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diff --git a/2004-en/ithkuil-ch11-script.htm b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch11-script.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e02e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en/ithkuil-ch11-script.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1265 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>A Grammar of the Ithkuil Language - Chapter 11: The Script</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> +<!-- +//-->onLoad="javascript:changenav11();" +</script> +</head> + +<body> +<div align="center"><font color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</strong></font><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Title-Script5.gif"><br> + <br> +</div> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<h2 align="center"> </h2> +<h2 align="center">Chapter 11: The Ithkuil Script</h2> +<div align="center"> + <table width="39%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="309"><font size="2"><a href="#Sec11o1">11.1 A “Morpho-Phonemic” + Script </a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec11o2">11.2 Number of Characters</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec11o3">11.3 Physical Design of the Characters</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec11o4">11.4 How the Script Operates</a></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><font size="2"><a href="#Sec11o5">11.5 Character Lists</a></font></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify"><br> + The Ithkuil writing system, like the language itself, although + extremely complex in its structure and usage, is strictly logical and highly + efficient in its ability to convey information. In previous chapters we have + seen the high degree of detail and multi-level functionality and dynamism inherent + in the language’s morpho-phonology, morpho-syntax, and lexico-semantics. + The workings of the Ithkuil writing system are no different. For example, just + as the consonants and vowels of nominal and verbal stems can mutate into new + forms, so, too, do the characters of the Ithkuil script mutate into other forms + based on morpho-phonological rules.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>11.1 A “MORPHO-PHONEMIC” SCRIPT<a name="Sec11o1"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">Such dynamism in a language’s writing system can be achieved + because the Ithkuil script has the unique distinction of being “morpho-phonemic,” + i.e., the individual characters of the script do not merely convey phonemic + content like an alphabet or syllabary, but also convey morphological (grammatical) + information. Additionally, the phonemic and grammatical information conveyed + by a specific character changes depending on the position of that character + within a word. This dynamism allows individual Ithkuil words to be written with + a fewer number of characters than in alphabetic or syllabic writing systems, + particularly those words which are highly inflected and/or have multiple affixes. + As a consequence of such a system, however, it is impossible to learn how to + write in the script unless and until one is first familiar with the grammar + of the language. As an example, the following diagram presents an analysis of + the phonological and grammatical information contained in each written character + of the following Ithkuil sentence:</p> +<table width="73%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="29%"> </td> + <td width="71%"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1a.gif" width="347" height="23" align="middle"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1b.gif" width="132" height="36"></td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="70%" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr align="center"> + <td width="50"> + <p align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1c.gif" width="40" height="39" align="absmiddle"></p> + </td> + <td width="47"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1d.gif" width="35" height="43" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="37"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1e.gif" width="16" height="46" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="52"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1f.gif" width="45" height="40" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="58"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1g.gif" width="49" height="39" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="68"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1h.gif" width="50" height="41" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="56"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1i.gif" width="26" height="57" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="54"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1j.gif" width="32" height="44" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + <td width="69"> + <div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1k.gif" width="29" height="41" align="absmiddle"></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="50"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8</font></strong></div></td> + <td><div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<br> +<table width="94%" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 1</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1c.gif" width="40" height="39"></div></td> + <td width="561"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal + character, Grade 1, alternate form. Word-initial position implies C<font size="1">1</font> + phonemic Value = /<strong>l</strong>/. Alternate form shows word carries + ultimate stress. Phonemic value in conjunction with position preceding a + personal reference adjunct infix indicates word is a single-referent personal + reference adjunct.</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1d.gif" width="35" height="43"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Personal Reference + Adjunct infix character. Values: <font size="1">AFFECTIVE</font> Case; Affix + Degree 1. </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22" height="71"> + <div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1e.gif" width="16" height="46"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, + Grade 1, primary form. Position immediately following a personal reference + adjunct infix implies C<font size="1">2</font> phonemic Value = /<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’</font></strong>/. + Consonantal character being in this position in a single-referent adjunct + indicates character represents an affix rather than a case-marker.<br> + </font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1f.gif" width="45" height="40"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Character is a composite + aspectual adjunct infix character with following values: <font size="1">INTUITIVE</font> + validation; <font size="1">ALLEGATIVE</font> sanction. Position relative + to previous characters indicates that it is part of a different word.</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1g.gif" width="49" height="39"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Vocalic character /<strong>â</strong>/, + Series A, primary but hook-reversed form. Position immediately following + an aspectual adjunct infix character indicates start of new word. Position + preceding two consonantal characters indicates word is a formative. Primary + form indicates <font size="1">NORMAL</font> essence. Hook-reversed form + indicates a Form II stem, i.e., <font size="1">FORMAL</font> designation. + Absence of dot diacritic indicates word carries falling tone.</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1h.gif" width="50" height="41"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, + Grade 1, primary form. Phonemic value: /<strong>q</strong>/. Position following + vocalic character and preceding another consonantal character indicates + it is a C<font size="1">1</font> radical. Adjacent “wedge” diacritic, + in absence of similar diacritic on either the preceding vocalic character + or the following consonantal character indicates <font size="1">STATIVE</font> + conflation.</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1i.gif" width="26" height="57"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, + Grade 1, primary form. Phonemic value /<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle"></font></strong>/. + Position indicates it is a C<font size="1">2</font> radical. Underposed + dot in absence of diacritic dot on preceding character indicates stem is + Pattern 1, Stem 3. Primary form in conjunction with primary form of preceding + character indicates word carries penultimate stress.</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1j.gif" width="32" height="44"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, + Grade 5, primary form. Position following a C<font size="1">2</font> radical + indicates a consonantal affix. Phonemic value /<strong>q<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</font></strong>/. + Grade 5 = affix-degree 5. Absence of diacritic indicates affix-type 1, non-geminated.</font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="22"> +<div align="center"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="54"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1k.gif" width="29" height="41"></div></td> + <td><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, + Grade 5, primary form. Position following a C<font size="1">2</font> radical + indicates a consonantal affix. Phonemic value /<strong>d</strong>/. Grade + 5 = affix-degree 5. Absence of diacritic indicates affix-type 1, non-geminated.