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|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<TITLE>A Grammar of the Ithkuil Language - Chapter 11: The Script</TITLE>
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<DIV align="center"><FONT color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ithkuil:
A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<IMG src="assets/Title-Script5.gif"><BR>
<BR>
</DIV>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a
Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9
Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b
Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10
Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1
Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6
More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11
The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2
Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a
Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12
The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3
Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The
Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD height="26" valign="top"> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4
Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8
Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<H2 align="center">Chapter 11: The Ithkuil Script</H2>
<DIV align="center">
<TABLE width="39%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="309"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o1">11.1 A “Morpho-Phonemic”
Script </A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o2">11.2 Number of Characters</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o3">11.3 Physical Design of the Characters</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o4">11.4 How the Script Operates</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o5">11.5 Character Lists</A></FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify"><BR>
The Ithkuil writing system, like the language itself, although
extremely complex in its structure and usage, is strictly logical and highly
efficient in its ability to convey information. In previous chapters we have
seen the high degree of detail and multi-level functionality and dynamism inherent
in the language’s morpho-phonology, morpho-syntax, and lexico-semantics.
The workings of the Ithkuil writing system are no different. For example, just
as the consonants and vowels of nominal and verbal stems can mutate into new
forms, so, too, do the characters of the Ithkuil script mutate into other forms
based on morpho-phonological rules.</P>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.1 A “MORPHO-PHONEMIC” SCRIPT<A name="Sec11o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">Such dynamism in a language’s writing system can be achieved
because the Ithkuil script has the unique distinction of being “morpho-phonemic,”
i.e., the individual characters of the script do not merely convey phonemic
content like an alphabet or syllabary, but also convey morphological (grammatical)
information. Additionally, the phonemic and grammatical information conveyed
by a specific character changes depending on the position of that character
within a word. This dynamism allows individual Ithkuil words to be written with
a fewer number of characters than in alphabetic or syllabic writing systems,
particularly those words which are highly inflected and/or have multiple affixes.
As a consequence of such a system, however, it is impossible to learn how to
write in the script unless and until one is first familiar with the grammar
of the language. As an example, the following diagram presents an analysis of
the phonological and grammatical information contained in each written character
of the following Ithkuil sentence:</P>
<TABLE width="73%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="29%"> </TD>
<TD width="71%"><IMG src="assets/11-1a.gif" width="347" height="23" align="middle"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD><IMG src="assets/11-1b.gif" width="132" height="36"></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<BR>
<TABLE width="70%" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
<TBODY><TR align="center">
<TD width="50">
<P align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1c.gif" width="40" height="39" align="absmiddle"></P>
</TD>
<TD width="47">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1d.gif" width="35" height="43" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="37">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1e.gif" width="16" height="46" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="52">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1f.gif" width="45" height="40" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="58">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1g.gif" width="49" height="39" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="68">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1h.gif" width="50" height="41" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="56">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1i.gif" width="26" height="57" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1j.gif" width="32" height="44" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="69">
<DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1k.gif" width="29" height="41" align="absmiddle"></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="50">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<BR>
<TABLE width="94%" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 1</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1c.gif" width="40" height="39"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="561"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal
character, Grade 1, alternate form. Word-initial position implies C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
phonemic Value = /<STRONG>l</STRONG>/. Alternate form shows word carries
ultimate stress. Phonemic value in conjunction with position preceding a
personal reference adjunct infix indicates word is a single-referent personal
reference adjunct.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1d.gif" width="35" height="43"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Personal Reference
Adjunct infix character. Values: <FONT size="1">AFFECTIVE</FONT> Case; Affix
Degree 1. </FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22" height="71">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1e.gif" width="16" height="46"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character,
Grade 1, primary form. Position immediately following a personal reference
adjunct infix implies C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> phonemic Value = /<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’</FONT></STRONG>/.
Consonantal character being in this position in a single-referent adjunct
indicates character represents an affix rather than a case-marker.<BR>
</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1f.gif" width="45" height="40"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Character is a composite
aspectual adjunct infix character with following values: <FONT size="1">INTUITIVE</FONT>
validation; <FONT size="1">ALLEGATIVE</FONT> sanction. Position relative
to previous characters indicates that it is part of a different word.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1g.gif" width="49" height="39"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Vocalic character /<STRONG>â</STRONG>/,
Series A, primary but hook-reversed form. Position immediately following
an aspectual adjunct infix character indicates start of new word. Position
preceding two consonantal characters indicates word is a formative. Primary
form indicates <FONT size="1">NORMAL</FONT> essence. Hook-reversed form
indicates a Form II stem, i.e., <FONT size="1">FORMAL</FONT> designation.
Absence of dot diacritic indicates word carries falling tone.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1h.gif" width="50" height="41"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character,
Grade 1, primary form. Phonemic value: /<STRONG>q</STRONG>/. Position following
vocalic character and preceding another consonantal character indicates
it is a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical. Adjacent “wedge” diacritic,
in absence of similar diacritic on either the preceding vocalic character
or the following consonantal character indicates <FONT size="1">STATIVE</FONT>
conflation.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1i.gif" width="26" height="57"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character,
Grade 1, primary form. Phonemic value /<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>/.
Position indicates it is a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. Underposed
dot in absence of diacritic dot on preceding character indicates stem is
Pattern 1, Stem 3. Primary form in conjunction with primary form of preceding
character indicates word carries penultimate stress.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1j.gif" width="32" height="44"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character,
Grade 5, primary form. Position following a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical
indicates a consonantal affix. Phonemic value /<STRONG>q<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG>/.
