fixed encoding

1 files changed, 82 insertions, 82 deletions

diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html
index 5a844ed..746bdff 100755..100644
--- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html
+++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html";
       determined by cultural and context-driven rules; the realm of style, rhetoric, 
       formal versus informal language, slang, etc., outside the realm of grammar. 
       Because this is a formal grammar for a hypothetical language (i.e., it has 
-      no “real world” linguistic context), pragmatics and discourse 
+      no “real world” linguistic context), pragmatics and discourse 
       rules will not be covered. </DIV>
   </LI>
 </UL>
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html";
     </LI>
     <LI><STRONG>Lexico-Morphology</STRONG>: The interrelationship between morphology 
       and the lexicon, i.e., the structure of word-roots and how they interact 
-      with other morphological categories, as illustrated by the concept of “irregular” 
-      verbs, e.g., ‘go’ + PAST = ‘went.’<BR>
+      with other morphological categories, as illustrated by the concept of “irregular” 
+      verbs, e.g., ‘go’ + PAST = ‘went.’<BR>
     </LI>
     <LI><STRONG>Lexico-Semantics</STRONG>: The interrelationship between the lexicon 
       and semantics, i.e. between words and their meaning; what mental concepts 
@@ -210,18 +210,18 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html";
   essentially, that Ithkuil is designed to convey large amounts of linguistic 
   information using fewer words, with those words being based on monosyllabic 
   roots and word-parts. In turn, the grammar supporting these words reflect the 
-  speaker’s cognitive intent explicitly, while displaying little of the 
+  speaker’s cognitive intent explicitly, while displaying little of the 
   euphemism, vagueness, circumlocution, redundancy, polysemy (i.e., multiple meanings), 
   and ambiguity manifested in natural languages. </P>
 <P align="justify"> NOTE: The preceding paragraph may remind some readers of the 
-  “<A href="http://www.urticator.net/essay/2/296.html" target="_blank">Speedtalk</A>” 
-  language in Robert Heinlein’s novella <EM>Gulf</EM>, in which every morpheme 
+  “<A href="http://www.urticator.net/essay/2/296.html" target="_blank">Speedtalk</A>” 
+  language in Robert Heinlein’s novella <EM>Gulf</EM>, in which every morpheme 
   (meaningful word-part) is apparently represented by a single phoneme (sound). 
-  To some extent, Ithkuil approaches this ideal. However, Heinlein’s Speedtalk 
+  To some extent, Ithkuil approaches this ideal. However, Heinlein’s Speedtalk 
   appears to focus only on the morpho-phonological component of language (i.e., 
   the correspondence between sound and individual grammatical components) without 
-  any corresponding focus on the logical redesign of a language’s morphology, 
-  lexico-morphology, or lexico-semantics to provide an equally “compressed” 
+  any corresponding focus on the logical redesign of a language’s morphology, 
+  lexico-morphology, or lexico-semantics to provide an equally “compressed” 
   morpho-syntactical and lexical component. Ithkuil has been designed with an 
   equal focus on these latter linguistic components. Additionally, the apparent 
   purpose of Heinlein's language is simple rapidity/brevity of speech and thought, 
@@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html";
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD width="14%" height="36" valign="top"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">TRANSLATION</FONT>:</TD>
-    <TD colspan="3" valign="top">‘<EM>On the contrary, I think it may turn 
-      out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point</EM>.’</TD>
+    <TD colspan="3" valign="top">‘<EM>On the contrary, I think it may turn 
+      out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point</EM>.’</TD>
   </TR>
 </TBODY></TABLE>
 <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NOTE: See Phonology, <A href="Ch-1%20Phonology.htm#Sec1o2" onclick="javascript:changenav1();">Section 
@@ -249,18 +249,18 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html";
 Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR>
 <P align="justify">The reader may well wonder why it takes a 19-word sentence 
   in English to translate a two-word Ithkuil sentence. One might assume the sentence 
-  “cheats” in that the two Ithkuil words simply have innately intricate 
-  and specialized meanings. While it is true that the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeá</FONT></STRONG>, 
-  translates as ‘<EM>on the contrary, I have a feeling it may turn out at 
-  some point (that)</EM>,’ and the second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">äx’ää<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktëx</FONT></STRONG>, 
-  means ‘<EM>the unevenly high range of mountains in question trails off</EM>,’ 
+  “cheats” in that the two Ithkuil words simply have innately intricate 
+  and specialized meanings. While it is true that the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeĂĄ</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  translates as ‘<EM>on the contrary, I have a feeling it may turn out at 
+  some point (that)</EM>,’ and the second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă€x’ÀÀ<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktĂ«x</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  means ‘<EM>the unevenly high range of mountains in question trails off</EM>,’ 
   it would be quite erroneous to conclude that these are simply autonomous words 
   one might theoretically find in an Ithkuil dictionary. Indeed, the only part 
-  of the sentence that represents any sort of “root” word is -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xä<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>-, 
