From d2da853b9eb430679e7238b93996f8e4651a39c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: uakci Date: Sat, 19 Dec 2020 04:55:30 +0100 Subject: fixed encoding --- 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html | 164 +++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-) mode change 100755 => 100644 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html (limited to '2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html') diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html old mode 100755 new mode 100644 index 5a844ed..746bdff --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; determined by cultural and context-driven rules; the realm of style, rhetoric, formal versus informal language, slang, etc., outside the realm of grammar. Because this is a formal grammar for a hypothetical language (i.e., it has - no “real world” linguistic context), pragmatics and discourse + no “real world” linguistic context), pragmatics and discourse rules will not be covered. @@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html";
  • Lexico-Morphology: The interrelationship between morphology and the lexicon, i.e., the structure of word-roots and how they interact - with other morphological categories, as illustrated by the concept of “irregular” - verbs, e.g., ‘go’ + PAST = ‘went.’
    + with other morphological categories, as illustrated by the concept of “irregular” + verbs, e.g., ‘go’ + PAST = ‘went.’
  • Lexico-Semantics: The interrelationship between the lexicon and semantics, i.e. between words and their meaning; what mental concepts @@ -210,18 +210,18 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; essentially, that Ithkuil is designed to convey large amounts of linguistic information using fewer words, with those words being based on monosyllabic roots and word-parts. In turn, the grammar supporting these words reflect the - speaker’s cognitive intent explicitly, while displaying little of the + speaker’s cognitive intent explicitly, while displaying little of the euphemism, vagueness, circumlocution, redundancy, polysemy (i.e., multiple meanings), and ambiguity manifested in natural languages.

    NOTE: The preceding paragraph may remind some readers of the - “Speedtalk” - language in Robert Heinlein’s novella Gulf, in which every morpheme + “Speedtalk” + language in Robert Heinlein’s novella Gulf, in which every morpheme (meaningful word-part) is apparently represented by a single phoneme (sound). - To some extent, Ithkuil approaches this ideal. However, Heinlein’s Speedtalk + To some extent, Ithkuil approaches this ideal. However, Heinlein’s Speedtalk appears to focus only on the morpho-phonological component of language (i.e., the correspondence between sound and individual grammatical components) without - any corresponding focus on the logical redesign of a language’s morphology, - lexico-morphology, or lexico-semantics to provide an equally “compressed” + any corresponding focus on the logical redesign of a language’s morphology, + lexico-morphology, or lexico-semantics to provide an equally “compressed” morpho-syntactical and lexical component. Ithkuil has been designed with an equal focus on these latter linguistic components. Additionally, the apparent purpose of Heinlein's language is simple rapidity/brevity of speech and thought, @@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; TRANSLATION: - ‘On the contrary, I think it may turn - out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point.’ + ‘On the contrary, I think it may turn + out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point.’ NOTE: See Phonology, Section @@ -249,18 +249,18 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; Ithkuil characters.

    The reader may well wonder why it takes a 19-word sentence in English to translate a two-word Ithkuil sentence. One might assume the sentence - “cheats” in that the two Ithkuil words simply have innately intricate - and specialized meanings. While it is true that the first word, oumpeá, - translates as ‘on the contrary, I have a feeling it may turn out at - some point (that),’ and the second word, äx’ääuktëx, - means ‘the unevenly high range of mountains in question trails off,’ + “cheats” in that the two Ithkuil words simply have innately intricate + and specialized meanings. While it is true that the first word, oumpeĂĄ, + translates as ‘on the contrary, I have a feeling it may turn out at + some point (that),’ and the second word, Ă€x’ÀÀuktĂ«x, + means ‘the unevenly high range of mountains in question trails off,’ it would be quite erroneous to conclude that these are simply autonomous words one might theoretically find in an Ithkuil dictionary. Indeed, the only part - of the sentence that represents any sort of “root” word is -xä-, - a stem more or less meaning ‘hill’ or ‘upland.’ The + of the sentence that represents any sort of “root” word is -xĂ€-, + a stem more or less meaning ‘hill’ or ‘upland.’ The remainder of the sentence is made up entirely of morphological, not lexical components, i.e., prefixes, suffixes, infixes, vowel permutations, shifts in - stress, etc. For example, the first word, oumpeá, + stress, etc. For example, the first word, oumpeĂĄ, has four parts to it as shown below:

    @@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ Ithkuil characters.
    - + @@ -277,76 +277,76 @@ Ithkuil characters.
    + and a conclusion based on the speaker’s intuition, translatable as + ‘on the contrary, I have a feeling’ - + + as ‘may’
    1. ou- =an aspectual prefix translatable as ‘it - turns out that’ or ‘it is revealed that’an aspectual prefix translatable as ‘it + turns out that’ or ‘it is revealed that’
      -mp- = an infix indicating both a rebuttal to an allegation - and a conclusion based on the speaker’s intuition, translatable as - ‘on the contrary, I have a feeling’
      3. -ea =an aspectual suffix translatable as ‘at - some point’ or ‘somewhere along the way’an aspectual suffix translatable as ‘at + some point’ or ‘somewhere along the way’
      4. stress on final syllable + falling tone = subjunctive mood, translatable - as ‘may’


    - The second word, äx’ääuktëx, + The second word, Ă€x’ÀÀuktĂ«x, breaks down morphologically as follows:

    - + + the entity displays depletion (i.e., ‘trailing off’ or ‘petering + out’) - + - + whole (i.e., ‘hill’ becomes ‘uneven range of hills’) - + - + + creates a new gestalt entity, i.e., not simply a ‘very large hill + or upland’ but rather a ‘mountain’ + spelling by doubling of the stem vowel -Ă€-) @@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ Ithkuil characters.
    @@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ a container, one at a time like clockwork.
      1.ä-Ă€- = a prefix indicating, among other things, that - the entity displays depletion (i.e., ‘trailing off’ or ‘petering - out’)
      2.x’äx’À =a stem derived from xä - ‘hill, upland’ (in turn derived from the root x- + a stem derived from xĂ€ + ‘hill, upland’ (in turn derived from the root x- indicating the level of a landscape), the mutation of the initial consonant x- into - x’- + x’- indicating that the stem is to be re-interpreted as comprising a composite entity of non-identical members consolidated together into a single segmented - whole (i.e., ‘hill’ becomes ‘uneven range of hills’)
      3. -ukt- =a demonstrative suffix translatable as ‘this’ - (= ‘the one in question’ or ‘the one at hand’)a demonstrative suffix translatable as ‘this’ + (= ‘the one in question’ or ‘the one at hand’)
      4.-ëx-Ă«x = a suffix indicating that the stem is to be interpreted as being very large in size, and furthermore, that the increase in size - creates a new gestalt entity, i.e., not simply a ‘very large hill - or upland’ but rather a ‘mountain’
      5. stress on antepenultimate (i.e., third-from-last) syllable (indicated in the Romanized - spelling by doubling of the stem vowel -ä-) = generic statement neutral as to time or present impact = statement reflects objective fact as opposed to subjective interpretation, i.e., that it describes a real situation irrespective of - the speaker’s beliefs, opinions, convention, usage, etc. (i.e., the + the speaker’s beliefs, opinions, convention, usage, etc. (i.e., the fact that the mountain range does have an ending whether one knows where it is or not)
    -Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man, in inadvertently letting +Aided by the bird’s own stupidity, the man, in inadvertently letting it out of the house, unexpectedly and accidentally killed it without even realizing -he’d done so.
    +he’d done so.


    Such detail plus conciseness is possible due to the design of the grammar, essentially a matrix of grammatical concepts and structures designed for compactness, cross-functionality @@ -496,15 +496,15 @@ he words, but in most cases, far exceed the dynamism and range of such English word series. This is illustrated by the list of Ithkuil words in the table below, all of which are simply grammatical derivations, using affixes and systematic - phonemic mutations (i.e., sound shifts), of a single word-root r–q - whose meaning is translatable as ‘EXISTENT THING; TO EXIST - (AS SOMETHING).’ Alongside each word is its translation. (Note: + phonemic mutations (i.e., sound shifts), of a single word-root r–q + whose meaning is translatable as ‘EXISTENT THING; TO EXIST + (AS SOMETHING).’ Alongside each word is its translation. (Note: the translations below represent convenient approximations at best, as purely literal translations would have to capture the systematic and derivative structure of the Ithkuil words. For example, the word - amriqoçi - translated below as ‘destroy’ literally means ‘unmake - a constructed componential set by extreme violence.’ Note also that the + amriqoçi + translated below as ‘destroy’ literally means ‘unmake + a constructed componential set by extreme violence.’ Note also that the list below represents only a small number of the thousands of derivations theoretically possible for this single word-root.)

    @@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ he world as being based on complementary principles, where, instead of discrete independence between related entities, such concepts are seen as complementary aspects of a single holistic entity. Such complementarity is in turn reflected - in the derivation of word-roots. By “complementarity” is meant that + in the derivation of word-roots. By “complementarity” is meant that the manifestation of a concept appears in any given context as either one sort of entity or another, but never both simultaneously; yet, neither manifestation can be considered to be a discrete whole without the existence of the other. @@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ he of the hole, or on the structural nature of the hole. Either of these two perspectives represents a legitimate, but complementary way to consider a hole or puncture. Thus, the Ithkuil word would have two derivative roots each indicating one of - these two perspectives. One such root would be used when saying There’s + these two perspectives. One such root would be used when saying There’s a hole in your shirt, while the other would be used when saying She saw me through a hole in the fence.