Grade 5 = affix-degree 5. Absence of diacritic indicates affix-type 1, non-geminated.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="22">
<DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1k.gif" width="29" height="41"></DIV></TD>
<TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character,
Grade 5, primary form. Position following a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical
indicates a consonantal affix. Phonemic value /<STRONG>d</STRONG>/. Grade
5 = affix-degree 5. Absence of diacritic indicates affix-type 1, non-geminated.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/11-1a.gif" width="347" height="23" align="middle"><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-1l.gif" width="387" height="28"> <BR>
<EM>‘I feel that nowadays everyone everywhere is happy.’</EM>
<BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT>
</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">Notice how the above analysis shows that the only purely phonemic
information given by the Ithkuil written characters in this sentence is for
<STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">/l/, /<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’/,
/â/, /q/, /<IMG src="assets/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">/,
/q’/ </FONT></STRONG>and<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
/d/</FONT></STRONG>. All remaining information represented by the characters
is wholly morphological, by which the reader “constructs” the pronunciation
of the sentence as a whole. Such is a morpho-phonemic script.</P>
<P align="justify">It is important to recognize that while the phonological component
of the Ithkuil script gives information as to the phonemes associated with the
stem and affixes of a noun or verb, it does not operate alphabetically to tell
the reader the specific pronunciation of a word. The reader must be familiar
with the grammar of the language in order to know how to interpret the phonological
component of the script (including the possibility of allowable alternative
pronunciations or transliterations). This morpho-phonemic principle can be illustrated
by showing how affixes to a noun or verb are represented in the script. The
Ithkuil translation of the English sentence <EM>I am a sufficiently large man</EM>
can be said in all of the following equivalent ways, due to the flexibility
of Ithkuil affixation rules (see <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o5">Sec.
6.5</A>):</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="47%" height="95" valign="top"><P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta
yâqomüxduï.<BR>
Ta yâqomüxiäd. <BR>
Ta yâqomduïxü. <BR>
Ta yâqomiädüx</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>.</STRONG><BR>
<STRONG>Ta <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xü’a</FONT></STRONG>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yâqomiäd.</FONT></STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
<STRONG>Ta du<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï’a
</FONT></STRONG> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yâqomx<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</FONT></STRONG>.<BR>
</FONT></STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta
<STRONG>du<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">üx
</FONT></STRONG>yâqom</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>.</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xü’<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG>iä</FONT>d</STRONG>
yâqom.</FONT></STRONG><BR>
</FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD width="53%"><BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><IMG src="assets/11-1.gif" width="145" height="26" align="absmiddle"></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">Even though there are eight possible ways to say this sentence
in Ithkuil, they are all written the same, as shown above. This is because the
script does not indicate specific choices of alternatives in the position of
morphemes (phonological units having a particular semantic or grammatical function).
The first symbol of the phrase above indicates the initial consonant element
<STRONG>t</STRONG>- of the personal-reference adjunct <STRONG>tawa</STRONG>
(or <STRONG>ta</STRONG>), while the second symbol conveys <FONT size="2">OBLIQUE</FONT>
case for the adjunct, interpretable as -<STRONG>a</STRONG> or –<STRONG>awa</STRONG>.
The third symbol represents the vocalic prefix <STRONG>â</STRONG>-, as
well as the form, tone, mode, and vocalic mutation series of the stem. The fourth
and fifth characters represents the <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">1</FONT></STRONG>
and <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG> consonants of the root respectively,
along with the mutational grade, stem number, vowel pattern, syllabic stress
and conflation information which transforms the initial <STRONG>â</STRONG>-
prefix to <STRONG>yâ</STRONG>-. The last two characters represent the
two affixes including their degree and affix-type.</P>
<P align="justify">It should be noted what the written form of this word does
not convey. It does not tell us what vowel is to be infixed between the <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">1</FONT></STRONG>
and <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG> consonant consonants (as this
is predictable based on the form, set, mutation series and vocalic pattern),
it does not tell us whether or how to pronounce the affixes as suffixes or prefixes
to the stem or in adjunct form, nor in which order to pronounce them. Consequently,
the script functions more like a template or code for the basic phonemes of
roots plus the grammatical information necessary for a speaker of the language
to interpolate these into actual spoken words. Note also that there is no space
between the two written words, as the third character, being a vowel character
following a specialized adjunct character, automatically indicates the beginning
of a new word.</P>
<P align="justify">While such a multi-functional system of writing is extremely
complex and impossible to use without a thorough understanding of Ithkuil morpho-phonology
and morpho-syntax, it makes for a very abbreviated written representation of
words, in that all parts of a spoken word whose phonological component is predictable
from the grammar, need not be written, while those parts of a word which are
not predictable can be represented by symbols which convey much more than a
sound, but rather also convey the grammatical information necessary to construct
the unwritten parts of the word. As a result, the script acts to “compress”
the written form of the language as opposed to the spoken form, much like computerized
“compression” software stores computer files in a space-saving manner
in which all components of a file whose construction is predictable based on
other components, can be eliminated in the stored version, and restored when
accessed. Similarly, the “compressed” form of words in the Ithkuil
written language are restored to full pronunciation when spoken or read.</P>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.2 NUMBER OF CHARACTERS<A name="Sec11o2"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">The script is based on 252 core characters used to write both
formatives and adjuncts, plus 54 specialized combinatory elements used only
with adjuncts. Of the core characters, 48 of these represent vowel elements,
60 represent consonantal elements, and 84 represent characters associated with
valence/version adjuncts. Each of the 48 core vowel characters has three modified
variants for a total of four variations, each of which then mutates into eight
other characters for a total of 864 vowel symbols. Each of the 60 core consonant
characters has one alternate version, this alternate and the original both mutating
into eight other forms for a total of 1080 consonant characters. The 54 combinatory
elements are divided into two sets of 27, each set comprised of three subsets
of nine components. A single component of each subset combines with a component
from the other two to render a tripartite composite, rendering a total of 789
possible composite characters for each of the two sets. Combined with the 2028
variations and mutations of the core characters, this renders a grand total
of 3606 characters. Additionally there are a few symbols which correspond roughly
to punctuation marks. A further set of numerical symbols will be discussed in
<A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">Chapter 12</A>.</P>
<P align="justify"> </P>
<DIV align="justify">
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.3 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF THE CHARACTERS<A name="Sec11o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P align="justify">The physical form of the characters in the script is based
on two different types of written strokes: straight “bar”-like elements,
and pointed sickle-like “hooks.” These bars and hooks are joined
to one another in a variety of angular “offset” connections. While
there can be a number of different bar-like elements comprising a given character,
only one arc or hook can occur in a character. These bars and hooks can be easily
discerned in the sample of Ithkuil writing shown here.</P>
<DIV align="justify">
</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/Intro_8.gif" width="535" height="33"><BR>
</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3>11.3.1 Character Archetypes and Derivation</H3>