-  a stem more or less meaning ‘hill’ or ‘upland.’ The 
+  of the sentence that represents any sort of “root” word is -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xĂ€<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>-, 
+  a stem more or less meaning ‘hill’ or ‘upland.’ The 
   remainder of the sentence is made up entirely of morphological, not lexical 
   components, i.e., prefixes, suffixes, infixes, vowel permutations, shifts in 
-  stress, etc. For example, the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeá</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  stress, etc. For example, the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeĂĄ</FONT></STRONG>, 
   has four parts to it as shown below:</P>
 <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
   <TBODY><TR> 
@@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR>
     <TD width="4%" valign="top">1.</TD>
     <TD width="6%" valign="top"><STRONG>ou</STRONG>-</TD>
     <TD width="3%" valign="top">=</TD>
-    <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual prefix translatable as ‘it 
-      turns out that’ or ‘it is revealed that’</TD>
+    <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual prefix translatable as ‘it 
+      turns out that’ or ‘it is revealed that’</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="46">&nbsp;</TD>
@@ -277,76 +277,76 @@ Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR>
     <TD valign="top">-<STRONG>mp</STRONG>-</TD>
     <TD valign="top">=</TD>
     <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an infix indicating both a rebuttal to an allegation 
-      and a conclusion based on the speaker’s intuition, translatable as 
-      ‘on the contrary, I have a feeling’</TD>
+      and a conclusion based on the speaker’s intuition, translatable as 
+      ‘on the contrary, I have a feeling’</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="27">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD valign="top">3.</TD>
     <TD valign="top">-<STRONG>ea</STRONG></TD>
     <TD valign="top">=</TD>
-    <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual suffix translatable as ‘at 
-      some point’ or ‘somewhere along the way’</TD>
+    <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual suffix translatable as ‘at 
+      some point’ or ‘somewhere along the way’</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="25">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD valign="middle">4.</TD>
     <TD colspan="4" valign="middle"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stress 
       on final syllable + falling tone </FONT> = subjunctive mood, translatable 
-      as ‘may’</TD>
+      as ‘may’</TD>
   </TR>
 </TBODY></TABLE>
 <P align="justify"><BR>
-  The second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">äx’ää<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktëx</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  The second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă€x’ÀÀ<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktĂ«x</FONT></STRONG>, 
   breaks down morphologically as follows:</P>
 <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
   <TBODY><TR> 
     <TD width="4%" height="47">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD width="4%" valign="top">1.</TD>
-    <TD width="6%" valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ä</STRONG>-</FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="6%" valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ă€</STRONG>-</FONT></TD>
     <TD width="3%" valign="top">=</TD>
     <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a prefix indicating, among other things, that 
-      the entity displays depletion (i.e., ‘trailing off’ or ‘petering 
-      out’) </TD>
+      the entity displays depletion (i.e., ‘trailing off’ or ‘petering 
+      out’) </TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="87">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD valign="top">2.</TD>
-    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x’ä<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>x’À<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT></TD>
     <TD valign="top">=</TD>
-    <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a stem derived from <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xä<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> 
-      ‘hill, upland’ (in turn derived from the root <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG><FONT size="2"><STRONG>-</STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> 
+    <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a stem derived from <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xÀ<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> 
+      ‘hill, upland’ (in turn derived from the root <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG><FONT size="2"><STRONG>-</STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> 
       indicating the level of a landscape), the mutation of the initial consonant 
       <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG>- into 
-      <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT>’</STRONG>- 
+      <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT>’</STRONG>- 
       indicating that the stem is to be re-interpreted as comprising a composite 
       entity of non-identical members consolidated together into a single segmented 
-      whole (i.e., ‘hill’ becomes ‘uneven range of hills’)</TD>
+      whole (i.e., ‘hill’ becomes ‘uneven range of hills’)</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="27">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD valign="top">3.</TD>
     <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<STRONG>ukt</STRONG>-</FONT></TD>