</font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1a.gif" width="347" height="23" align="middle"><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1l.gif" width="387" height="28"> <br> + <em>‘I feel that nowadays everyone everywhere is happy.’</em> + <br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><img src="Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + </p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Notice how the above analysis shows that the only purely phonemic + information given by the Ithkuil written characters in this sentence is for + <strong> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">/l/, /<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’/, + /â/, /q/, /<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">/, + /q’/ </font></strong>and<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + /d/</font></strong>. All remaining information represented by the characters + is wholly morphological, by which the reader “constructs” the pronunciation + of the sentence as a whole. Such is a morpho-phonemic script.</p> +<p align="justify">It is important to recognize that while the phonological component + of the Ithkuil script gives information as to the phonemes associated with the + stem and affixes of a noun or verb, it does not operate alphabetically to tell + the reader the specific pronunciation of a word. The reader must be familiar + with the grammar of the language in order to know how to interpret the phonological + component of the script (including the possibility of allowable alternative + pronunciations or transliterations). This morpho-phonemic principle can be illustrated + by showing how affixes to a noun or verb are represented in the script. The + Ithkuil translation of the English sentence <em>I am a sufficiently large man</em> + can be said in all of the following equivalent ways, due to the flexibility + of Ithkuil affixation rules (see <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Sec. + 6.5</a>):</p> +<blockquote> + <table width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="47%" height="95" valign="top"><p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta + yâqomüxduï.<br> + Ta yâqomüxiäd. <br> + Ta yâqomduïxü. <br> + Ta yâqomiädüx</font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>.</strong><br> + <strong>Ta <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xü’a</font></strong> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yâqomiäd.</font></strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + <strong>Ta du<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï’a + </font></strong> <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yâqomx<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</font></strong>.<br> + </font></strong></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta + <strong>du<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ï</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</font></strong></font></strong></font></strong><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">üx + </font></strong>yâqom</font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>.</strong></font><br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xü’<strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</font></strong></font></strong>iä</font>d</strong> + yâqom.</font></strong><br> + </font></p> + </td> + <td width="53%"><blockquote> + <p><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-1.gif" width="145" height="26" align="absmiddle"></p> + </blockquote></td> + </tr> + </table> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Even though there are eight possible ways to say this sentence + in Ithkuil, they are all written the same, as shown above. This is because the + script does not indicate specific choices of alternatives in the position of + morphemes (phonological units having a particular semantic or grammatical function). + The first symbol of the phrase above indicates the initial consonant element + <strong>t</strong>- of the personal-reference adjunct <strong>tawa</strong> + (or <strong>ta</strong>), while the second symbol conveys <font size="2">OBLIQUE</font> + case for the adjunct, interpretable as -<strong>a</strong> or –<strong>awa</strong>. + The third symbol represents the vocalic prefix <strong>â</strong>-, as + well as the form, tone, mode, and vocalic mutation series of the stem. The fourth + and fifth characters represents the <strong>C<font size="1">1</font></strong> + and <strong>C<font size="1">2</font></strong> consonants of the root respectively, + along with the mutational grade, stem number, vowel pattern, syllabic stress + and conflation information which transforms the initial <strong>â</strong>- + prefix to <strong>yâ</strong>-. The last two characters represent the + two affixes including their degree and affix-type.</p> +<p align="justify">It should be noted what the written form of this word does + not convey. It does not tell us what vowel is to be infixed between the <strong>C<font size="1">1</font></strong> + and <strong>C<font size="1">2</font></strong> consonant consonants (as this + is predictable based on the form, set, mutation series and vocalic pattern), + it does not tell us whether or how to pronounce the affixes as suffixes or prefixes + to the stem or in adjunct form, nor in which order to pronounce them. Consequently, + the script functions more like a template or code for the basic phonemes of + roots plus the grammatical information necessary for a speaker of the language + to interpolate these into actual spoken words. Note also that there is no space + between the two written words, as the third character, being a vowel character + following a specialized adjunct character, automatically indicates the beginning + of a new word.</p> +<p align="justify">While such a multi-functional system of writing is extremely + complex and impossible to use without a thorough understanding of Ithkuil morpho-phonology + and morpho-syntax, it makes for a very abbreviated written representation of + words, in that all parts of a spoken word whose phonological component is predictable + from the grammar, need not be written, while those parts of a word which are + not predictable can be represented by symbols which convey much more than a + sound, but rather also convey the grammatical information necessary to construct + the unwritten parts of the word. As a result, the script acts to “compress” + the written form of the language as opposed to the spoken form, much like computerized + “compression” software stores computer files in a space-saving manner + in which all components of a file whose construction is predictable based on + other components, can be eliminated in the stored version, and restored when + accessed. Similarly, the “compressed” form of words in the Ithkuil + written language are restored to full pronunciation when spoken or read.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> + +<div align="justify"> + <table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>11.2 NUMBER OF CHARACTERS<a name="Sec11o2"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The script is based on 252 core characters used to write both + formatives and adjuncts, plus 54 specialized combinatory elements used only + with adjuncts. Of the core characters, 48 of these represent vowel elements, + 60 represent consonantal elements, and 84 represent characters associated with + valence/version adjuncts. Each of the 48 core vowel characters has three modified + variants for a total of four variations, each of which then mutates into eight + other characters for a total of 864 vowel symbols. Each of the 60 core consonant + characters has one alternate version, this alternate and the original both mutating + into eight other forms for a total of 1080 consonant characters. The 54 combinatory + elements are divided into two sets of 27, each set comprised of three subsets + of nine components. A single component of each subset combines with a component + from the other two to render a tripartite composite, rendering a total of 789 + possible composite characters for each of the two sets. Combined with the 2028 + variations and mutations of the core characters, this renders a grand total + of 3606 characters. Additionally there are a few symbols which correspond roughly + to punctuation marks. A further set of numerical symbols will be discussed in + <a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">Chapter 12</a>.</p> +<p align="justify"> </p> + +<div align="justify"> + <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>11.3 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF THE CHARACTERS<a name="Sec11o3"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p align="justify">The physical form of the characters in the script is based + on two different types of written strokes: straight “bar”-like elements, + and pointed sickle-like “hooks.” These bars and hooks are joined + to one another in a variety of angular “offset” connections. While + there can be a number of different bar-like elements comprising a given character, + only one arc or hook can occur in a character. These bars and hooks can be easily + discerned in the sample of Ithkuil writing shown here.