<P align="justify">The four primary character archetypes of the Ithkuil script
are as follows: <FONT color="#FFFFFF">___</FONT><IMG src="assets/11-3-1a.gif" width="62" height="20">
</P>
<P align="justify">These can then be turned upside down, combine with each other,
and have their lines bent at angles to generate additional secondary archetypes:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/11-3-1b.gif" width="259" height="20"></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">From these archetypes, the thousands of remaining characters
are derived. Examples of some of the various patterns of derivation are shown
in the chart below:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><IMG src="assets/11-3-1c.gif" width="540" height="171"><BR>
</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3>11.3.2 Direction Of Writing<A name="Sec11o3o2"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">Up to this point example phrases and sentences in this work
have shown the script written in what appears as a familiar left-to-right horizontal
style. However, such a format is used only for brief autonomous phrases or sentences
which take up a single line. Similarly, the individual Ithkuil characters themselves
are normally written in this horizontal fashion when listed by themselves as
in the various tables throughout this chapter.</P>
<TABLE width="84%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="25%"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-3-2a.gif" width="95" height="273"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="75%" valign="top"><DIV align="justify">For passages taking up more
than one line, as in general narrative passages or “paragraphs,”
the script is normally written in a vertical <EM>boustrophedon</EM> fashion
(Greek for “as the ox plows”); specifically, it is written
in vertical columns starting at the upper left of a page, with the first
column being written top-to-bottom and each character oriented sideways
and opening downward, then reversing direction in the second column and
being written bottom-to-top with each character facing or opening upward.
Each line continues this “zig-zag” approach from the left
side of the page to the right, every other line running one direction
as opposed to the preceding and following lines. This is illustrated by
analogy with Roman letters to the left and can be seen in the sample of
an Ithkuil passage below.</DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="80%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD width="27%" height="273" valign="top">
<DIV align="left"><IMG src="assets/11-3-2b.gif" width="133" height="261" align="right"></DIV></TD>
<TD width="6%"> </TD>
<TD width="67%" valign="top"> <P> <FONT size="2">TRANSLITERATION</FONT>:<BR>
<EM></EM><IMG src="assets/11-3-2c.gif" width="419" height="72"><BR>
<BR>
<FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-11-1.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A>
<A href="Sound_Files/Ch-11-1.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT>
<BR>
</P>
<P align="justify"><FONT size="2">TRANSLATION</FONT>: <EM><BR>
As our vehicle leaves the ground and plunges over the edge of the cliff
toward the valley floor, I ponder whether it is possible that one might
allege I am guilty of an act of moral failure, having failed to maintain
a proper course along the roadway.</EM></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.4 HOW THE SCRIPT OPERATES<A name="Sec11o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify">As previously stated, writing Ithkuil requires a knowledge
of both the morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactical rules of the language.
Recall that Ithkuil has two parts of speech: formatives and adjuncts. The rules
for writing formatives are separate from the rules for writing adjuncts. We
will first examine the rules for writing formatives.<BR>
</P>
<H3 align="justify">11.4.1 Writing Formatives<A name="Sec11o4o1"></A></H3>
<P align="justify">As described in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">Chapter
2</A>, formatives derive morphologically from a stem of the form <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>V<FONT size="1">i</FONT>C<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG>,
where <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">1</FONT></STRONG> is one of 60 consonantal radicals,
<STRONG>C<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG> is one of 60 consonantal radicals,
and <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">i</FONT></STRONG> is a vocalic infix determined
by the Form, Pattern and Stem. Specifically each abstract semantic root generates
three Stems within two Modes, and each Stem in turn has two Forms and three
Patterns. For convenience, the following table, originally shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o2o3">Sec.
2.2.3</A> is repeated here to illustrate these relationships.</P>
<P align="center"> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 35:
Vocalic Infixes for Stems by Mode, Pattern & Form</FONT></STRONG></P>
<TABLE width="49%" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </TD>
<TD colspan="3" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#0000FF" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Primary
Mode</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD colspan="3" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#FF0000" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Secondary
Mode</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="12%" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern
1</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="12%" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern
2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="12%" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern
3</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="13%" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern
1</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="12%" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern
2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width="20%" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern
3</FONT></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="10%" rowspan="3"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form
I</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD width="9%" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem
1</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>a</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>e</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ä</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>aî</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>eì</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>aì</STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem
2</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>u</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>o</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ö</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>uî</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>oi</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>uì</STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem
3</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>i</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ë</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ü</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>eî</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>oì</STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ëì</STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="3"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form
II</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem
1</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">â</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ê</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ae</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">aû</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">aè</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">aù</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem
2 </FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">û</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ô</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ø</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">oû</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">où</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ëù</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem
3 </FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">î</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ÿ</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">iu</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">eû</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">eù</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">iù</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify">As shown in the above table and described in detail in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">Chapter
2</A>, it is the vocalic infix of a formative, not the consonantal radicals
that convey and differentiate the morphological components of Mode, Pattern,
Form and Stem. However, the Ithkuil script does not overtly represent symbols
for this vocalic infix. An Ithkuil formative (not including suffixes) is represented
by three characters: an initial vowel character whose phonological component
represents the initial Affiliation/Extension prefix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">Sec.