     <TD valign="top">=</TD>
-    <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a demonstrative suffix translatable as ‘this’ 
-      (= ‘the one in question’ or ‘the one at hand’)</TD>
+    <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a demonstrative suffix translatable as ‘this’ 
+      (= ‘the one in question’ or ‘the one at hand’)</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="68">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD valign="top">4.</TD>
-    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<STRONG>ëx</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<STRONG>Ă«x</STRONG></FONT></TD>
     <TD valign="top">=</TD>
     <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a suffix indicating that the stem is to be interpreted 
       as being very large in size, and furthermore, that the increase in size 
-      creates a new gestalt entity, i.e., not simply a ‘very large hill 
-      or upland’ but rather a ‘mountain’</TD>
+      creates a new gestalt entity, i.e., not simply a ‘very large hill 
+      or upland’ but rather a ‘mountain’</TD>
   </TR>
   <TR> 
     <TD height="86">&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD valign="top">5.</TD>
     <TD colspan="3" valign="top"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stress 
       on antepenultimate (i.e., third-from-last) syllable (indicated in the Romanized 
-      spelling by doubling of the stem vowel -ä-)</FONT></TD>
+      spelling by doubling of the stem vowel -Ă€-)</FONT></TD>
     <TD width="5%" valign="top">=</TD>
     <TD width="57%" valign="top"> generic statement neutral as to time or present 
       impact</TD>
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR>
     <TD valign="top">=</TD>
     <TD valign="middle">statement reflects objective fact as opposed to subjective 
       interpretation, i.e., that it describes a real situation irrespective of 
-      the speaker’s beliefs, opinions, convention, usage, etc. (i.e., the 
+      the speaker’s beliefs, opinions, convention, usage, etc. (i.e., the 
       fact that the mountain range does have an ending whether one knows where 
       it is or not)</TD>
   </TR>
@@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ a container, one at a time like clockwork.</EM><BR>
     <TD height="30"><EM><A href="Sound_Files/Intro-4.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Intro_7.gif" width="345" height="21" border="0" align="top"></A></EM></TD>
   </TR>
 </TBODY></TABLE>
-<EM>Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man, in inadvertently letting 
+<EM>Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man, in inadvertently letting 
 it out of the house, unexpectedly and accidentally killed it without even realizing 
-he’d done so.</EM><BR>
+he’d done so.</EM><BR>
 <P align="justify"><BR>
   Such detail plus conciseness is possible due to the design of the grammar, essentially 
   a matrix of grammatical concepts and structures designed for compactness, cross-functionality 
@@ -496,15 +496,15 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   words, but in most cases, far exceed the dynamism and range of such English 
   word series. This is illustrated by the list of Ithkuil words in the table below, 
   all of which are simply grammatical derivations, using affixes and systematic 
-  phonemic mutations (i.e., sound shifts), of a single word-root <STRONG><FONT color="#FF0000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r–q</FONT></STRONG> 
-  whose meaning is translatable as ‘<FONT size="2">EXISTENT THING; TO EXIST 
-  (AS SOMETHING)</FONT>.’ Alongside each word is its translation. (Note: 
+  phonemic mutations (i.e., sound shifts), of a single word-root <STRONG><FONT color="#FF0000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r–q</FONT></STRONG> 
+  whose meaning is translatable as ‘<FONT size="2">EXISTENT THING; TO EXIST 
+  (AS SOMETHING)</FONT>.’ Alongside each word is its translation. (Note: 
   the translations below represent convenient approximations at best, as purely 
   literal translations would have to capture the systematic and derivative structure 
   of the Ithkuil words. For example, the word<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
-  </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>amriqoçi<IMG src="assets/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18" align="absmiddle"></STRONG></FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
-  </FONT> translated below as ‘destroy’ literally means ‘unmake 
-  a constructed componential set by extreme violence.’ Note also that the 
+  </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>amriqoçi<IMG src="assets/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18" align="absmiddle"></STRONG></FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
+  </FONT> translated below as ‘destroy’ literally means ‘unmake 
+  a constructed componential set by extreme violence.’ Note also that the 
   list below represents only a small number of the thousands of derivations theoretically 
   possible for this single word-root.)</P>
 <TABLE width="73%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   world as being based on complementary principles, where, instead of discrete 
   independence between related entities, such concepts are seen as complementary 
   aspects of a single holistic entity. Such complementarity is in turn reflected 
-  in the derivation of word-roots. By “complementarity” is meant that 
+  in the derivation of word-roots. By “complementarity” is meant that 
   the manifestation of a concept appears in any given context as either one sort 
   of entity or another, but never both simultaneously; yet, neither manifestation 
   can be considered to be a discrete whole without the existence of the other. 