</p> +<div align="justify"> +</div> +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Intro/Intro_8.gif" width="535" height="33"><br> + </p> +</blockquote> +<h3>11.3.1 Character Archetypes and Derivation</h3> +<p align="justify">The four primary character archetypes of the Ithkuil script + are as follows: <font color="#FFFFFF">___</font><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-3-1a.gif" width="62" height="20"> +</p> +<p align="justify">These can then be turned upside down, combine with each other, + and have their lines bent at angles to generate additional secondary archetypes:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p align="justify"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-3-1b.gif" width="259" height="20"></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">From these archetypes, the thousands of remaining characters + are derived. Examples of some of the various patterns of derivation are shown + in the chart below:</p> +<blockquote> + <p><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-3-1c.gif" width="540" height="171"><br> + </p> +</blockquote> +<h3>11.3.2 Direction Of Writing<a name="Sec11o3o2"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">Up to this point example phrases and sentences in this work + have shown the script written in what appears as a familiar left-to-right horizontal + style. However, such a format is used only for brief autonomous phrases or sentences + which take up a single line. Similarly, the individual Ithkuil characters themselves + are normally written in this horizontal fashion when listed by themselves as + in the various tables throughout this chapter.</p> +<table width="84%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td width="25%"><div align="center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-3-2a.gif" width="95" height="273"></div></td> + <td width="75%" valign="top"><div align="justify">For passages taking up more + than one line, as in general narrative passages or “paragraphs,” + the script is normally written in a vertical <em>boustrophedon</em> fashion + (Greek for “as the ox plows”); specifically, it is written + in vertical columns starting at the upper left of a page, with the first + column being written top-to-bottom and each character oriented sideways + and opening downward, then reversing direction in the second column and + being written bottom-to-top with each character facing or opening upward. + Each line continues this “zig-zag” approach from the left + side of the page to the right, every other line running one direction + as opposed to the preceding and following lines. This is illustrated by + analogy with Roman letters to the left and can be seen in the sample of + an Ithkuil passage below.</div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<table width="80%" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> + <tr> + <td width="27%" height="273" valign="top"> + <div align="left"><img src="Ch 11/11-3-2b.gif" width="133" height="261" align="right"></div></td> + <td width="6%"> </td> + <td width="67%" valign="top"> <p> <font size="2">TRANSLITERATION</font>:<br> + <em></em><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-3-2c.gif" width="419" height="72"><br> + <br> + <font size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Sound_Files/Ch-11-1.mp3"><font color="#FFFFFF">_</font>Listen!</a> + <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Sound_Files/Ch-11-1.mp3"><img src="Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></a></font> + <br> + </p> + <p align="justify"><font size="2">TRANSLATION</font>: <em><br> + As our vehicle leaves the ground and plunges over the edge of the cliff + toward the valley floor, I ponder whether it is possible that one might + allege I am guilty of an act of moral failure, having failed to maintain + a proper course along the roadway.</em></p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> +<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>11.4 HOW THE SCRIPT OPERATES<a name="Sec11o4"></a></strong></font></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">As previously stated, writing Ithkuil requires a knowledge + of both the morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactical rules of the language. + Recall that Ithkuil has two parts of speech: formatives and adjuncts. The rules + for writing formatives are separate from the rules for writing adjuncts. We + will first examine the rules for writing formatives.<br> +</p> +<h3 align="justify">11.4.1 Writing Formatives<a name="Sec11o4o1"></a></h3> +<p align="justify">As described in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Chapter + 2</a>, formatives derive morphologically from a stem of the form <strong>C<font size="1">1</font>V<font size="1">i</font>C<font size="1">2</font></strong>, + where <strong>C<font size="1">1</font></strong> is one of 60 consonantal radicals, + <strong>C<font size="1">2</font></strong> is one of 60 consonantal radicals, + and <strong>V<font size="1">i</font></strong> is a vocalic infix determined + by the Form, Pattern and Stem. Specifically each abstract semantic root generates + three Stems within two Modes, and each Stem in turn has two Forms and three + Patterns. For convenience, the following table, originally shown in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Sec. + 2.2.3</a> is repeated here to illustrate these relationships.</p> +<p align="center"> <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 35: + Vocalic Infixes for Stems by Mode, Pattern & Form</font></strong></p> +<table width="49%" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="0"> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> + <td colspan="3" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#0000FF" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Primary + Mode</font></strong></div></td> + <td colspan="3" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#FF0000" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Secondary + Mode</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="12%" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern + 1</font></div></td> + <td width="12%" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern + 2</font></div></td> + <td width="12%" bordercolor="#0000FF"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern + 3</font></div></td> + <td width="13%" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern + 1</font></div></td> + <td width="12%" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern + 2</font></div></td> + <td width="20%" bordercolor="#FF0000"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pattern + 3</font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="10%" rowspan="3"><div align="center"><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form + I</font></strong></div></td> + <td width="9%" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem + 1</font></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>a</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>e</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>ä</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>aî</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>eì</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>aì</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem + 2</font></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>u</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>o</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>ö</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>uî</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>oi</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong>uì</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem + 3</font></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong>i</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong>ë</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong>ü</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong>eî</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong>oì</strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong>ëì</strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3"><div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form + II</font></strong></div></td> + <td bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><font color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem + 1</font></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">â</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">ê</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">ae</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">aû</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">aè</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">aù</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><font color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem + 2 </font></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">û</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">ô</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">ø</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">oû</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">où</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">ëù</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><font color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem + 3 </font></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">î</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">ÿ</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">iu</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">eû</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">eù</font></strong></div></td> + <td valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <div align="center"><strong><font color="#009900">iù</font></strong></div></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">As shown in the above table and described in detail in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Chapter + 2</a>, it is the vocalic infix of a formative, not the consonantal radicals + that convey and differentiate the morphological components of Mode, Pattern, + Form and Stem. However, the Ithkuil script does not overtly represent symbols + for this vocalic infix. An Ithkuil formative (not including suffixes) is represented + by three characters: an initial vowel character whose phonological component + represents the initial Affiliation/Extension prefix (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">Sec. + 3.4</a>), plus characters representing the C<font size="1">1</font> and C<font size="1">2</font> + characters. Therefore it is these three characters which, in addition to their + phonological component, must convey the above-named morphological components, + additional morphological components of Focus and Conflation, as well as additional + phonological information such as tone and stress. The following paragraphs describe + how the Ithkuil script accomplishes these tasks. </p> +<p align="justify"><br> + <strong><a name="Sec11o4o1o1"></a>11.4.1.1 Representing C<font size="1">1</font> + Consonantal Radicals</strong>. Distinct written symbols exist for each of the + 60 C<font size="1">1</font> consonantal radicals. Just as each C<font size="1">1</font> + radical can mutate into one of eight other forms for a total of nine mutational + grades (see <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Sec 2.4</a>), so these + 60 written characters can be mutated into eight other characters, each corresponding + to the nine mutational grades. This is illustrated below for the C<font size="1">1</font> + radical <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom">.