3.4</A>), plus characters representing the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> and C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
characters. Therefore it is these three characters which, in addition to their
phonological component, must convey the above-named morphological components,
additional morphological components of Focus and Conflation, as well as additional
phonological information such as tone and stress. The following paragraphs describe
how the Ithkuil script accomplishes these tasks. </P>
<P align="justify"><BR>
<STRONG><A name="Sec11o4o1o1"></A>11.4.1.1 Representing C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
Consonantal Radicals</STRONG>. Distinct written symbols exist for each of the
60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> consonantal radicals. Just as each C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
radical can mutate into one of eight other forms for a total of nine mutational
grades (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o4">Sec 2.4</A>), so these
60 written characters can be mutated into eight other characters, each corresponding
to the nine mutational grades. This is illustrated below for the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
radical <IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom">.</P>
<P><STRONG>Standard Forms</STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-1a.gif" width="639" height="107"></P>
<P align="justify">Additionally, each C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> symbol pattern
has an alternate pattern, used under certain morphological circumstances described
later. The alternate pattern for the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical <STRONG></STRONG>
<IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom">
is illustrated below.</P>
<P><STRONG>Alternate Forms</STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-1b.gif" width="639" height="112"></P>
<P align="justify">Note the similarity of these alternate forms to the standard
forms. In the case of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical <IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom">,
the alternate pattern is shown by a mere point-like extension at the base of
each character while the rest of the pattern remains identical. For all consonantal
characters, the nine grades of mutation are differentiated by variations in
the top “half” of the character, while alternate versions of characters
are shown in the bottom half of the character. For example, compare the standard
and alternate forms of <IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom">
above with those of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k<IMG src="assets/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG>
below.</P>
<P><STRONG>Standard Forms</STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-1c.gif" width="639" height="112"></P>
<P><STRONG>Alternate Forms</STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-1d.gif" width="639" height="112"></P>
<P align="justify">For formatives, one of these 120 symbols (the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
radicals and their alternates) or their eight grades of variants will always
constitute either the first or second symbol of a word. For those formatives
where it is the second symbol, the first symbol will always be a vowel character.
Vowel characters are distinguished from consonantal characters because the former
always contain a sickle-like “hook” element while consonant characters
do not. Consequently, it is always possible to tell which is the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
symbol of a formative.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.1.2 Representing C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> Consonantal
Radicals</STRONG>. As for symbols denoting the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> consonantal
radical, they are the same 60 symbols (plus alternates and eight grades of variants)
used to represent C<FONT size="2">1</FONT> forms, however they do not necessarily
represent the same phonemic values as when used for C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
forms. If we compare Tables 6 and 7 in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o4">Section
2.4</A> we see that of the 60 C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radicals in Grade 1,
only 24 of them can also be C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radicals, and even these
24 mutate in a completely different manner than their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
counterparts. In other words, the same written symbol often represents completely
different consonantal forms, depending on whether it is being used to represent
a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical or a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. Thus,
for example, the written symbol for <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>k</STRONG></FONT>
in Grade 4 will be interpreted as <IMG src="assets/k-aspirated.gif" width="19" height="18" align="absbottom">
if representing a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical, but must be interpreted
as <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>sk</STRONG></FONT> if representing
a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. </P>
<P align="justify">So how is the reader supposed to know if it is a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
versus C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical being represented? By the position of
the symbol in the word, i.e., whether it is the first consonantal symbol in
the word (indicating it is C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>) or whether it is the second
consonantal symbol in the word (indicating it is C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>).
The second consonantal symbol in a formative will always represent one of the
nine grades of a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> consonantal radical. Let us illustrate
this principle by examples.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/11-4-1-2.gif" width="435" height="110"></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify">Note how it is mere position within the word that distinguishes
the interpretation to be given to what are otherwise identical written symbols,
allowing six phonologically different radicals to be represented by only three
different symbols. In this manner, Ithkuil can make do with symbols for C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
radicals without requiring separate symbols for C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radicals.</P>
<P align="justify">As for those C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radicals in Grade 1 that
do not correspond to any C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radicals in Grade 1 (i.e.,
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">b, d, <IMG src="assets/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">,
g, <IMG src="assets/g-dot.gif" width="12" height="19" align="absbottom">,
j, v, <IMG src="assets/z-dot.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>),
Ithkuil represents these using C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> symbols as well. They
simply have completely different phonological values than for their usage as
C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> symbols. As an example, the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
symbol for <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">šp</FONT></STRONG>
becomes the symbol for <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>r</STRONG></FONT>
when representing a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. Again, it is mere position
in the word that clues the reader into interpreting the symbol as a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
radical, rather than C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.1.3 Representing Pattern and Stem</STRONG>. The
three Stems and three Patterns associated with each root are shown by a specific
pattern of diacritic dots on the two radical consonants of the stem. This diacritic
pattern is distinguished both by the selection of which consonantal radical
is marked, as well as whether the diacritic is placed below the character or
alongside. This is illustrated in the table below.</P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 36: Diacritic Markings
for Displaying Pattern and Stem<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-3.gif" width="493" height="131"></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P> </P>
<P align="justify"> <STRONG>11.4.1.4 Representing Stress</STRONG>. The four stress
patterns (see <A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o3o3">Sec. 1.3.3</A>) are shown
by the four-way alternation between standard versus alternate forms of the two
consonant radicals, as previously described and illustrated in <A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o4o1o1">Sec.
11.4.1.1</A>. Therefore, if we represent the standard forms of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
and C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radicals as <STRONG>S</STRONG> and alternate forms
as <STRONG>A</STRONG>, and the initial vowel character as <STRONG>V</STRONG>,
the representation of the four stress patterns using the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
sequence of characters is as follows:</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
Table 37: Pattern of Character Alternations Indicating Stress<BR>
</FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/11-4-1-4.gif" width="535" height="187"><BR>
</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.1.5 Representing Vowels, Mode, and Form</STRONG>.