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   of the hole, or on the structural nature of the hole. Either of these two perspectives 
   represents a legitimate, but complementary way to consider a hole or puncture. 
   Thus, the Ithkuil word would have two derivative roots each indicating one of 
-  these two perspectives. One such root would be used when saying <EM>There’s 
+  these two perspectives. One such root would be used when saying <EM>There’s 
   a hole in your shirt</EM>, while the other would be used when saying <EM>She 
   saw me through a hole in the fence</EM>.</P>
 <P align="justify">Ithkuil recognizes that such complementarity exists for virtually 
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   <BLOCKQUOTE> 
     <P align="justify">(a)<EM> The boy rolled down the hill.</EM><BR>
       (b) <EM>Maybe she just stopped smoking.</EM><BR>
-      (c) <EM>Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday.</EM><BR>
+      (c) <EM>Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday.</EM><BR>
       (d) <EM>There is a dog on my porch.</EM></P>
   </BLOCKQUOTE>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
@@ -641,19 +641,19 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   relations and cognitive intent. For example, in sentence (a) we have no idea 
   whether the boy chose to roll himself down the hill or whether he was pushed 
   against his will. (In formal linguistic terms we would say it is unknown whether 
-  the semantic role of the subject ‘boy’ is as <EM>agent</EM> or <EM>patient</EM>.) 
-  And yet knowing which scenario is correct is crucial to understanding the speaker’s 
+  the semantic role of the subject ‘boy’ is as <EM>agent</EM> or <EM>patient</EM>.) 
+  And yet knowing which scenario is correct is crucial to understanding the speaker’s 
   intent in describing the action. </P>
 <P align="justify">Imagine sentence (b) <EM>Maybe she just stopped smoking</EM> 
-  being spoken as an answer to the question ‘Why does she seem so irritable?’ 
+  being spoken as an answer to the question ‘Why does she seem so irritable?’ 
   In interpreting sentence (b), we have no idea whether the subject is indeed 
   a smoker or not; i.e., is the speaker offering this speculation because he/she 
   knows the subject to be a smoker, or as mere conjecture without knowledge one 
   way or the other whether the subject smokes or not? </P>
-<P align="justify">Sentence (c) <EM>Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday</EM> 
-  illustrates four-way ambiguity. Joe’s failure to win the lottery could 
-  be either because: the speaker knows Joe didn’t play; because the speaker 
-  knows Joe did play but lost; because the speaker doesn’t know whether 
+<P align="justify">Sentence (c) <EM>Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday</EM> 
+  illustrates four-way ambiguity. Joe’s failure to win the lottery could 
+  be either because: the speaker knows Joe didn’t play; because the speaker 
+  knows Joe did play but lost; because the speaker doesn’t know whether 
   Joe played or not and is simply voicing a conjecture; or because the statement 
   is an inference based on some indirect clue (e.g., since Joe showed up for work 
   today, he must not have won the lottery).</P>
@@ -669,19 +669,19 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   sentences. This shows that, despite the fact that all four sentences are grammatically 
   well-formed English sentences whose words in and of themselves are unambiguous, 
   their grammar alone is insufficient to convey the cognitive information necessary 
-  to fully comprehend the intent of the speaker’s utterance. This failure 
+  to fully comprehend the intent of the speaker’s utterance. This failure 
   of grammar to inherently convey the requisite information necessary to understand 
-  a speaker’s cognitive intent is a functional pitfall of human language 
+  a speaker’s cognitive intent is a functional pitfall of human language 
   in general which Ithkuil grammar has been designed to avoid. The Ithkuil equivalents 
-  to the above four sentences would mandatorily convey all of the “missing” 
+  to the above four sentences would mandatorily convey all of the “missing” 
   information noted above without requiring any extra words not corresponding 
   to the English originals. The grammatical elements of the words themselves (word-selection, 
   declensions, conjugations, prefixes, suffixes, etc.) would convey all the elements 
   mentioned.</P>
 <P align="justify">Similar examples can be given to show the extent to which natural 
