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diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch11-script.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch11-script.html index ab45469..9ba1708 100755..100644 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch11-script.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch11-script.html @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ <DIV align="center"> <TABLE width="39%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD width="309"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o1">11.1 A Morpho-Phonemic + <TD width="309"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o1">11.1 A “Morpho-Phonemic” Script </A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ extremely complex in its structure and usage, is strictly logical and highly efficient in its ability to convey information. In previous chapters we have seen the high degree of detail and multi-level functionality and dynamism inherent - in the languages morpho-phonology, morpho-syntax, and lexico-semantics. + in the language’s morpho-phonology, morpho-syntax, and lexico-semantics. The workings of the Ithkuil writing system are no different. For example, just as the consonants and vowels of nominal and verbal stems can mutate into new forms, so, too, do the characters of the Ithkuil script mutate into other forms @@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ <DIV align="justify"> <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.1 A MORPHO-PHONEMIC SCRIPT<A name="Sec11o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>11.1 A “MORPHO-PHONEMIC” SCRIPT<A name="Sec11o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> </DIV> -<P align="justify">Such dynamism in a languages writing system can be achieved - because the Ithkuil script has the unique distinction of being morpho-phonemic, +<P align="justify">Such dynamism in a language’s writing system can be achieved + because the Ithkuil script has the unique distinction of being “morpho-phonemic,” i.e., the individual characters of the script do not merely convey phonemic content like an alphabet or syllabary, but also convey morphological (grammatical) information. Additionally, the phonemic and grammatical information conveyed @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ <TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1e.gif" width="16" height="46"></DIV></TD> <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, Grade 1, primary form. Position immediately following a personal reference - adjunct infix implies C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> phonemic Value = /<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>/. + adjunct infix implies C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> phonemic Value = /<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’</FONT></STRONG>/. Consonantal character being in this position in a single-referent adjunct indicates character represents an affix rather than a case-marker.<BR> </FONT></TD> @@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ <TD width="22"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1g.gif" width="49" height="39"></DIV></TD> - <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Vocalic character /<STRONG></STRONG>/, + <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Vocalic character /<STRONG>â</STRONG>/, Series A, primary but hook-reversed form. Position immediately following an aspectual adjunct infix character indicates start of new word. Position preceding two consonantal characters indicates word is a formative. Primary @@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, Grade 1, primary form. Phonemic value: /<STRONG>q</STRONG>/. Position following vocalic character and preceding another consonantal character indicates - it is a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical. Adjacent wedge diacritic, + it is a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical. Adjacent “wedge” diacritic, in absence of similar diacritic on either the preceding vocalic character or the following consonantal character indicates <FONT size="1">STATIVE</FONT> conflation.</FONT></TD> @@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ <TD width="54"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-1j.gif" width="32" height="44"></DIV></TD> <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Consonantal character, Grade 5, primary form. Position following a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical - indicates a consonantal affix. Phonemic value /<STRONG>q<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></STRONG>/. + indicates a consonantal affix. Phonemic value /<STRONG>q<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG>/. Grade 5 = affix-degree 5. Absence of diacritic indicates affix-type 1, non-geminated.</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ <BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/11-1a.gif" width="347" height="23" align="middle"><BR> <IMG src="assets/11-1l.gif" width="387" height="28"> <BR> - <EM>I feel that nowadays everyone everywhere is happy.</EM> + <EM>‘I feel that nowadays everyone everywhere is happy.’</EM> <BR> <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A> <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT> @@ -272,11 +272,11 @@ </BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify">Notice how the above analysis shows that the only purely phonemic information given by the Ithkuil written characters in this sentence is for - <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">/l/, /<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">/, - //, /q/, /<IMG src="assets/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">/, - /q/ </FONT></STRONG>and<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">/l/, /<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">’/, + /â/, /q/, /<IMG src="assets/d-cedilla.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">/, + /q’/ </FONT></STRONG>and<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> /d/</FONT></STRONG>. All remaining information represented by the characters - is wholly morphological, by which the reader constructs the pronunciation + is wholly morphological, by which the reader “constructs” the pronunciation of the sentence as a whole. Such is a morpho-phonemic script.</P> <P align="justify">It is important to recognize that while the phonological component of the Ithkuil script gives information as to the phonemes associated with the @@ -294,19 +294,19 @@ <TABLE width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <TBODY><TR> <TD width="47%" height="95" valign="top"><P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta - yqomxdu.<BR> - Ta yqomxid. <BR> - Ta yqomdux. <BR> - Ta yqomidx</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>.