As we have seen elsewhere, the value of any vowel in an Ithkuil formative is
completely predictable based on the morphology of the formative itself, with
the exception of the vocalic prefixes used to show Affiliation, Extension and
Conflation (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o2">Secs.
3.2</A>, <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o4">3.4</A> and
<A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4o1">5.4.1</A> respectively). Therefore,
it is unnecessary to represent vowels in a Ithkuil written word except for a
character representing the vocalic prefix which also conveys the additional
morphological information necessary to determine the vowels to be infixed elsewhere
within the stem. Consequently, a written Ithkuil formative will contain only
one symbol representing a vowel, and this symbol will indicate the vocalic prefix
(if any), as well as the Mode, the Form, the vocalic mutation series, and tone
of the word. The details of how this vowel symbol conveys this information is
described in the paragraphs below.</P>
<P align="justify">There are 24 possible vocalic prefixes to Ithkuil formatives
which indicate Affiliation and Extension for nouns or for the first of the seven
conflations for verbs. Consequently there are 24 basic vowel characters whose
phonetic value corresponds to these prefixes. These 24 characters in turn have
an alternate form called the secondary used to indicate the secondary mode of
the stem (i.e., corresponding to <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> essence
as per <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o2o3">Secs. 2.2.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o8o1">3.8.1</A>).
Both primary and secondary forms in turn have “hook-reversed” forms,
i.e., forms identical to the primary and secondary forms, but with the sickle-like
hook portion of the character curved in the opposite direction; these hook-reversed
forms are used to indicate Form II of the formative, corresponding to the <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT>
designation as explained in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o2o3">Secs.
2.2.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o7">3.7</A>.
The alternate and hook-reversed forms added to the 24 primary vowel characters,
renders 96 characters. These 96 in turn have eight modifications to indicate
the nine mutational series of a stem’s vocalic infix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec.
2.5</A>), resulting in 864 vowel characters. One of these 864 vowel symbols
will always be the first character of an Ithkuil written formative. The following
table illustrates an example of the basic vowel character <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</FONT></STRONG>
with its mutations, along with its alternate and hook-reversed forms. Note that,
like consonantal characters, the top half of the character carries the distinctions
between the nine degrees of mutation.</P>
<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT size="2">Primary Form</FONT><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-5a.gif" width="639" height="73"></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Primary Form with
Reversed Hook</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-5b.gif" width="639" height="73"></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Secondary Form</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-5c.gif" width="639" height="72"></FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Secondary Form with Reversed
Hook</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-5d.gif" width="639" height="73"> </P>
<P align="justify"><BR>
<STRONG><BR>
</STRONG> <STRONG><A name="Sec11o4o1o6"></A>11.4.1.6 Representing Tone</STRONG>.
The four functional tones are indicated by patterns of diacritic dots written
in conjunction with the word-initial vocalic symbol as shown below. </P>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 38:
Tone Diacritics</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-6.gif" width="439" height="78"> </P>
<P align="justify"><BR>
<STRONG>11.4.1.7 Representing Conflation</STRONG>. Conflation is one of the
three morphological categories shown by the initial vocalic prefix to a verbal
formative, the other two being Affiliation and Extension. We have already seen
that the 24 Affiliation/Extension prefixes associated with nouns and the first
Conflation of verbs (the <FONT size="2">OPERATIVE</FONT>) is shown by 24 autonomous
characters. The remaining six conflations are shown by a pattern of diacritic
marks placed alongside the vocalic prefix and the two consonantal radical characters.
The diacritic itself is a wedge-shaped mark (<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5">
) which changes to a short bar ( <IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7">
or <IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7c.gif" width="10" height="6"> ) if replacing
a diacritic dot (indicating Pattern, Stem or Tone) already present. The pattern
is as follows:</P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 39: Diacritic Markings
for Displaying Conflation</FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7.gif" width="625" height="128"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P> </P>
<P align="justify"> <STRONG>11.4.1.8 Representing Affixes</STRONG>. Although every
affix to a formative generally has both a prefix and a suffix form, only the
suffix form is represented in the Ithkuil writing system, i.e., any consonantal
prefix to a formative in the spoken language appears as a suffix in the written
language. As detailed in <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">Chapter 7</A>,
the suffix consists of a consonant preceded by a vowel determined by one of
three affix-types and one of nine degrees. In writing, the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
characters are used to represent these affixes, each with its own independent
consonantal value when used as an affix. In other words, the phonemic value
associated with these 60 symbols when written as a suffix is independent of
their value when written as a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> or C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
radical. As with C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> and C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> representations,
the reader’s clue to interpreting the symbol as an affix is by position
within the word; the suffix will always be the third (or more) consonantal symbol
in a word. Note that affixes which contain geminated (i.e., doubled) consonants
(e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mm</FONT></STRONG>,
<STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ss</FONT></STRONG>,<STRONG>
</STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>tt</STRONG></FONT>,
etc.) are shown by the character corresponding to their ungeminated form plus
an additional underposed dot, e.g., n <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">nn
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-8.gif" width="63" height="22" align="absmiddle">
. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>Affix Degree</STRONG>. The nine affixual degrees associated
with a given consonantal affix category are represented by the same character
mutations used to show the nine grades of C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
mutation. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>Affix-Type</STRONG>. Affixes containing Type-1 vocalic
infixes are unmarked. Affixes having Type-2 vocalic infixes are marked with
a diacritic dot alongside the letter. Affixes having Type-3 vocalic infixes
are marked with the wedge-shaped diacritic mark alongside the character (the
same mark used with C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical
characters to show conflation). If a Type-3 affix character is geminated, this
gemination may be shown by modifying the wedge-diacritic to a short bar (as
explained above for Conflation) and deleting the underposed dot usually used
for gemination.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.1.9 Representing Focus</STRONG>. <FONT size="2">POSITIVE</FONT>
focus is shown by placing a special diacritic, an underposed vertical bar <IMG src="assets/11-4-1-9.gif" width="16" height="20" align="middle">
under any available character in the word.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.1.10 Representing Illocution</STRONG>. In <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o1">Sec.