    Ithkuil recognizes that such complementarity exists for virtually @@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ he

    (a) The boy rolled down the hill.
    (b) Maybe she just stopped smoking.
    - (c) Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday.
    + (c) Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday.
    (d) There is a dog on my porch.

    @@ -641,19 +641,19 @@ he relations and cognitive intent. For example, in sentence (a) we have no idea whether the boy chose to roll himself down the hill or whether he was pushed against his will. (In formal linguistic terms we would say it is unknown whether - the semantic role of the subject ‘boy’ is as agent or patient.) - And yet knowing which scenario is correct is crucial to understanding the speaker’s + the semantic role of the subject ‘boy’ is as agent or patient.) + And yet knowing which scenario is correct is crucial to understanding the speaker’s intent in describing the action.

    Imagine sentence (b) Maybe she just stopped smoking - being spoken as an answer to the question ‘Why does she seem so irritable?’ + being spoken as an answer to the question ‘Why does she seem so irritable?’ In interpreting sentence (b), we have no idea whether the subject is indeed a smoker or not; i.e., is the speaker offering this speculation because he/she knows the subject to be a smoker, or as mere conjecture without knowledge one way or the other whether the subject smokes or not?

    -

    Sentence (c) Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday - illustrates four-way ambiguity. Joe’s failure to win the lottery could - be either because: the speaker knows Joe didn’t play; because the speaker - knows Joe did play but lost; because the speaker doesn’t know whether +

    Sentence (c) Joe didn’t win the lottery yesterday + illustrates four-way ambiguity. Joe’s failure to win the lottery could + be either because: the speaker knows Joe didn’t play; because the speaker + knows Joe did play but lost; because the speaker doesn’t know whether Joe played or not and is simply voicing a conjecture; or because the statement is an inference based on some indirect clue (e.g., since Joe showed up for work today, he must not have won the lottery).

    @@ -669,19 +669,19 @@ he sentences. This shows that, despite the fact that all four sentences are grammatically well-formed English sentences whose words in and of themselves are unambiguous, their grammar alone is insufficient to convey the cognitive information necessary - to fully comprehend the intent of the speaker’s utterance. This failure + to fully comprehend the intent of the speaker’s utterance. This failure of grammar to inherently convey the requisite information necessary to understand - a speaker’s cognitive intent is a functional pitfall of human language + a speaker’s cognitive intent is a functional pitfall of human language in general which Ithkuil grammar has been designed to avoid. The Ithkuil equivalents - to the above four sentences would mandatorily convey all of the “missing” + to the above four sentences would mandatorily convey all of the “missing” information noted above without requiring any extra words not corresponding to the English originals. The grammatical elements of the words themselves (word-selection, declensions, conjugations, prefixes, suffixes, etc.) would convey all the elements mentioned.

    Similar examples can be given to show the extent to which natural languages such as English must often resort to idiomatic expressions, metaphor, - paraphrase, circumlocution and “supra-segmental” phenomena (e.g., - changing the pitch of one’s voice) in their attempts to convey a speaker’s + paraphrase, circumlocution and “supra-segmental” phenomena (e.g., + changing the pitch of one’s voice) in their attempts to convey a speaker’s intended meaning. Ithkuil grammar has been designed to overtly and unambiguously reflect the intention of a speaker with a minimum of such phenomena.

     

    @@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ he

    Those readers familiar with the history of artificial language construction might think this endeavor belated or unnecessary, in that logical - languages such as James Cooke Brown’s renowned Loglan (or its popular + languages such as James Cooke Brown’s renowned Loglan (or its popular derivative, Lojban) already exist. This serves to illustrate exactly what distinguishes Ithkuil from such previous attempts. Loglan was published in the 1950s as a spoken/written language based on symbolic logic (formally known as the first-order @@ -709,13 +709,13 @@ he in terms of meaning, nor are they capable of analyzing or formalizing the structure of the cognitive or semantic realm of the human mind in terms of how meaning itself is assigned to arguments. (Indeed, Lojban derives its roots via statistical - “sampling” of the most frequent roots in the six most spoken natural + “sampling” of the most frequent roots in the six most spoken natural languages, a method virtually guaranteed to carry over into the Lojban lexicon all of the lexico-semantic inefficiencies previously described.) By not addressing these components of language, Loglan and similar efforts fail to address the inconsistencies and inefficiency inherent in language at the lexico-semantic level. Ithkuil has been designed to systematically address this issue.