</STRONG><BR> - <STRONG>Ta <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xa</FONT></STRONG> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yqomid.</FONT></STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR> - <STRONG>Ta du<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a - </FONT></STRONG> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yqomx<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></STRONG>.<BR> + yâqomüxduď.<BR> + Ta yâqomüxiäd. <BR> + Ta yâqomduďxü. <BR> + Ta yâqomiädüx</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>.</STRONG><BR> + <STRONG>Ta <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xü’a</FONT></STRONG> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yâqomiäd.</FONT></STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR> + <STRONG>Ta du<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ď’a + </FONT></STRONG> <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yâqomx<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ü</FONT></STRONG>.<BR> </FONT></STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta - <STRONG>du<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x - </FONT></STRONG>yqom</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>.</STRONG></FONT><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG>i</FONT>d</STRONG> - yqom.</FONT></STRONG><BR> + <STRONG>du<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ď</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">üx + </FONT></STRONG>yâqom</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>.</STRONG></FONT><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ta <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xü’<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">’</FONT></STRONG></FONT></STRONG>iä</FONT>d</STRONG> + yâqom.</FONT></STRONG><BR> </FONT></P> </TD> <TD width="53%"><BLOCKQUOTE> @@ -322,14 +322,14 @@ The first symbol of the phrase above indicates the initial consonant element <STRONG>t</STRONG>- of the personal-reference adjunct <STRONG>tawa</STRONG> (or <STRONG>ta</STRONG>), while the second symbol conveys <FONT size="2">OBLIQUE</FONT> - case for the adjunct, interpretable as -<STRONG>a</STRONG> or <STRONG>awa</STRONG>. - The third symbol represents the vocalic prefix <STRONG></STRONG>-, as + case for the adjunct, interpretable as -<STRONG>a</STRONG> or –<STRONG>awa</STRONG>. + The third symbol represents the vocalic prefix <STRONG>â</STRONG>-, as well as the form, tone, mode, and vocalic mutation series of the stem. The fourth and fifth characters represents the <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">1</FONT></STRONG> and <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG> consonants of the root respectively, along with the mutational grade, stem number, vowel pattern, syllabic stress - and conflation information which transforms the initial <STRONG></STRONG>- - prefix to <STRONG>y</STRONG>-. The last two characters represent the + and conflation information which transforms the initial <STRONG>â</STRONG>- + prefix to <STRONG>yâ</STRONG>-. The last two characters represent the two affixes including their degree and affix-type.</P> <P align="justify">It should be noted what the written form of this word does not convey. It does not tell us what vowel is to be infixed between the <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">1</FONT></STRONG> @@ -350,12 +350,12 @@ from the grammar, need not be written, while those parts of a word which are not predictable can be represented by symbols which convey much more than a sound, but rather also convey the grammatical information necessary to construct - the unwritten parts of the word. As a result, the script acts to compress + the unwritten parts of the word. As a result, the script acts to “compress” the written form of the language as opposed to the spoken form, much like computerized - compression software stores computer files in a space-saving manner + “compression” software stores computer files in a space-saving manner in which all components of a file whose construction is predictable based on other components, can be eliminated in the stored version, and restored when - accessed. Similarly, the compressed form of words in the Ithkuil + accessed. Similarly, the “compressed” form of words in the Ithkuil written language are restored to full pronunciation when spoken or read.</P> <P align="justify"> </P> @@ -393,9 +393,9 @@ </TBODY></TABLE> </DIV> <P align="justify">The physical form of the characters in the script is based - on two different types of written strokes: straight bar-like elements, - and pointed sickle-like hooks. These bars and hooks are joined - to one another in a variety of angular offset connections. While + on two different types of written strokes: straight “bar”-like elements, + and pointed sickle-like “hooks.” These bars and hooks are joined + to one another in a variety of angular “offset” connections. While there can be a number of different bar-like elements comprising a given character, only one arc or hook can occur in a character. These bars and hooks can be easily discerned in the sample of Ithkuil writing shown here.</P> @@ -433,14 +433,14 @@ <TBODY><TR> <TD width="25%"><DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/11-3-2a.gif" width="95" height="273"></DIV></TD> <TD width="75%" valign="top"><DIV align="justify">For passages taking up more - than one line, as in general narrative passages or paragraphs, + than one line, as in general narrative passages or “paragraphs,” the script is normally written in a vertical <EM>boustrophedon</EM> fashion - (Greek for as the ox plows); specifically, it is written + (Greek for “as the ox plows”); specifically, it is written in vertical columns starting at the upper left of a page, with the first column being written top-to-bottom and each character oriented sideways and opening downward, then reversing direction in the second column and being written bottom-to-top with each character facing or opening upward. - Each line continues this zig-zag approach from the left + Each line continues this “zig-zag” approach from the left side of the page to the right, every other line running one direction as opposed to the preceding and following lines. This is illustrated by analogy with Roman letters to the left and can be seen in the sample of @@ -521,62 +521,62 @@ 1</FONT></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>a</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>e</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>a</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>e</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>a</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ä</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>aî</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>eě</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>aě</STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem 2</FONT></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>u</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>o</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>u</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ö</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>uî</STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>oi</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>u</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>uě</STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem 3</FONT></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>i</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>e</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>o</STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ë</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ü</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>eî</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>oě</STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>ëě</STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD rowspan="3"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form II</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem 1</FONT></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">â</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ę</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ae</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">aű</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ač</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">aů</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem 2 </FONT></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">o</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">o</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ű</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ô</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ř</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">oű</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">oů</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">ëů</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><FONT color="#009900" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stem 3 </FONT></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900"></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">î</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">˙</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">iu</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">e</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">e</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">i</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">eű</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">eů</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD valign="middle" bordercolor="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFFF99"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT color="#009900">iů</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify">As shown in the above table and described in detail in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">Chapter @@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ the alternate pattern is shown by a mere point-like extension at the base of each character while the rest of the pattern remains identical. For all consonantal characters, the nine grades of mutation are differentiated by variations in - the top half of the character, while alternate versions of characters + the top “half” of the character, while alternate versions of characters are shown in the bottom half of the character. For example, compare the standard and alternate forms of <IMG src="assets/k-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="17" align="absbottom"> above with those of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> radical <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k<IMG src="assets/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG> @@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ constitute either the first or second symbol of a word. For those formatives where it is the second symbol, the first symbol will always be a vowel character. Vowel characters are distinguished from consonantal characters because the former - always contain a sickle-like hook element while consonant characters + always contain a sickle-like “hook” element while consonant characters do not. Consequently, it is always possible to tell which is the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> symbol of a formative.</P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>11.4.1.2 Representing C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> Consonantal @@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ Ithkuil represents these using C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> symbols as well. They simply have completely different phonological values than for their usage as C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> symbols. As an example, the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> - symbol for <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p</FONT></STRONG> + symbol for <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">šp</FONT></STRONG> becomes the symbol for <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>r</STRONG></FONT> when representing a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. Again, it is mere position in the word that clues the reader into interpreting the symbol as a C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> @@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ an alternate form called the secondary used to indicate the secondary mode of the stem (i.e., corresponding to <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> essence as per <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o2o3">Secs. 2.2.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o8o1">3.8.1</A>). - Both primary and secondary forms in turn have hook-reversed forms, + Both primary and secondary forms in turn have “hook-reversed” forms, i.e., forms identical to the primary and secondary forms, but with the sickle-like hook portion of the character curved in the opposite direction; these hook-reversed forms are used to indicate Form II of the formative, corresponding to the <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT> @@ -732,10 +732,10 @@ 2.2.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o7">3.7</A>. The alternate and hook-reversed forms added to the 24 primary vowel characters, renders 96 characters. These 96 in turn have eight modifications to indicate - the nine mutational series of a stems vocalic infix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. + the nine mutational series of a stem’s vocalic infix (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. 