5.1</A> we saw that Ithkuil indicates the morphological category of Illocution
primarily by a consonantal infix between the word-initial vocalic prefix and
the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> consonantal radical. However, in Sec. 7.7.13 we
saw an alternative method of conveying Illocution using the <FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#ILLaffix">ILL</A></FONT><A href="Ch-7%20Using%20Affixes%20Contd.html">
suffix</A> -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"></FONT>,
used when the infixed form is not phonologically permissible. Generally, the
Ithkuil script conveys only the suffixed form. An exception is made however,
for the <FONT size="2">DIRECTIVE</FONT> illocution, for which an optional “shortcut”
notation exists, consisting of placing a special diacritic, a horizontal bar
<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-10.gif" width="21" height="14" align="middle">
under the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> character.</P>
<H3 align="justify"><BR>
11.4.2 Writing Adjuncts</H3>
<P align="justify">The rules for writing aspectual adjuncts and personal reference
adjuncts in Ithkuil script are distinct from writing formatives, employing a
different type of written symbol, specifically “composite” characters
made up of three separate character elements. Note that other adjuncts such
as combination adjuncts and affixual adjuncts are not represented autonomously
in the Ithkuil writing system, as these adjuncts exist purely for euphonic and
phonotactical considerations which are either optional, or where not optional,
predictable. Since combination and affixual adjuncts are alternative formats
for more standard morpho-phonological representations of these categories, they
are always represented in their standard formatting when written, regardless
of how they are interpreted in the spoken language.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.2.1 Aspectual Adjuncts</STRONG>. These take the
written form of <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">P</FONT>(C<FONT size="1">b</FONT>)C<FONT size="1">X</FONT></FONT></STRONG>,
where the first <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">P</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
represents the word-initial vocalic prefix indicating aspect, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
represents a Bias suffix from <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec.
6.6.1</A> represented by a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
character carrying its C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> phonological value (with the
glottal stop portion of the bias suffix is not represented), and the final <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">X</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
represents a specialized composite character explained below. Stress and tone
(indicating Mood) are shown by a specialized diacritic explained later below.
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">P</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
utilizes primary vowel forms in both standard and hook-reversed forms, depending
on the specific phonological value of the vowel or diphthong. Any second aspect
shown in the adjunct is indicated by the <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">P</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
character as well, by means of its various mutations and secondary forms, as
follows: Series 2 through 9 of the primary character represent additional aspects
1 through 8 as shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Table19">Table
19 of Sec. 6.4.1</A>; Series 2 through 9 of the secondary form of the character
indicate additional aspects 9 through 16; Series 2 through 9 of the primary
character plus an underposed dot indicate additional aspect 17 through 24; Series
2 through 9 of the secondary form of the character plus underposed dot indicate
additional aspects 25-32.</P>
<P align="justify">As detailed in Chapter 6, the <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">X</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
consonantal infix of an aspectual adjunct synthetically represents the three
morphological categories of Validation, Phase, and Sanction. Each of these categories
contain nine possible values for a total of 93 combinations, i.e., 789 possible
infixes. Rather than create 789 autonomous symbols to represent <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">X</FONT></FONT></STRONG>,
Ithkuil utilizes 27 character components (nine representing Validation, nine
representing Phase, nine representing Sanction) which are then combined into
one tripartite composite character. The general physical structure of this composite
character is as follows:</P>
<P><IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1a.gif" width="473" height="76"></P>
<P></P>
<P align="justify">These twenty-seven component elements are shown below along
with three example composite characters, <IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1b.gif" width="83" height="26" align="absmiddle">.<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Tables 40, 41 and 42: Components
for Written Validation-Phase-Sanction Symbols<BR>
</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1c.gif" width="649" height="520"> </P>
<P align="justify"> <BR>
Stress and tone on an aspectual adjunct, indicating Mood, are shown by varied
patterns of diacritic dots on the tripartite composite character, as per the
following examples using the composite character <IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1e.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absmiddle">.</P>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 43:
Mood Diacritics<BR>
</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1d.gif" width="673" height="77"><BR>
</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.2.2 Personal Reference Adjuncts</STRONG>. As described
in <A href="Ch-8%20Morphology%20of%20Adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec. 8.1</A>, these
are of two types: single-referent and dual-referent. Single-referent adjuncts
have both a short form and a long form. The form of dual-referent adjuncts is
identical to the long form of the single-referent adjunct, with the addition
of suffixed elements. When representing these adjuncts in writing, it is always
the long form of the adjunct that is represented, regardless of whether the
speaker chooses to pronounce it as the short form. The morphological elements
of this long form are represented by the following combined formula, whose elements
are described in the list below:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><STRONG>(<IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">+(<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT>+<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT>(+<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">e</FONT></FONT>
(+<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT>)))</STRONG></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">
= optional vocalic prefix indicating the Configuration, Affiliation, Designation,
Focus and Essence of Referent 1, the values of which are given in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Table
25 from Sec. 8.1.2</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table28">Table
28 in Sec. 8.1.3</A>.<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">
= the single or dual personal-referent consonantal infix from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table30">Sec.
8.1.3, Table 30</A>.<BR>
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">
= the vocalic case infix for Referent 1, as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Section
8.1.2</A> and whose values are summarized in Table 24 in that Section.<BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
= a vocalic infix indicating either the Designation and Context of Referent
2 (labeled <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absmiddle">
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o3">Sec. 8.1.3</A>)
in a dual-referent adjunct, <FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT> a vocalic
suffix indicating the Context of Referent 1 in a single-referent adjunct (labeled
<IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom">
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>),
<FONT size="2"> <STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT> the degree and affix-type of a formative
suffix in a single-referent adjunct (labeled <IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>).
<BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
= a consonantal form representing either the consonantal case infix and Affiliation
for Referent 2 (described as <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG>
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o3">Section 8.1.3</A> with values given in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table31">Table
31</A>) in a dual-referent adjunct, <FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT>
the consonantal formative suffix of a Form 3 single-referent adjunct as described
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A> and
labeled <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG>.<BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">e</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
= a vocalic affix either showing the Context for Referent 1 in a single-referent
adjunct (labelled <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>)
or showing Affiliation for Referent 2 in a dual-referent adjunct (labelled <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">
in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o3">Sec. 8.1.3</A>).<BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
= one of the 48 consonantal Bias affixes from Table 20 in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec.
6.6.1</A>.</P>
<P align="justify">The above combined formula, when represented in Ithkuil script,
is written as <STRONG>(<IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">(<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT>(<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT>))</STRONG>,
where each character is written as follows:</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
utilizes the characters for <STRONG>a</STRONG>, <STRONG>e</STRONG>, <STRONG>u</STRONG>
and <STRONG>i</STRONG> used with formatives depending on which of the four affiliations
is required, the nine mutations of each being used to show Configuration and;
for <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT> designation, the hook-reversed forms of the
four vowel characters are used; for <FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT> designation
plus <FONT size="2">POSITIVE</FONT> focus, the characters for <STRONG>â</STRONG>,
<STRONG>ê</STRONG>, <STRONG>û</STRONG> and <STRONG>î</STRONG>
are used, their hook-reversed forms indicating <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT>
designation. For <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> essence, the above patterns
are used but with the vowel character in its secondary form. </P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
utilizes the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> consonantal
characters (in all nine degrees) interpreted as having their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
phonological value for each degree (e.g., the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
value -<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xt</STRONG></FONT>-,
equivalent to <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x+ç</STRONG></FONT>,
would be written using the 5th degree mutation of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
character for <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</FONT></STRONG>,
whose value is <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xt</FONT></STRONG>).</P>
<P align="justify">Before discussing the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>+
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
character, we will discuss the representation of <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT></STRONG>,
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">e</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
and <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG>.</P>
<P align="justify">The <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
character utilizes the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
consonantal characters but interpreted as having their C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>
phonological value, unless the alternate form of the character is used, in which
case it has its C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> phonological value. The nine mutations
of which are used to represent either the Configuration of Referent 2, or the
affix-type of the formative suffix <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG>
(using mutations 1, 2, and 3). Note that if <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG>
is a glottal stop it is represented by an underposed dot to the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
character rather than by a <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
character.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">e</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
is shown via the <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">w</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
character, as follows: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C =
a, C<IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1f.gif" width="7" height="7" align="absmiddle">
= u, C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5" align="absmiddle">
= â, C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7" align="absmiddle">
= û</STRONG></FONT>.</P>
<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
is shown via the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> characters,
interpreted as having their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> phonological value</P>
<P align="justify">Stress is shown via the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
character as follows: penultimate stress is unmarked; ultimate stress is shown
by employing the alternate form of the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
character; antepenultimate stress is indicated by an underposed dot; preantepenultimate
stress by a combination of alternate form of the character and an underposed
dot.</P>
<P align="justify">Tone is indicated in the written personal reference adjunct
by means of the diacritic pattern from <A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o4o1o6">Sec. 11.4.1.6</A>
above, applied to the initial <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
character; in the absence of a <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
character, tone is indicated on the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>
character using the following diacritics: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C
</STRONG></FONT><STRONG>= falling</STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>,
C<IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1f.gif" width="7" height="7" align="absmiddle">
</STRONG></FONT><STRONG>= high</STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>,
C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5" align="absmiddle">
</STRONG></FONT><STRONG>= rising</STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>,
C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7" align="absmiddle">
</STRONG></FONT><STRONG>= broken</STRONG>.</P>
<P align="justify"> <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>+
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
is represented by a specialized vocalic character used only in personal reference
adjuncts. It consists of an upper and lower set of symbols which are essentially
a counting system indicating one of the 81 cases (see <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">Chapter
4</A>). The two sets of symbols are bifurcated by one of nine horizontal bar-like
elements which represent <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
(NOTE: when <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
represents <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">z</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>,
only the first four of the nine bar elements are used). These symbols are shown
below along with a diagram showing the composition of three example <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG>+
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
characters, respectively Case 1 with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
=1, Case 23 with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
= 5, and Case 50 with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="1">B</FONT></FONT></STRONG>
= 8.</P>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Tables 44,
45 and 46: Components of Specialized Personal Reference Adjunct Symbols<BR>
</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/11-4-2-2.gif" width="620" height="298"></P>
<P></P>
<P align="justify"> <STRONG>11.4.2.3 Valence/Version/Conflation Adjuncts</STRONG>.
These are written per the formula <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>(V<FONT size="1">m</FONT>)(C<FONT size="1">N</FONT>)C<FONT size="1">V</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
where <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">m</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
is the vocalic modality suffix from <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec.
5.5</A>, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">N</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
is the consonantal derivation prefix from <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4o3">Sec.
5.4.3</A>, and <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">V</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
is a specialized character indicating both valence and version as per the table
below. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">m</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
is written using standard primary vowel characters; the use of secondary forms
indicates positive focus; the four tones indicated by series A through D mutational
forms. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">N</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
is written using the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> characters
with their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> phonological value. In the absence of a
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">m</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
character, <FONT size="2">POSITIVE</FONT> focus is shown using the alternate
form of the <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">N</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
character, while tone is shown by the first four mutational grades of the <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">N</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
character. Also, the <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">N</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
character may take an underposed bar diacritic ( <IMG src="assets/11-4-1-10.gif" width="21" height="14" align="middle">
) in the absence of <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">m</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
in order to disambiguate it as being the suffix of a preceding formative. In
the absence of both a <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">m</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
and <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="1">N</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
character, marked tone and focus can be shown using a placeholder <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">m</FONT></STRONG></FONT>
character, the symbol for the <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ae</STRONG></FONT>
diphthong which otherwise does not occur with such adjuncts.</P>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 47:
Valence + Version Characters<BR>
</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/11-4-2-3a.gif" width="656" height="403"></P>
<P align="justify">Format (<A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4o2">Sec.