    -

    Other readers might think of international languages (or “interlanguages”) +

    Other readers might think of international languages (or “interlanguages”) such as Esperanto, Interlingua, or Ido, as being logical and efficient representations of language. However, these languages are merely simplified, regularized amalgamations of existing languages (usually Indo-European), designed for ease of learning. While @@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ he found at the morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic levels, they do little to address the problems found within the other components of language, especially the lexico-semantic. For example, while Esperanto admirably employs systematic - rules for word derivation as knabo ‘boy’ versus knabino - ‘girl,’ it preserves the basic lexico-semantic categorization scheme + rules for word derivation as knabo ‘boy’ versus knabino + ‘girl,’ it preserves the basic lexico-semantic categorization scheme of Indo-European languages in general, rather than seeking opportunities to expand such word derivation schemes into multidimensional arrays as will be shortly illustrated for Ithkuil.

    @@ -738,11 +738,11 @@ he systematically represented in the phonological structure of an individual word. For example an initial g- might stand for a plant, while go- indicated a tree, gob- a particular class of tree, and gobo - a particular tree species. While unworkable in terms of specifics, Wilkins’ + a particular tree species. While unworkable in terms of specifics, Wilkins’ underlying principles are similar in a simplistic way to some of the abstract derivational principles employed in Ithkuil lexico-morphology and lexico-semantics. Another comparable predecessor in a simplistic sense is the musical language, - Solresol, created by Jean François Sudre and published in + Solresol, created by Jean François Sudre and published in 1866.

     

    @@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ he in the niche it occupies in the array of both natural and invented languages. The design of Ithkuil has slowly and painstakingly evolved from my early attempts as a teenager (following my introduction to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Charles - Fillmore’s seminal 1968 article on case grammar) to explore beyond the + Fillmore’s seminal 1968 article on case grammar) to explore beyond the boundaries of Western Indo-European languages to a complex, intricate array of interwoven grammatical concepts, many of which are wholly of my own creation, others of which have been inspired by such obscure linguistic sources as the @@ -764,25 +764,25 @@ he case systems of Basque and the Dagestanian languages, the enclitic system of Wakashan languages, the positional orientation systems of Tzeltal and Guugu Yimidhirr, the Semitic triliteral root morphology, and the hearsay and possessive - categories of Suzette Elgin’s Láadan language, not to mention ideas + categories of Suzette Elgin’s LĂĄadan language, not to mention ideas inspired by countless hours studying texts in theoretical linguistics, cognitive grammar, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, linguistic relativity, semantics, semiotics, philosophy, fuzzy set theory, and even quantum physics.

    The Ithkuil writing system likewise derives from both original - and inspired sources: it employs a unique “morpho-phonemic” principle + and inspired sources: it employs a unique “morpho-phonemic” principle of my own invention, its logical design borrows from the mutational principles underlying the Ethiopic and Brahmi scripts, and its aesthetic visual design bears a superficial resemblance to Hebrew square script and the various Klingon fonts.

    As for the name of the language, Ithkuil, it is an anglicized rendering of the word , - whose approximate translation is ‘hypothetical language.’

    + whose approximate translation is ‘hypothetical language.’

    This website provides a systematic presentation of the grammar of the language. In addition to a description of the various components of the grammar, the reader will find example phrases or sentences illustrating those components. Each example comprises an Ithkuil word, phrase, or sentence written in native Ithkuil script, accompanied by a Romanized transliteration, an English - translation (sometimes divided into a “natural” versus literal translation), + translation (sometimes divided into a “natural” versus literal translation), and a morphological analysis. The morphological analysis is presented serially, morpheme-by-morpheme, using three-letter abbreviations or labels for Ithkuil morphological categories. These labels are presented within the body of the @@ -794,10 +794,10 @@ he 4):


    - têr hionn
    + tęr hionn
    title-OBL father-PRP
    - ‘a father’s title’

    + ‘a father’s title’

    This work is not meant as a primer or means of self-instruction in speaking the language, a task beyond even its creator, given that Ithkuil @@ -807,10 +807,10 @@ he extreme morpho-semantic economy and efficiency. I believe I have achieved a result which is close to the ideal I sought. I leave it to the reader to explore that result.

    -

    I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil. I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article “The Speed of Thought” brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. Спасибо, Стас! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original Ithkuil site into Russian. My appreciation also to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the 2008 Smiley Award.

    +

    I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil. I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article “The Speed of Thought” brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. Спасибо, Стас! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original Ithkuil site into Russian. My appreciation also to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the 2008 Smiley Award.

    Smiley Award

    I dedicate this work to my brother, Paul, in fond memory of - Kccöj, Mbozo, and our other made-up languages, and all + Kccöj, Mbozo, and our other made-up languages, and all the fun times we had as kids learning about and playing with linguistics.

    Proceed to Chapter One: Phonology >>

    @@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ he
    Revised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
    -

    ©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +

    ©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website.

     

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