From 7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: uakci Date: Fri, 18 Dec 2020 20:53:54 +0100 Subject: new mirror data thanks to kiepier --- 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html | 1423 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1423 insertions(+) create mode 100755 2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html (limited to '2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html') diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html new file mode 100755 index 0000000..43b5631 --- /dev/null +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch7a-affixes1.html @@ -0,0 +1,1423 @@ + + + +A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 7: Using Affixes + + + + + + + +
Ithkuil: + A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 2 + Morpho-Phonology 7a + Using Affixes 12 + The Number System
  3 + Basic Morphology7b + Using Affixes (continued) The + Lexicon
 4 + Case Morphology  8 + AdjunctsRevised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
+

 

+

Chapter 7: Using Affixes

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
7.1 Distinction in Suffixes + by Affix-Type7.5 Morpho-Phonological + Rules for Suffixation
7.2 Suffixes Modifying Other Suffixes7.6 Rules for Optional + Prefixation
7.3 The Five Affix Classes7.7 List of Affixes
7.4 Personal Reference SuffixesSec. + 7.7 Continued
+
+


+ All Ithkuil formatives are capable of taking various consonant-based + affixes. Like affixes in other languages, these are used to modify the stem + in a variety of ways and to derive new concepts. In Ithkuil, such affixes usually + appear as suffixes (i.e., are added sequentially following the stem), however, + it is possible for Ithkuil affixes to optionally appear as prefixes (i.e., added + on to the front of a stem) under certain circumstances. It is for this reason + these morphological elements are referred to as affixes and not more specifically + as prefixes or suffixes. Nevertheless, the rules for prefixation of Ithkuil + affixes are subordinate and secondary to the rules for suffixation. Therefore, + in the following discussion I will first describe the rules for using Ithkuil + affixes as suffixes, followed by a section on the options for prefixation.

+

The morpho-phonological structure of suffixes (how they are + formed from consonants and vowels) has already been briefly discussed in Section + 2.7. This chapter will describe the actual function of the particular affixes + themselves.

+

There are 153 different consonantal suffix categories, each + of which divides into the nine degrees previously discussed in Section + 2.7.2 giving a total of 1377 distinct suffixes. As described in that section, + each degree of a suffix has a distinct meaning, often representing a point along + a continuum in terms of how much or how little the underlying semantic sense + of the affix category is being manifested by the particular formative.

+

It is important to remember that, since all morpho-semantic + stems are both nominal and verbal in meaning, all suffixes to a stem have both + a nominal and a verbal meaning. Therefore, the choice whether to translate the + suffixes below into their nominal or verbal meaning is entirely dependent on + the morpho-syntactical structure of the word within the context of its use in + a phrase or sentence as a whole.

+

We have seen in Section + 2.7 that consonantal suffixes fall into three affix-types, each having nine + degrees. It is the combination of affix-type and degree which determines the + vowel infix which accompanies each consonantal suffix. For example, the suffix + -nt of Type 1 takes the following forms for its nine degrees: + -int, -ent, -änt, -önt, (a)nt, + -ünt, -ïnt, -ont, -unt. Compare this to the same affix -nt + of Type 2, whose nine forms are: -înt, -ênt, -ânt, + -ønt, -uint, -ÿnt, -ënt, -ônt, -ûnt; and + the suffix -nt of Type 3, whose nine forms are: -ient, + -iënt, -iunt, -iont, -iänt, -uänt, -uont, -uënt, -uent. + These vowel infixes for suffixes are shown in Table 21 below (this table already + appeared in Chapter 2 as Table 9; it is repeated here for convenience).

+

+

Table 21: + Vocalic Infixes for Consonantal Suffixes by Affix Type

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 
Affix + Type 1: -V1C
Affix + Type 2: -V2C
Affix + Type 3: -V3C
standard + form
optional + reversed form
standard + form
optional + reversed form
standard + form
optional + reversed form
Degree + 1
-iC
-Cai
-îC
-Cëi
-ieC
-Caï
Degree + 2
-eC
-Cei
-êC / -eiC
-Ceu
-iëC
-Ceï
Degree + 3
-äC / -aeC
-Cia
-âC /-aiC
-Câ
-iuC
-Ciï
Degree + 4
-öC
-Cua
-øC / -euC
-Ciu
-ioC
-Coï
Degree + 5
-(a)C
-Ca
-uiC
-Cui
-iäC
-Cuï
Degree + 6
-üC / -ëuC
-Cü
-ÿC / -auC
-Cau
-uäC
-Cäi
Degree + 7
-ïC / -ëiC
-Cï
-ëC
-Cëu
-uoC
-Cöi
Degree + 8
-oC
-Coi
-ôC / -oiC / -ouC
-Cou
-uëC
-Cäu
Degree + 9
-uC
-Cu
-ûC
-Cû
-ueC
-Cöu
+

+

NOTE: For convenience’ sake, when referring to a particular + affix of specific type and degree, we will use the notation in the paragraph + above, followed by a slash and a number indicating the degree. Thus, the affix + -nt of Type 1 and 4th degree will be written -V1nt/4, + while the affix -r of Type 3 and 8th degree would be written + -V3r/8, and so forth.