5.4.2</A>) is shown via diacritics to the above valence/version character, as
follows:</P>
<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 48:
Format Diacritics</STRONG></FONT><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-4-2-3b.gif" width="568" height="77"><BR>
</P>
<H3>11.4.3 Word Boundaries, Punctuation and Foreign Transliteration</H3>
<P align="justify">Because all formatives begin with a vowel symbol, and all written
adjuncts contain a specialized character, it is always possible to determine
where new words begin in a line of Ithkuil writing, obviating the need for a
blank space or other boundary between words. In turn, a blank space functions
to indicate a sentence boundary. And because Ithkuil morphology already indicates
within words themselves various attitudes, moods, and other information which
are normally indicated supra-segmentally in Western languages (e.g., by tone
or inflection of the voice, hyper-enunciation, etc.), symbols such as exclamation
points and question marks are likewise unnecessary. The only “punctuation”
symbols used are to show quotations of direct speech and phonetic transliteration
(as when spelling non-Ithkuil words and names). These two sets of symbols are
shown below. Note that the quotation marks are used only to indicate direct
speech; they are not used as in English to offset a word for emphasis or special
usage. The phonetic rendering marks indicate the word or phrase between the
marks is to be pronounced phonetically (i.e., alphabetically). When writing
alphabetically, consonantal characters carry their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>
phonetic value; C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> phonetic values are shown by an underposed
dot. The secondary form of vowels are used to indicate the stressed syllable.
If desired, tone may be indicated on vowels using the same diacritic markings
as shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o4o1o6">Sec. 11.4.1.6</A> above.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P> <IMG src="assets/11-4-3a.gif" width="7" height="13" align="absmiddle">
<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[insert quote here]</FONT> <IMG src="assets/11-4-3a.gif" width="7" height="13" align="absmiddle"></P>
<P><IMG src="assets/11-4-3b.gif" width="7" height="19" align="absmiddle"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
[word to be pronounced alphabetically]</FONT> <IMG src="assets/11-4-3b.gif" width="7" height="19" align="absmiddle"></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P> </P>
<TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.5 CHARACTER LISTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec11o5"></A></P></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P align="justify">The following tables detail the characters of the Ithkuil script
along with the various phonemic values assigned to the symbol depending on the
character’s function within the word. The specific usages of the various
sets of vowels, their secondary forms, their hook-reversed forms, and the primary
versus secondary forms of consonant characters have been previously explained
above in <A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o4o1">Section 11.4.1</A> and its various sub-sections.<BR>
<BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 49: SET 1 VOWEL CHARACTERS
</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5a.gif" width="555" height="325"></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 50: SET 1 SECONDARY
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5b.gif" width="555" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 51: SET 1 HOOK-REVERSED
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5c.gif" width="624" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 52: SET 1 SECONDARY
HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5d.gif" width="624" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 53: SET 2 VOWEL CHARACTERS
<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5e.gif" width="556" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 54: SET 2 SECONDARY
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5f.gif" width="558" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 55: SET 2 HOOK-REVERSED
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5g.gif" width="612" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 56: SET 2 SECONDARY
HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5h.gif" width="619" height="331"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 57: SET 3 VOWEL CHARACTERS
<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5i.gif" width="570" height="341"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 58: SET 3 SECONDARY
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5j.gif" width="571" height="339"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 59: SET 3 HOOK-REVERSED
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5k.gif" width="620" height="335"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 60: SET 3 SECONDARY
HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5m.gif" width="634" height="345"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 61: SET 4 VOWEL CHARACTERS
<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5n.gif" width="564" height="347"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 62: SET 4 SECONDARY
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5o.gif" width="564" height="331"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 63: SET 4 HOOK-REVERSED
FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5p.gif" width="612" height="337"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 64: SET 4 SECONDARY
HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5q.gif" width="610" height="325"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P> </P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65: PRIMARY CONSONANT
SYMBOLS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5r.gif" width="673" height="423"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY
CONSONANT SYMBOLS <BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5s.gif" width="673" height="423"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><BR>
<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY
CONSONANT SYMBOLS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5t.gif" width="674" height="423"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY
CONSONANT SYMBOLS</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5u.gif" width="673" height="326"> <BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5v.gif" width="673" height="293"></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY
CONSONANT SYMBOLS</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5w.gif" width="673" height="619"> </P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY
CONSONANT SYMBOLS</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5x.gif" width="673" height="620"> </P>
<P> </P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66: ALTERNATE CONSONANT
SYMBOLS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5ra.gif" width="673" height="424"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE
CONSONANT SYMBOLS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5sa.gif" width="673" height="423"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE
CONSONANT SYMBOLS</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5ta.gif" width="673" height="424"> </P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE
CONSONANT SYMBOLS<BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5ua.gif" width="673" height="619"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE
CONSONANT SYMBOLS</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5wa.gif" width="673" height="619"> </P>
<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE
CONSONANT SYMBOLS</FONT></STRONG><BR>
<IMG src="assets/11-5xa.gif" width="673" height="619"></P>
<P> </P>
<P align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">Proceed
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<TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10
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<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1
Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6
More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11
The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2
Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2"> </FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a
Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12
The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><FONT size="2"> </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3
Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b
Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The
Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
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<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4
Case Morphology </A></FONT> </TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8
Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
<TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
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