</p> +<p><strong>Standard Forms</strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-1a.gif" width="639" height="107"></p> +<p align="justify">Additionally, each C<font size="1">1</font> symbol pattern + has an alternate pattern, used under certain morphological circumstances described + later. The alternate pattern for the C<font size="1">1</font> radical <strong></strong> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom"> + is illustrated below.</p> +<p><strong>Alternate Forms</strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-1b.gif" width="639" height="112"></p> +<p align="justify">Note the similarity of these alternate forms to the standard + forms. In the case of the C<font size="1">1</font> radical <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom">, + the alternate pattern is shown by a mere point-like extension at the base of + each character while the rest of the pattern remains identical. For all consonantal + characters, the nine grades of mutation are differentiated by variations in + the top “half” of the character, while alternate versions of characters + are shown in the bottom half of the character. For example, compare the standard + and alternate forms of <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom"> + above with those of the C<font size="1">1</font> radical <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong> + below.</p> +<p><strong>Standard Forms</strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-1c.gif" width="639" height="112"></p> +<p><strong>Alternate Forms</strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-1d.gif" width="639" height="112"></p> +<p align="justify">For formatives, one of these 120 symbols (the 60 C<font size="1">1</font> + radicals and their alternates) or their eight grades of variants will always + constitute either the first or second symbol of a word. For those formatives + where it is the second symbol, the first symbol will always be a vowel character. + Vowel characters are distinguished from consonantal characters because the former + always contain a sickle-like “hook” element while consonant characters + do not. Consequently, it is always possible to tell which is the C<font size="1">1</font> + symbol of a formative.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.1.2 Representing C<font size="1">2</font> Consonantal + Radicals</strong>. As for symbols denoting the C<font size="1">2</font> consonantal + radical, they are the same 60 symbols (plus alternates and eight grades of variants) + used to represent C<font size="2">1</font> forms, however they do not necessarily + represent the same phonemic values as when used for C<font size="1">1</font> + forms. If we compare Tables 6 and 7 in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Section + 2.4</a> we see that of the 60 C<font size="1">2</font> radicals in Grade 1, + only 24 of them can also be C<font size="1">1</font> radicals, and even these + 24 mutate in a completely different manner than their C<font size="1">1</font> + counterparts. In other words, the same written symbol often represents completely + different consonantal forms, depending on whether it is being used to represent + a C<font size="1">1</font> radical or a C<font size="1">2</font> radical. Thus, + for example, the written symbol for <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>k</strong></font> + in Grade 4 will be interpreted as <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/k-aspirated.gif" width="19" height="18" align="absbottom"> + if representing a C<font size="1">1</font> radical, but must be interpreted + as <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>sk</strong></font> if representing + a C<font size="1">2</font> radical. </p> +<p align="justify">So how is the reader supposed to know if it is a C<font size="1">1</font> + versus C<font size="1">2</font> radical being represented? By the position of + the symbol in the word, i.e., whether it is the first consonantal symbol in + the word (indicating it is C<font size="1">1</font>) or whether it is the second + consonantal symbol in the word (indicating it is C<font size="1">2</font>). + The second consonantal symbol in a formative will always represent one of the + nine grades of a C<font size="1">2</font> consonantal radical. Let us illustrate + this principle by examples.</p> + +<blockquote> + <p align="justify"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-2.gif" width="435" height="110"></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify">Note how it is mere position within the word that distinguishes + the interpretation to be given to what are otherwise identical written symbols, + allowing six phonologically different radicals to be represented by only three + different symbols. In this manner, Ithkuil can make do with symbols for C<font size="1">1</font> + radicals without requiring separate symbols for C<font size="1">2</font> radicals.</p> +<p align="justify">As for those C<font size="1">2</font> radicals in Grade 1 that + do not correspond to any C<font size="1">1</font> radicals in Grade 1 (i.e., + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">b, d, <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">, + g, <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/g-dot.gif" width="12" height="19" align="absbottom">, + j, v, <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/z-dot.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"></font></strong>), + Ithkuil represents these using C<font size="1">1</font> symbols as well. They + simply have completely different phonological values than for their usage as + C<font size="1">1</font> symbols. As an example, the C<font size="1">1</font> + symbol for <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">šp</font></strong> + becomes the symbol for <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>r</strong></font> + when representing a C<font size="1">2</font> radical. Again, it is mere position + in the word that clues the reader into interpreting the symbol as a C<font size="1">2</font> + radical, rather than C<font size="1">1</font>. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.1.3 Representing Pattern and Stem</strong>. The + three Stems and three Patterns associated with each root are shown by a specific + pattern of diacritic dots on the two radical consonants of the stem. This diacritic + pattern is distinguished both by the selection of which consonantal radical + is marked, as well as whether the diacritic is placed below the character or + alongside. This is illustrated in the table below.</p> +<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 36: Diacritic Markings + for Displaying Pattern and Stem<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-3.gif" width="493" height="131"></strong></font></p> +<p> </p> +<p align="justify"> <strong>11.4.1.4 Representing Stress</strong>. The four stress + patterns (see <a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">Sec. 1.3.3</a>) are shown + by the four-way alternation between standard versus alternate forms of the two + consonant radicals, as previously described and illustrated in <a href="#Sec11o4o1o1">Sec. + 11.4.1.1</a>. Therefore, if we represent the standard forms of the C<font size="1">1</font> + and C<font size="1">2</font> radicals as <strong>S</strong> and alternate forms + as <strong>A</strong>, and the initial vowel character as <strong>V</strong>, + the representation of the four stress patterns using the C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> + sequence of characters is as follows:</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + Table 37: Pattern of Character Alternations Indicating Stress<br> + </font></strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-4.gif" width="535" height="187"><br> +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.1.5 Representing Vowels, Mode, and Form</strong>. + As we have seen elsewhere, the value of any vowel in an Ithkuil formative is + completely predictable based on the morphology of the formative itself, with + the exception of the vocalic prefixes used to show Affiliation, Extension and + Conflation (see <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">Secs. + 3.2</a>, <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3.4</a> and + <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5.4.1</a> respectively). Therefore, + it is unnecessary to represent vowels in a Ithkuil written word except for a + character representing the vocalic prefix which also conveys the additional + morphological information necessary to determine the vowels to be infixed elsewhere + within the stem. Consequently, a written Ithkuil formative will contain only + one symbol representing a vowel, and this symbol will indicate the vocalic prefix + (if any), as well as the Mode, the Form, the vocalic mutation series, and tone + of the word. The details of how this vowel symbol conveys this information is + described in the paragraphs below.