   languages such as English must often resort to idiomatic expressions, metaphor, 
-  paraphrase, circumlocution and “supra-segmental” phenomena (e.g., 
-  changing the pitch of one’s voice) in their attempts to convey a speaker’s 
+  paraphrase, circumlocution and “supra-segmental” phenomena (e.g., 
+  changing the pitch of one’s voice) in their attempts to convey a speaker’s 
   intended meaning. Ithkuil grammar has been designed to overtly and unambiguously 
   reflect the intention of a speaker with a minimum of such phenomena.</P>
 <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
 <P align="justify">Those readers familiar with the history of <A href="http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html#introduction" target="_blank">artificial 
   language construction</A> might think this endeavor belated or unnecessary, 
   in that <A href="http://minyeva.alkaline.org/links.html" target="_blank">logical 
-  languages</A> such as James Cooke Brown’s renowned Loglan (or its popular 
+  languages</A> such as James Cooke Brown’s renowned Loglan (or its popular 
   derivative, Lojban) already exist. This serves to illustrate exactly what distinguishes 
   Ithkuil from such previous attempts. Loglan was published in the 1950s as a 
   spoken/written language based on symbolic logic (formally known as the first-order 
@@ -709,13 +709,13 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   in terms of meaning, nor are they capable of analyzing or formalizing the structure 
   of the cognitive or semantic realm of the human mind in terms of how meaning 
   itself is assigned to arguments. (Indeed, Lojban derives its roots via statistical 
-  “sampling” of the most frequent roots in the six most spoken natural 
+  “sampling” of the most frequent roots in the six most spoken natural 
   languages, a method virtually guaranteed to carry over into the Lojban lexicon 
   all of the lexico-semantic inefficiencies previously described.) By not addressing 
   these components of language, Loglan and similar efforts fail to address the 
   inconsistencies and inefficiency inherent in language at the lexico-semantic 
   level. Ithkuil has been designed to systematically address this issue. </P>
-<P align="justify">Other readers might think of international languages (or “interlanguages”) 
+<P align="justify">Other readers might think of international languages (or “interlanguages”) 
   such as Esperanto, Interlingua, or Ido, as being logical and efficient representations of language. 
   However, these languages are merely simplified, regularized amalgamations of 
   existing languages (usually Indo-European), designed for ease of learning. While 
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   found at the morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic levels, they do little 
   to address the problems found within the other components of language, especially 
   the lexico-semantic. For example, while Esperanto admirably employs systematic 
-  rules for word derivation as <EM>knabo</EM> ‘boy’ versus <EM>knabino</EM> 
-  ‘girl,’ it preserves the basic lexico-semantic categorization scheme 
+  rules for word derivation as <EM>knabo</EM> ‘boy’ versus <EM>knabino</EM> 
+  ‘girl,’ it preserves the basic lexico-semantic categorization scheme 
   of Indo-European languages in general, rather than seeking opportunities to 
   expand such word derivation schemes into multidimensional arrays as will be 
   shortly illustrated for Ithkuil.</P>
@@ -738,11 +738,11 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   systematically represented in the phonological structure of an individual word. 
   For example an initial <EM>g</EM>- might stand for a plant, while <EM>go</EM>- 
   indicated a tree, <EM>gob</EM>- a particular class of tree, and <EM>gobo</EM> 
-  a particular tree species. While unworkable in terms of specifics, Wilkins’ 
+  a particular tree species. While unworkable in terms of specifics, Wilkins’ 
   underlying principles are similar in a simplistic way to some of the abstract 
   derivational principles employed in Ithkuil lexico-morphology and lexico-semantics. 
   Another comparable predecessor in a simplistic sense is the musical language, 
-  Solresol, created by Jean François Sudre and published in 
+  Solresol, created by Jean François Sudre and published in 
   1866.</P>
 <P align="justify">&nbsp; </P>
 <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   in the niche it occupies in the array of both natural and invented languages. 
