="center" class="style13">
<div>is as smart<br />
is smarter than<br />
is less smart than<br />
etc.
<br />
</div>
</div></td>
<td width="10%"><div align="center" class="style13">Mary</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="56"><div align="center"><strong>X</strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong>M</strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong>(Y)</strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong>X</strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong>M</strong></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><strong>(Y)</strong></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">Note that the meaning of each Level allows for an interpretation in which there is no Y term so that the standard of comparison is a previous state of X, e.g., the difference between <em>Sue dances better than Mary</em> versus <em>Sue dances better than before</em>. <br />
</p>
<p class="style13"><strong>Table 13: V<span class="style10">L</span> Level prefixes</strong></p>
<table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td colspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#000000">V<font size="-1">L</font></font></strong> Prefix </div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center">Meaning</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Label</td>
<td>Name of Level </td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="-1">RELATIVE<br />
</font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font size="-1">ABSOLUTE</font></div></td>
<td valign="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="8%"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">EQU</font></strong></td>
<td width="13%"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">EQUATIVE</font></td>
<td width="8%" valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>a-</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="8%" valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>ä-</strong></font></div></td>
<td width="63%" valign="top"><div> X M ’s the same as Y ( or as before) / X is as M as Y ( or as before)</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUR</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SURPASSIVE</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>u-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>ü-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s more than Y ( or than before) / X is more M than Y ( or than before)</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEF</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEFICIENT</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>ï-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>i-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s less than Y ( or than before) / X is less M than Y ( or than before)</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPT </font></strong></td>
<td><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OPTIMAL</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>o-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>ö-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s at its most possible / X is at its most M possible </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MIN </font></strong></td>
<td><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">MINIMAL </font> </td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>e-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center"><font color="#000000" size="+1"><strong>ë-</strong></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s at its least possible / X is at its least M possible </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SPL</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUPERLATIVE</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">ai-</font>/ia-</strong>*</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">au-</font>/ue-*</strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s at its most yet / X is at its most M yet </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFR</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">INFERIOR</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">ui-</font>/ua-</strong>*</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">iu-</font>/ie-</strong>*</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s at its least yet / X is at its least M yet </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SPE</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUPEREQUATIVE</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">ei-</font>/ea-</strong>*</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">eu-</font>/eo-</strong>*</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s more than or = to Y ( or than or equal to before) / X is more M than or = to Y / before</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SBE</font></strong></td>
<td><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUBEQUATIVE</font></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">oi-/oa-*</font></strong></div></td>
<td valign="top"><div align="center" class="style11"><strong><font color="#000000">ou-</font>/oe-</strong>*</div></td>
<td valign="top"><div>X M ’s less than or = to Y ( or than or equal to before) / X is less M than or = to Y / before</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
* the alternate prefix forms for the last four Levels are used before -<strong>w</strong>- and -<strong>y</strong>- Illocution affixes, if euphonically necessary to avoid the combinations of diphthongs ending in -<strong>i</strong> or -<strong>u</strong> being followed by a -<strong>y</strong>- or -<strong>w</strong>- affix respectively.
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h3 align="justify">5.8.4 The Comparison Cases</h3>
<p align="justify">In addition to Level, there are 24 specialized noun cases which identify the exact nature of the comparison in relation to the quantitative spectrum, range, or standard for the particular attribute, quality, or act in question. These cases are applied to the noun to which something is compared, i.e., the term Y in the above formulas. So, for example, in the Ilaksh translation of the sentence <em>Jane is healthier than her sister</em>, the equivalent to <em>is healthier</em> would be shown by a Level prefix meaning "more than" applied to a formative meaning "manifesting a state of health," while the phrase corresponding to <em>than her sister</em> would be the word <em>sister</em> marked for a case which specifies whether the other noun to which the sister is being compared (i.e., Jane) is now well, or is nevertheless still unhealthy, etc. </p>
<p align="justify">It is primarily through the use of these specialized comparison cases that the ambiguities discussed above in Sec. 5.6.1 are eliminated. The meaning of each case as applied to Y, in terms of the X-M-Y formula discussed above, would be: </p>
<p align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">"in comparison to Y, where X Q in terms of reference standard S" </font></strong></p>
<p align="justify">where Q indicates the change (or lack thereof) in X over time and S indicates an external standard of comparison for M. An example of this formula in use would be where the term Q = "was previously less M than Y" and S = "although X (still) isn't very M compared to some external standard or expectation of M-ness" applied to the sentence <em>Jane is healthier than Sue</em>, now disambiguated to mean that Jane, while being in a healthier stated than Sue, still isn't very healthy. </p>
<p align="justify">There are eight possible values for Q and three possible values for S, rendering a total of 24 possible Q + S combinations. It is these 24 possible Q + S combinations that are rendered as the Comparison cases in Ilaksh. The eight possible values for Q are as follows:</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width="702">