</p> +<p align="justify">There are 24 possible vocalic prefixes to Ithkuil formatives + which indicate Affiliation and Extension for nouns or for the first of the seven + conflations for verbs. Consequently there are 24 basic vowel characters whose + phonetic value corresponds to these prefixes. These 24 characters in turn have + an alternate form called the secondary used to indicate the secondary mode of + the stem (i.e., corresponding to <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> essence + as per <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Secs. 2.2.3</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3.8.1</a>). + Both primary and secondary forms in turn have “hook-reversed” forms, + i.e., forms identical to the primary and secondary forms, but with the sickle-like + hook portion of the character curved in the opposite direction; these hook-reversed + forms are used to indicate Form II of the formative, corresponding to the <font size="2">FORMAL</font> + designation as explained in <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Secs. + 2.2.3</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3.7</a>. + The alternate and hook-reversed forms added to the 24 primary vowel characters, + renders 96 characters. These 96 in turn have eight modifications to indicate + the nine mutational series of a stem’s vocalic infix (see <a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">Sec. + 2.5</a>), resulting in 864 vowel characters. One of these 864 vowel symbols + will always be the first character of an Ithkuil written formative. The following + table illustrates an example of the basic vowel character <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</font></strong> + with its mutations, along with its alternate and hook-reversed forms. Note that, + like consonantal characters, the top half of the character carries the distinctions + between the nine degrees of mutation.</p> +<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><font size="2">Primary Form</font><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-5a.gif" width="639" height="73"></strong></font></p> +<p><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Primary Form with + Reversed Hook</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-5b.gif" width="639" height="73"></font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Secondary Form</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-5c.gif" width="639" height="72"></font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Secondary Form with Reversed + Hook</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-5d.gif" width="639" height="73"> </p> +<p align="justify"><br> + <strong><br> + </strong> <strong><a name="Sec11o4o1o6"></a>11.4.1.6 Representing Tone</strong>. + The four functional tones are indicated by patterns of diacritic dots written + in conjunction with the word-initial vocalic symbol as shown below. </p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 38: + Tone Diacritics</strong></font><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-6.gif" width="439" height="78"> </p> +<p align="justify"><br> + <strong>11.4.1.7 Representing Conflation</strong>. Conflation is one of the + three morphological categories shown by the initial vocalic prefix to a verbal + formative, the other two being Affiliation and Extension. We have already seen + that the 24 Affiliation/Extension prefixes associated with nouns and the first + Conflation of verbs (the <font size="2">OPERATIVE</font>) is shown by 24 autonomous + characters. The remaining six conflations are shown by a pattern of diacritic + marks placed alongside the vocalic prefix and the two consonantal radical characters. + The diacritic itself is a wedge-shaped mark (<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5"> + ) which changes to a short bar ( <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7"> + or <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7c.gif" width="10" height="6"> ) if replacing + a diacritic dot (indicating Pattern, Stem or Tone) already present. The pattern + is as follows:</p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 39: Diacritic Markings + for Displaying Conflation</font><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7.gif" width="625" height="128"> </font></strong></p> +<p> </p> +<p align="justify"> <strong>11.4.1.8 Representing Affixes</strong>. Although every + affix to a formative generally has both a prefix and a suffix form, only the + suffix form is represented in the Ithkuil writing system, i.e., any consonantal + prefix to a formative in the spoken language appears as a suffix in the written + language. As detailed in <a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">Chapter 7</a>, + the suffix consists of a consonant preceded by a vowel determined by one of + three affix-types and one of nine degrees. In writing, the 60 C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> + characters are used to represent these affixes, each with its own independent + consonantal value when used as an affix. In other words, the phonemic value + associated with these 60 symbols when written as a suffix is independent of + their value when written as a C<font size="1">1</font> or C<font size="1">2</font> + radical. As with C<font size="1">1</font> and C<font size="1">2</font> representations, + the reader’s clue to interpreting the symbol as an affix is by position + within the word; the suffix will always be the third (or more) consonantal symbol + in a word. Note that affixes which contain geminated (i.e., doubled) consonants + (e.g., <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mm</font></strong>, + <strong> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ss</font></strong>,<strong> + </strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>tt</strong></font>, + etc.) are shown by the character corresponding to their ungeminated form plus + an additional underposed dot, e.g., n <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9">nn + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-8.gif" width="63" height="22" align="absmiddle"> + . </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>Affix Degree</strong>. The nine affixual degrees associated + with a given consonantal affix category are represented by the same character + mutations used to show the nine grades of C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> + mutation. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong>Affix-Type</strong>. Affixes containing Type-1 vocalic + infixes are unmarked. Affixes having Type-2 vocalic infixes are marked with + a diacritic dot alongside the letter. Affixes having Type-3 vocalic infixes + are marked with the wedge-shaped diacritic mark alongside the character (the + same mark used with C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> radical + characters to show conflation). If a Type-3 affix character is geminated, this + gemination may be shown by modifying the wedge-diacritic to a short bar (as + explained above for Conflation) and deleting the underposed dot usually used + for gemination.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.1.9 Representing Focus</strong>. <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> + focus is shown by placing a special diacritic, an underposed vertical bar <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-9.gif" width="16" height="20" align="middle"> + under any available character in the word.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.1.10 Representing Illocution</strong>. In <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">Sec. + 5.1</a> we saw that Ithkuil indicates the morphological category of Illocution + primarily by a consonantal infix between the word-initial vocalic prefix and + the C<font size="1">1</font> consonantal radical. However, in Sec. 7.7.13 we + saw an alternative method of conveying Illocution using the <font size="2"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">ILL</a></font><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Ch-7%20Using%20Affixes%20Contd.htm"> + suffix</a> -<strong>V<font size="1">2</font></strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%201/Symbols/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"></font>, + used when the infixed form is not phonologically permissible. Generally, the + Ithkuil script conveys only the suffixed form. An exception is made however, + for the <font size="2">DIRECTIVE</font> illocution, for which an optional “shortcut” + notation exists, consisting of placing a special diacritic, a horizontal bar + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-10.gif" width="21" height="14" align="middle"> + under the C<font size="1">1</font> character.</p> +<h3 align="justify"><br> + 11.4.2 Writing Adjuncts</h3> +<p align="justify">The rules for writing aspectual adjuncts and personal reference + adjuncts in Ithkuil script are distinct from writing formatives, employing a + different type of written symbol, specifically “composite” characters + made up of three separate character elements. Note that other adjuncts such + as combination adjuncts and affixual adjuncts are not represented autonomously + in the Ithkuil writing system, as these adjuncts exist purely for euphonic and + phonotactical considerations which are either optional, or where not optional, + predictable. Since combination and affixual adjuncts are alternative formats + for more standard morpho-phonological representations of these categories, they + are always represented in their standard formatting when written, regardless + of how they are interpreted in the spoken language.