   The design of Ithkuil has slowly and painstakingly evolved from my early attempts 
   as a teenager (following my introduction to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Charles 
-  Fillmore’s seminal 1968 article on case grammar) to explore beyond the 
+  Fillmore’s seminal 1968 article on case grammar) to explore beyond the 
   boundaries of Western Indo-European languages to a complex, intricate array 
   of interwoven grammatical concepts, many of which are wholly of my own creation, 
   others of which have been inspired by such obscure linguistic sources as the 
@@ -764,25 +764,25 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   case systems of Basque and the Dagestanian languages, the enclitic system of 
   Wakashan languages, the positional orientation systems of Tzeltal and Guugu 
   Yimidhirr, the Semitic triliteral root morphology, and the hearsay and possessive 
-  categories of Suzette Elgin’s Láadan language, not to mention ideas 
+  categories of Suzette Elgin’s Láadan language, not to mention ideas 
   inspired by countless hours studying texts in theoretical linguistics, cognitive 
   grammar, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, linguistic relativity, semantics, 
   semiotics, philosophy, fuzzy set theory, and even quantum physics. </P>
 <P align="justify">The Ithkuil writing system likewise derives from both original 
-  and inspired sources: it employs a unique “morpho-phonemic” principle 
+  and inspired sources: it employs a unique “morpho-phonemic” principle 
   of my own invention, its logical design borrows from the mutational principles 
   underlying the Ethiopic and Brahmi scripts, and its aesthetic visual design 
   bears a superficial resemblance to Hebrew square script and the various Klingon 
   fonts.</P>
 <P align="justify">As for the name of the language, Ithkuil, it is an anglicized 
   rendering of the word <IMG src="assets/Intro_5.gif" width="40" height="20" align="absbottom">, 
-  whose approximate translation is ‘hypothetical language.’ </P>
+  whose approximate translation is ‘hypothetical language.’ </P>
 <P align="justify">This website provides a systematic presentation of the grammar 
   of the language. In addition to a description of the various components of the 
   grammar, the reader will find example phrases or sentences illustrating those 
   components. Each example comprises an Ithkuil word, phrase, or sentence written 
   in native Ithkuil script, accompanied by a Romanized transliteration, an English 
-  translation (sometimes divided into a “natural” versus literal translation), 
+  translation (sometimes divided into a “natural” versus literal translation), 
   and a morphological analysis. The morphological analysis is presented serially, 
   morpheme-by-morpheme, using three-letter abbreviations or labels for Ithkuil 
   morphological categories. These labels are presented within the body of the 
@@ -794,10 +794,10 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   4</A></FONT>):</P>
 <BLOCKQUOTE> 
   <P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/Intro_3.gif" width="84" height="21"><BR>
-    <STRONG>têr hionn</STRONG><BR>
+    <STRONG>tęr hionn</STRONG><BR>
     <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">title</FONT>-<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OBL</FONT> 
     <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">father</FONT>-<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRP</FONT><BR>
-    <EM>‘a father’s title’</EM></P>
+    <EM>‘a father’s title’</EM></P>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
 <P align="justify">This work is not meant as a primer or means of self-instruction 
   in speaking the language, a task beyond even its creator, given that Ithkuil 
@@ -807,10 +807,10 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
   extreme morpho-semantic economy and efficiency. I believe I have achieved a 
   result which is close to the ideal I sought. I leave it to the reader to explore 
   that result.</P>
-<P align="justify">I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil.  I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article “The Speed of Thought” brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. &#1057;&#1087;&#1072;&#1089;&#1080;&#1073;&#1086;, &#1057;&#1090;&#1072;&#1089;! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original <A href="http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/" target="_blank">Ithkuil site into Russian</A>. My appreciation also to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the <A href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank">2008 Smiley Award</A>. </P>
+<P align="justify">I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil.  I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article “The Speed of Thought” brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. &#1057;&#1087;&#1072;&#1089;&#1080;&#1073;&#1086;, &#1057;&#1090;&#1072;&#1089;! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original <A href="http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/" target="_blank">Ithkuil site into Russian</A>. My appreciation also to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the <A href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank">2008 Smiley Award</A>. </P>
 <P align="center"><A href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank"><IMG src="assets/smiley_award.GIF" alt="Smiley Award" width="214" height="80" border="0" longdesc="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html"></A></P>
 <P align="justify">I dedicate this work to my brother, Paul, in fond memory of 
-  <EM>Kccöj</EM>, <EM>Mbozo</EM>, and our other made-up languages, and all 
+  <EM>Kccöj</EM>, <EM>Mbozo</EM>, and our other made-up languages, and all 
   the fun times we had as kids learning about and playing with linguistics.</P>
 <P align="right"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html" onclick="javascript:changenav1();">Proceed 
   to Chapter One: Phonology &gt;&gt;</A></FONT></STRONG></P>
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ he’d done so.</EM><BR>
     <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
   </TR>
 </TBODY></TABLE>
-<P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion 
+<P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion 
   of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author 
   and this website. </FONT></P>
 <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>