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>1</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>was previously less M (or M ’d less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>2</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>was previously more M (or M ’d more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>3</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>is still less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>4</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>is still more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>5</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>is now less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>6</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>is now more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>7</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>was previously as M (or M ’d as much) as Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>8</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>where X ’s previous state of M-ness (or level of M-ing) relative to Y is unknown, inapplicable or irrelevant</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The three possible values for S are as follows:</p>
<table width="702" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>A</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top">although X (still) isn’t very M compared to some external standard or expectation of M-ness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>B</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top">where X meets/exceeds some some external standard or expectation of M-ness and Y does not</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21" valign="top"><div><strong>C</strong></div></td>
<td width="675" valign="top"><div>where both X and Y meet/exceed some external standard or expectation of M-ness, where previously only Y met/exceeded it</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="justify">The eight values of Q combine with the three values of S to give the specific meanings of the 24 comparison cases as shown below in Table 14. The 24 comparison cases are shown by vocalic mutation of the root vowel, Series 73 through 96 (see Section 2.5):</p>
<p><span class="style13"><strong>Table 14: The 24 Comparison Cases</strong> (as per the formula: <strong><font size="-1">[X] [M] [in comparison to Y] where X Q in terms of reference standard S</font></strong>)</span></p>
<table width="86%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td width="45"><div align="center"><strong>Label</strong></div></td>
<td width="140"><div align="center"><strong>Name of Case </strong></div></td>
<td width="66"><div align="center"><strong>Mutation Series </strong></div></td>
<td width="409"><div align="center"><strong>Value of Q <br />
(change in X over time)<br />
</strong></div></td>
<td width="284"><div align="center"><strong>Value of S <br />
(Comparison to external standard)
</strong></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP1A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 1A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">73</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously less M (or M ’d less) than Y </div></td>
<td rowspan="8"><div align="center">although X (or X and Y) (still) isn’t/aren't very M compared to some external standard or expectation of M-ness</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP2A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 2A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">74</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously more M (or M ’d more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP3A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 3A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">75</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is still less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP4A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 4A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">76</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is still more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP5A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 5A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">77</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is now less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP6A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 6A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">78</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is now more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP7A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 7A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">79</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously as M (or M ’d as much) as Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP8A</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 8A</font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">80</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X ’s previous state of M-ness (or level of M-ing) relative to Y is unknown, inapplicable or irrelevant</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP1B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 1B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">81</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously less M (or M ’d less) than Y </div></td>
<td rowspan="8"><div align="center">and where X (or Y) meets/exceeds some some extrenal standard or expectation of M-ness and Y (or X) does not</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP2B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 2B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">82</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously more M (or M ’d more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP3B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 3B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">83</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is still less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP4B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 4B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">84</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is still more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP5B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 5B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">85</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is now less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP6B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 6B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">86</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is now more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP7B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 7B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">87</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously as M (or M ’d as much) as Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP8B</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 8B </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">88</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X ’s previous state of M-ness (or level of M-ing) relative to Y is unknown, inapplicable or irrelevant</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP1C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 1C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">89</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously less M (or M ’d less) than Y </div></td>