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.2.1 Aspectual Adjuncts</strong>. These take the + written form of <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">P</font>(C<font size="1">b</font>)C<font size="1">X</font></font></strong>, + where the first <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">P</font></strong></font> + represents the word-initial vocalic prefix indicating aspect, <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">b</font></font></strong> + represents a Bias suffix from <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Sec. + 6.6.1</a> represented by a C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> + character carrying its C<font size="1">1</font> phonological value (with the + glottal stop portion of the bias suffix is not represented), and the final <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">X</font></font></strong> + represents a specialized composite character explained below. Stress and tone + (indicating Mood) are shown by a specialized diacritic explained later below. + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">P</font></font></strong> + utilizes primary vowel forms in both standard and hook-reversed forms, depending + on the specific phonological value of the vowel or diphthong. Any second aspect + shown in the adjunct is indicated by the <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">P</font></font></strong> + character as well, by means of its various mutations and secondary forms, as + follows: Series 2 through 9 of the primary character represent additional aspects + 1 through 8 as shown in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Table + 19 of Sec. 6.4.1</a>; Series 2 through 9 of the secondary form of the character + indicate additional aspects 9 through 16; Series 2 through 9 of the primary + character plus an underposed dot indicate additional aspect 17 through 24; Series + 2 through 9 of the secondary form of the character plus underposed dot indicate + additional aspects 25-32.</p> +<p align="justify">As detailed in Chapter 6, the <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">X</font></font></strong> + consonantal infix of an aspectual adjunct synthetically represents the three + morphological categories of Validation, Phase, and Sanction. Each of these categories + contain nine possible values for a total of 93 combinations, i.e., 789 possible + infixes. Rather than create 789 autonomous symbols to represent <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">X</font></font></strong>, + Ithkuil utilizes 27 character components (nine representing Validation, nine + representing Phase, nine representing Sanction) which are then combined into + one tripartite composite character. The general physical structure of this composite + character is as follows:</p> +<p><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1a.gif" width="473" height="76"></p> +<p></p> +<p align="justify">These twenty-seven component elements are shown below along + with three example composite characters, <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1b.gif" width="83" height="26" align="absmiddle">.<br> + <br> + <br> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Tables 40, 41 and 42: Components + for Written Validation-Phase-Sanction Symbols<br> + </strong></font><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1c.gif" width="649" height="520"> </p> +<p align="justify"> <br> + Stress and tone on an aspectual adjunct, indicating Mood, are shown by varied + patterns of diacritic dots on the tripartite composite character, as per the + following examples using the composite character <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1e.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absmiddle">.</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 43: + Mood Diacritics<br> + </strong></font><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1d.gif" width="673" height="77"><br> +</p> +<p align="justify"><strong>11.4.2.2 Personal Reference Adjuncts</strong>. As described + in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Ch-8%20Morphology%20of%20Adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec. 8.1</a>, these + are of two types: single-referent and dual-referent. Single-referent adjuncts + have both a short form and a long form. The form of dual-referent adjuncts is + identical to the long form of the single-referent adjunct, with the addition + of suffixed elements. When representing these adjuncts in writing, it is always + the long form of the adjunct that is represented, regardless of whether the + speaker chooses to pronounce it as the short form. The morphological elements + of this long form are represented by the following combined formula, whose elements + are described in the list below:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p align="justify"><strong>(<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">+)<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">+<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">+(<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font>+<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font>(+<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">e</font></font> + (+<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">b</font></font>)))</strong></p> +</blockquote> +<p align="justify"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> + = optional vocalic prefix indicating the Configuration, Affiliation, Designation, + Focus and Essence of Referent 1, the values of which are given in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Table + 25 from Sec. 8.1.2</a> and <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Table + 28 in Sec. 8.1.3</a>.<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> + = the single or dual personal-referent consonantal infix from <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. + 8.1.3, Table 30</a>.<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> + = the vocalic case infix for Referent 1, as described in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Section + 8.1.2</a> and whose values are summarized in Table 24 in that Section.<br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + = a vocalic infix indicating either the Designation and Context of Referent + 2 (labeled <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absmiddle"> + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.3</a>) + in a dual-referent adjunct, <font size="2"><strong>OR</strong></font> a vocalic + suffix indicating the Context of Referent 1 in a single-referent adjunct (labeled + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.2</a>), + <font size="2"> <strong>OR</strong></font> the degree and affix-type of a formative + suffix in a single-referent adjunct (labeled <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.2</a>). + <br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font></strong> + = a consonantal form representing either the consonantal case infix and Affiliation + for Referent 2 (described as <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong> + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Section 8.1.3</a> with values given in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Table + 31</a>) in a dual-referent adjunct, <font size="2"><strong>OR</strong></font> + the consonantal formative suffix of a Form 3 single-referent adjunct as described + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.2</a> and + labeled <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong>.<br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">e</font></font></strong> + = a vocalic affix either showing the Context for Referent 1 in a single-referent + adjunct (labelled <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.2</a>) + or showing Affiliation for Referent 2 in a dual-referent adjunct (labelled <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> + in <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.3</a>).<br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">b</font></font></strong> + = one of the 48 consonantal Bias affixes from Table 20 in <a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">Sec. + 6.6.1</a>.</p> +<p align="justify">The above combined formula, when represented in Ithkuil script, + is written as <strong>(<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">)<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">(<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font>(<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">b</font></font>))</strong>, + where each character is written as follows:</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + utilizes the characters for <strong>a</strong>, <strong>e</strong>, <strong>u</strong> + and <strong>i</strong> used with formatives depending on which of the four affiliations + is required, the nine mutations of each being used to show Configuration and; + for <font size="2">FORMAL</font> designation, the hook-reversed forms of the + four vowel characters are used; for <font size="2">INFORMAL</font> designation + plus <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> focus, the characters for <strong>â</strong>, + <strong>ê</strong>, <strong>û</strong> and <strong>î</strong> + are used, their hook-reversed forms indicating <font size="2">FORMAL</font> + designation. For <font size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</font> essence, the above patterns + are used but with the vowel character in its secondary form. </p> +<p align="justify"><strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + utilizes the 60 C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> consonantal + characters (in all nine degrees) interpreted as having their C<font size="1">1</font> + phonological value for each degree (e.g., the <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + value -<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>xt</strong></font>-, + equivalent to <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>x+ç</strong></font>, + would be written using the 5th degree mutation of the C<font size="1">1</font> + character for <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</font></strong>, + whose value is <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xt</font></strong>).