2.5</A>), resulting in 864 vowel characters. One of these 864 vowel symbols will always be the first character of an Ithkuil written formative. The following - table illustrates an example of the basic vowel character <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></STRONG> + table illustrates an example of the basic vowel character <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ä</FONT></STRONG> with its mutations, along with its alternate and hook-reversed forms. Note that, like consonantal characters, the top half of the character carries the distinctions between the nine degrees of mutation.</P> @@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ associated with these 60 symbols when written as a suffix is independent of their value when written as a C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> or C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> radical. As with C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> and C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> representations, - the readers clue to interpreting the symbol as an affix is by position + the reader’s clue to interpreting the symbol as an affix is by position within the word; the suffix will always be the third (or more) consonantal symbol in a word. Note that affixes which contain geminated (i.e., doubled) consonants (e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mm</FONT></STRONG>, @@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ suffix</A> -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom"></FONT>, used when the infixed form is not phonologically permissible. Generally, the Ithkuil script conveys only the suffixed form. An exception is made however, - for the <FONT size="2">DIRECTIVE</FONT> illocution, for which an optional shortcut + for the <FONT size="2">DIRECTIVE</FONT> illocution, for which an optional “shortcut” notation exists, consisting of placing a special diacritic, a horizontal bar <IMG src="assets/11-4-1-10.gif" width="21" height="14" align="middle"> under the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> character.</P> @@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ 11.4.2 Writing Adjuncts</H3> <P align="justify">The rules for writing aspectual adjuncts and personal reference adjuncts in Ithkuil script are distinct from writing formatives, employing a - different type of written symbol, specifically composite characters + different type of written symbol, specifically “composite” characters made up of three separate character elements. Note that other adjuncts such as combination adjuncts and affixual adjuncts are not represented autonomously in the Ithkuil writing system, as these adjuncts exist purely for euphonic and @@ -950,8 +950,8 @@ is required, the nine mutations of each being used to show Configuration and; for <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT> designation, the hook-reversed forms of the four vowel characters are used; for <FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT> designation - plus <FONT size="2">POSITIVE</FONT> focus, the characters for <STRONG></STRONG>, - <STRONG></STRONG>, <STRONG></STRONG> and <STRONG></STRONG> + plus <FONT size="2">POSITIVE</FONT> focus, the characters for <STRONG>â</STRONG>, + <STRONG>ę</STRONG>, <STRONG>ű</STRONG> and <STRONG>î</STRONG> are used, their hook-reversed forms indicating <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT> designation. For <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> essence, the above patterns are used but with the vowel character in its secondary form. </P> @@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ characters (in all nine degrees) interpreted as having their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> phonological value for each degree (e.g., the <STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG> value -<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xt</STRONG></FONT>-, - equivalent to <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x+</STRONG></FONT>, + equivalent to <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x+ç</STRONG></FONT>, would be written using the 5th degree mutation of the C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> character for <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</FONT></STRONG>, whose value is <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xt</FONT></STRONG>).</P> @@ -985,8 +985,8 @@ character, as follows: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C = a, C<IMG src="assets/11-4-2-1f.gif" width="7" height="7" align="absmiddle"> = u, C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7a.gif" width="8" height="5" align="absmiddle"> - = , C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7" align="absmiddle"> - = </STRONG></FONT>.</P> + = â, C<IMG src="assets/11-4-1-7b.gif" width="8" height="7" align="absmiddle"> + = ű</STRONG></FONT>.</P> <P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="1">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG> is shown via the 60 C<FONT size="1">1</FONT>/C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> characters, interpreted as having their C<FONT size="1">1</FONT> phonological value</P> @@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ within words themselves various attitudes, moods, and other information which are normally indicated supra-segmentally in Western languages (e.g., by tone or inflection of the voice, hyper-enunciation, etc.), symbols such as exclamation - points and question marks are likewise unnecessary. The only punctuation + points and question marks are likewise unnecessary. The only “punctuation” symbols used are to show quotations of direct speech and phonetic transliteration (as when spelling non-Ithkuil words and names). These two sets of symbols are shown below. Note that the quotation marks are used only to indicate direct @@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify">The following tables detail the characters of the Ithkuil script along with the various phonemic values assigned to the symbol depending on the - characters function within the word. The specific usages of the various + character’s function within the word. The specific usages of the various sets of vowels, their secondary forms, their hook-reversed forms, and the primary versus secondary forms of consonant characters have been previously explained above in <A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o4o1">Section 11.4.1</A> and its various sub-sections.<BR> @@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -</P><P><FONT size="-1">2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +</P><P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website.</FONT></P> <P> </P> <P></P> |