<td rowspan="8"><div align="center">and where both X and Y meet/exceed some external standard or expectation of M-ness, where previously only Y met/exceeded it</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP2C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 2C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">90</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously more M (or M ’d more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP3C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 3C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">91</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is still less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP4C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 4C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">92</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is still more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP5C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 5C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">93</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is now less M (or M ’s less) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP6C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 6C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">94</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X is now more M (or M ’s more) than Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP7C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 7C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">95</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X was previously as M (or M ’d as much) as Y </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="-1">CMP8C</font></strong></font></div></td>
<td><div align="center"><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">COMPARATIVE 8C </font> </div></td>
<td><div align="center">96</div></td>
<td width="409" valign="top"></div>where X ’s previous state of M-ness (or level of M-ing) relative to Y is unknown, inapplicable or irrelevant</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3> </h3>
<h3>5.8.5 The COS Suffix<a name="Sec5o8o5" id="Sec5o8o5"></a> </h3>
<p align="justify">Since Level affixes modify a verb directly, there is still a potential for ambiguity due to the fact that Levels and the Comparison cases specify the relationship between two entities being compared, but they do not specify the particular parameter of the term M. In other words, the verb "laugh" in the SURPASSIVE Level might be best translated as "out-laugh," as in <em>Sam out-laughed George</em>, but we still do not know if this means the laugh was louder, longer, or "harder." Therefore, verbs marked for Levels often take the COS suffix as well, to specify the parameters of he quality or act in question. This suffix is found in the list of derivational suffixes in Chapter 7, but is shown here as well, for the sake of convenience. (See <a href="Chapter_2.html">Section 2.7</a> for an explanation of the nine degrees and three suffix-types associated with derivational suffixes).</p>
<p><strong>-V<font size="-2">0</font>ks</strong> <strong>COS</strong> Comparison Specifications</p>
<ol>
<li>“more”/“less” = extent/amount/volume</li>
<li>“harder”/“weaker” = degree of intensity or effort</li>
<li>“longer”/“shorter” = duration; time spent being/doing</li>
<li>“better”/“worse” = quality / style</li>
<li>“more efficiently”/“less efficiently” = efficiency / effort relative to outcome</li>
<li>“greater”/“poorer” = relevant outcome / bottom-line result</li>
<li>combo of 4, 5, and 6 </li>
<li>combo of 1, 2, and 3 </li>
<li>combo of 1 through 6 </li>
</ol>
<h3><br />
5.8.6 Examples of Level and the Comparison Cases in Use</h3>
<p>(Note that in the morphological interlinear analysis below, the distinction between absolute versus relative Level is indicated by a small <strong>“a”</strong> versus a small <strong>“r”</strong> attached to the label/abbreviation for the particular Level.) </p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Uhwaxassküùg akkiàl aktawòil.</font></strong><br />
<font color="#FF0000" size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>SUR</strong></font><font color="#FF0000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><span class="style10">r</span></strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">ASR</font>-<font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font size="-1">OPR</font>-‘eyesight’-<font size="-1">PRX/M/CSL/DPX</font>-<font size="-1">FLC</font><span class="style10">1</span><font size="-1">/6 </font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘woman’-<font size="-1">AFF</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘man’-<font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>CMP3A</strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font><br />
<em>The woman’s eyesight has improved/stabilized compared to the man’s, but she still doesn’t see very well.</em></p>
<p><strong><font size="+1">Ni-ul <span class="style7">euhnalgùl</span> żëuyel.</font></strong><br />
<font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">IFL</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-‘cat’-<font size="-1">AFF</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font> <font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>SPQ</strong></font><font color="#FF0000"><strong><span class="style10">a</span></strong></font>-<font size="-1">ADM</font>-<font size="-1">IFL</font>-<font size="-1">STA</font>-‘sickness/illness’<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font></font> <font size="-1">IFL</font>-‘dog’-<font color="#FF0000" size="-1"><strong>CMP2C</strong></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<font size="-1">DEL/M/CSL/UNI</font></font><br />
<em>Be aware that the cat is (now) at least as sick as the dog, if not more so, whereas previously only the dog was sick.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<blockquote>
<p align="right"><strong><a onclick="javascript:changenav2();" href="Chapter_6.html">Proceed to Chapter 6: More Verb Morphology >></a></strong></p>
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<td><a href="Chapter_4.html"><span class="style17">4 Case Morphology</span></a></td>
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<td height="18"><span class="style17"><a href="Ilaksh_Intro.html">Introduction</a></span></td>
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<td><a href="Chapter_10.html"><span class="style17">10 Lexico-Semantics</span></a></td>
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<td height="18"><a href="Chapter_1.html"><span class="style17">1 Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_6.html"><span class="style17">6 More Verb Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_11.htm"><span class="style17">11 The Writing System</span></a></td>
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<td><a href="Chapter_2.html"><span class="style17">2 Morpho-Phonology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_7.html"><span class="style17">7 Suffixes</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_12.htm"><span class="style17">12 The Number System</span></a></td>
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<td><a href="Chapter_3.html"><span class="style17">3 Basic Morphology</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Chapter_8.html"><span class="style17">8 Adjuncts</span></a></td>
<td><a href="Lexicon.htm"><span class="style17">The Lexicon</span></a></td>
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<p align="justify">©2007-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </p>
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