</p> +<p align="justify">Before discussing the <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong>+ + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + character, we will discuss the representation of <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font></strong>, + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">e</font></font></strong> + and <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">b</font></font></strong>.</p> +<p align="justify">The <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font></strong> + character utilizes the 60 C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> + consonantal characters but interpreted as having their C<font size="1">2</font> + phonological value, unless the alternate form of the character is used, in which + case it has its C<font size="1">1</font> phonological value. The nine mutations + of which are used to represent either the Configuration of Referent 2, or the + affix-type of the formative suffix <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong> + (using mutations 1, 2, and 3). Note that if <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"></font></strong> + is a glottal stop it is represented by an underposed dot to the <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + character rather than by a <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font></strong> + character.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">e</font></font></strong> + is shown via the <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">w</font></font></strong> + character, as follows: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C = + a, C<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1f.gif" width="7" height="7" align="absmiddle"> + = u, C<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5" align="absmiddle"> + = â, C<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7" align="absmiddle"> + = û</strong></font>.</p> +<p align="justify"><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<font size="1">b</font></font></strong> + is shown via the 60 C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> characters, + interpreted as having their C<font size="1">1</font> phonological value</p> +<p align="justify">Stress is shown via the <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + character as follows: penultimate stress is unmarked; ultimate stress is shown + by employing the alternate form of the <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + character; antepenultimate stress is indicated by an underposed dot; preantepenultimate + stress by a combination of alternate form of the character and an underposed + dot.</p> +<p align="justify">Tone is indicated in the written personal reference adjunct + by means of the diacritic pattern from <a href="#Sec11o4o1o6">Sec. 11.4.1.6</a> + above, applied to the initial <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + character; in the absence of a <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + character, tone is indicated on the <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong> + character using the following diacritics: <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C + </strong></font><strong>= falling</strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>, + C<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-1f.gif" width="7" height="7" align="absmiddle"> + </strong></font><strong>= high</strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>, + C<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5" align="absmiddle"> + </strong></font><strong>= rising</strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>, + C<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7" align="absmiddle"> + </strong></font><strong>= broken</strong>.</p> +<p align="justify"> <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong>+ + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + is represented by a specialized vocalic character used only in personal reference + adjuncts. It consists of an upper and lower set of symbols which are essentially + a counting system indicating one of the 81 cases (see <a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">Chapter + 4</a>). The two sets of symbols are bifurcated by one of nine horizontal bar-like + elements which represent <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + (NOTE: when <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + represents <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">z</font></font></strong> + from <a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">Sec. 8.1.2</a>, + only the first four of the nine bar elements are used). These symbols are shown + below along with a diagram showing the composition of three example <strong><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%208/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"></strong>+ + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + characters, respectively Case 1 with <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + =1, Case 23 with <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + = 5, and Case 50 with <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<font size="1">B</font></font></strong> + = 8.</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Tables 44, + 45 and 46: Components of Specialized Personal Reference Adjunct Symbols<br> + </strong></font><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-2.gif" width="620" height="298"></p> +<p></p> +<p align="justify"> <strong>11.4.2.3 Valence/Version/Conflation Adjuncts</strong>. + These are written per the formula <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>(V<font size="1">m</font>)(C<font size="1">N</font>)C<font size="1">V</font></strong></font> + where <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">m</font></strong></font> + is the vocalic modality suffix from <a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">Sec. + 5.5</a>, <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong></font> + is the consonantal derivation prefix from <a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">Sec. + 5.4.3</a>, and <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">V</font></strong></font> + is a specialized character indicating both valence and version as per the table + below. <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">m</font></strong></font> + is written using standard primary vowel characters; the use of secondary forms + indicates positive focus; the four tones indicated by series A through D mutational + forms. <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong></font> + is written using the 60 C<font size="1">1</font>/C<font size="1">2</font> characters + with their C<font size="1">1</font> phonological value. In the absence of a + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">m</font></strong></font> + character, <font size="2">POSITIVE</font> focus is shown using the alternate + form of the <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong></font> + character, while tone is shown by the first four mutational grades of the <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong></font> + character. Also, the <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong></font> + character may take an underposed bar diacritic ( <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-1-10.gif" width="21" height="14" align="middle"> + ) in the absence of <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">m</font></strong></font> + in order to disambiguate it as being the suffix of a preceding formative. In + the absence of both a <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">m</font></strong></font> + and <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>C<font size="1">N</font></strong></font> + character, marked tone and focus can be shown using a placeholder <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>V<font size="1">m</font></strong></font> + character, the symbol for the <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>ae</strong></font> + diphthong which otherwise does not occur with such adjuncts.</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 47: + Valence + Version Characters<br> + </strong></font><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-3a.gif" width="656" height="403"></p> +<p align="justify">Format (<a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">Sec. + 5.4.2</a>) is shown via diacritics to the above valence/version character, as + follows:</p> +<p align="justify"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Table 48: + Format Diacritics</strong></font><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-2-3b.gif" width="568" height="77"><br> +</p> +<h3>11.4.3 Word Boundaries, Punctuation and Foreign Transliteration</h3> +<p align="justify">Because all formatives begin with a vowel symbol, and all written + adjuncts contain a specialized character, it is always possible to determine + where new words begin in a line of Ithkuil writing, obviating the need for a + blank space or other boundary between words. In turn, a blank space functions + to indicate a sentence boundary. And because Ithkuil morphology already indicates + within words themselves various attitudes, moods, and other information which + are normally indicated supra-segmentally in Western languages (e.g., by tone + or inflection of the voice, hyper-enunciation, etc.), symbols such as exclamation + points and question marks are likewise unnecessary. The only “punctuation” + symbols used are to show quotations of direct speech and phonetic transliteration + (as when spelling non-Ithkuil words and names). These two sets of symbols are + shown below. Note that the quotation marks are used only to indicate direct + speech; they are not used as in English to offset a word for emphasis or special + usage. The phonetic rendering marks indicate the word or phrase between the + marks is to be pronounced phonetically (i.e., alphabetically). When writing + alphabetically, consonantal characters carry their C<font size="1">1</font> + phonetic value; C<font size="1">2</font> phonetic values are shown by an underposed + dot. The secondary form of vowels are used to indicate the stressed syllable. + If desired, tone may be indicated on vowels using the same diacritic markings + as shown in <a href="#Sec11o4o1o6">Sec. 11.4.1.6</a> above.</p> +<blockquote> + <p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-3a.gif" width="7" height="13" align="absmiddle"> + <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[insert quote here]</font> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-3a.gif" width="7" height="13" align="absmiddle"></p> + <p><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-3b.gif" width="7" height="19" align="absmiddle"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + [word to be pronounced alphabetically]</font> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-4-3b.gif" width="7" height="19" align="absmiddle"></p> +</blockquote> + +<p> </p> +<table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> + <tr> + <td><p><font size="4"><strong>11.5 CHARACTER LISTS</strong></font><a name="Sec11o5"></a></p></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p align="justify">The following tables detail the characters of the Ithkuil script + along with the various phonemic values assigned to the symbol depending on the + character’s function within the word. The specific usages of the various + sets of vowels, their secondary forms, their hook-reversed forms, and the primary + versus secondary forms of consonant characters have been previously explained + above in <a href="#Sec11o4o1">Section 11.4.1</a> and its various sub-sections.<br> + <br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 49: SET 1 VOWEL CHARACTERS + </font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5a.gif" width="555" height="325"></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 50: SET 1 SECONDARY + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5b.gif" width="555" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 51: SET 1 HOOK-REVERSED + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5c.gif" width="624" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 52: SET 1 SECONDARY + HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5d.gif" width="624" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 53: SET 2 VOWEL CHARACTERS + <br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5e.gif" width="556" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 54: SET 2 SECONDARY + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5f.gif" width="558" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 55: SET 2 HOOK-REVERSED + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5g.gif" width="612" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 56: SET 2 SECONDARY + HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5h.gif" width="619" height="331"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 57: SET 3 VOWEL CHARACTERS + <br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5i.gif" width="570" height="341"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 58: SET 3 SECONDARY + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5j.gif" width="571" height="339"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 59: SET 3 HOOK-REVERSED + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5k.gif" width="620" height="335"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 60: SET 3 SECONDARY + HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5m.gif" width="634" height="345"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 61: SET 4 VOWEL CHARACTERS + <br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5n.gif" width="564" height="347"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 62: SET 4 SECONDARY + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5o.gif" width="564" height="331"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 63: SET 4 HOOK-REVERSED + FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5p.gif" width="612" height="337"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 64: SET 4 SECONDARY + HOOK-REVERSED FORMS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5q.gif" width="610" height="325"> </font></strong></p> +<p> </p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65: PRIMARY CONSONANT + SYMBOLS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5r.gif" width="673" height="423"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY + CONSONANT SYMBOLS <br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5s.gif" width="673" height="423"> </font></strong></p> +<p><br> + <strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY + CONSONANT SYMBOLS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5t.gif" width="674" height="423"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY + CONSONANT SYMBOLS</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5u.gif" width="673" height="326"> <br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5v.gif" width="673" height="293"></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY + CONSONANT SYMBOLS</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5w.gif" width="673" height="619"> </p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 65(continued): PRIMARY + CONSONANT SYMBOLS</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5x.gif" width="673" height="620"> </p> +<p> </p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66: ALTERNATE CONSONANT + SYMBOLS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5ra.gif" width="673" height="424"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE + CONSONANT SYMBOLS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5sa.gif" width="673" height="423"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE + CONSONANT SYMBOLS</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5ta.gif" width="673" height="424"> </p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE + CONSONANT SYMBOLS<br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5ua.gif" width="673" height="619"> </font></strong></p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE + CONSONANT SYMBOLS</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5wa.gif" width="673" height="619"> </p> +<p><strong><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 66 (continued): ALTERNATE + CONSONANT SYMBOLS</font></strong><br> + <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606100818id_/http:/www.ithkuil.net/Images/Ch%2011/11-5xa.gif" width="673" height="619"></p> +<p> </p> +<p align="right"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">Proceed + to Chapter 12: The Number System >></a></strong></font><br> +</p> +<p> +<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> + <tr> + <td width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="1"><a name="menu"></a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="index.htm" target="_top">Home</a></font></div></td> + <td width="37%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm">5a + Verb Morphology </a></font></div></td> + <td width="27%" valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm">9 + Syntax</a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-intro.htm">Introduction</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm">5b + Verb Morphology (continued)</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm">10 + Lexico-Semantics</a></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font size="2"></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm">1 + Phonology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm">6 + More Verb Morphology</a></font></div></td> + <td valign="top"><div align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm">11 + The Script </a></font></font></div></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm">2 + Morpho-Phonology</a></font><font size="2"> </font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm">7a + Using Affixes </a></font></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm">12 + The Number System</a></font></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font size="2"> </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm">3 + Basic Morphology</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm">7b + Using Affixes (continued) </a></font></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-lexicon.htm">The + Lexicon</a></font></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td height="26" valign="top"> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm">4 + Case Morphology </a></font> </td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm">8 + Adjuncts</a></font></td> + <td valign="top"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</font>laksh</a></font></td> + </tr> +</table> +<p><font size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. 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