+ +

 

+
+ + + + +

7.1 DISTINCTION IN SUFFIXES BY + AFFIX-TYPE

+
+

The meaning and usage of each affix by type is particular to + each individual affix. For example, some affixes of Type 1 have a completely + different meaning than their Type 2 or Type 3 counterparts, while other affixes + can be used as both Type 1 or Type 2 with the affix having the same meaning + but conveying a different effect on the overall connotation of the word to which + they are affixed. Still other affixes retain their meaning across all three + affix types but again convey a different overall connotation on the words to + which they are affixed.

+

For example, the Type 1 suffix -ej (or -jei), + i.e., -V1j/2, means ‘hardly any + (of)…’ as in the word qumjéi ‘hardly + any persons,’ while its Type 2 counterpart -êj + (or -jeu), i.e., -V2j/2, + has the completely different meaning of ‘somewhat like/sort of like…’ + as in qumjéu ‘sort of like some persons.’ + Compare this, however, to the Type 1 suffix -up (or -pu), + i.e., -V1p/9, and its Type 2 counterpart + -ûp (or -pû), i.e., -V2p/9, + which both mean ‘exactly similar to…/identical…,’ the + difference in usage being that the Type 1 affix conveys merely a circumstantial + or incidental similarity, while the Type 2 suffix implies that the similarity + is an integral aspect of the word. In English, such a distinction would most + likely be conveyed by using a different word. For example, note the difference + when we add these two suffixes to the Ithkuil word qum ‘person’: + qumpu means ‘identical-looking person,’ whereas + qumpû means ‘twin.’ In this way, we can say + that the suffix -Vp with Type 1 vocalic infixes conveys a circumstantial + application of its meaning to a stem, while with Type 2 vocalic infixes, it + conveys a derivational application of its meaning (i.e., wholly new concepts + or words are derived from the stem).

+ +

 

+
+ + + + +

7.2 SUFFIXES MODIFYING OTHER SUFFIXES

+
+

In addition to the patterns of suffix usage described above, + there is another class of suffixes which not only can be used to distinguish + a circumstantial versus derivational aspect like -Vp above, + but can also be used to modify an adjacent suffix rather than the stem. This + is somewhat analogous to the way that adverbs can be used to modify descriptive + adjectives in English. For example, in the phrase suddenly blue sky, + it is the blueness that is sudden, not the sky. In Ithkuil, certain suffixes + can be used to modify another suffix (usually the one following, unless there + are only two affixes on the stem, in which case the suffix order is irrelevant); + this is done by using Type 3 vocalic infixes. For example, the suffix -Vd/5, + which means ‘enough / sufficient(ly),’ can be used both circumstantially + (using Type 1 infixes) and derivationally (using Type 2 infixes) to modify a + stem, or can be used to modify only the adjacent suffix (using Type 3 infixes). + This is illustrated below:

+

qumad (or qumda): ‘a + sufficient person’ (i.e., one able to perform the task at hand)
+ qumuid (or qumdui): ‘a recruit’ + (i.e., one able to meet performance or entry requirements)
+ qumüxduï (or qumiädüx): + ‘a sufficiently large person’ (where suffix -V1x/6 + = ‘large’)

+ +

 

+
+ + + + +

7.3 THE FIVE AFFIX CLASSES

+
+

All in all, there are five different patterns in which the + meanings/functions of affixes are distributed. There are those like -ej + and -êj above where the Type 1 meaning/function is completely + different than that of Type 2. We will label these classes of affixes V1C + affixes and V2C affixes respectively, + as they represent two totally independent affixes.

+

Additionally there are those like -up and + -ûp which are essentially a single affix with one meaning/function + that alternates between Type 1 and Type 2 infixes to distinguish a circumstantial + versus a derivational aspect in the stem to which they are affixed. We will + label such affixes V0C suffixes.

+

Then there are suffixes like -(a)d/-uid/-iad + shown above which alternate the circumstantial/derivational distinction using + Type 1 versus Type 2 infixes, but then go a step further by using Type 3 vocalic + infixes to indicate modification of an adjacent suffix; we will label these + V3C suffixes.

+

Lastly there is a class of suffixes labeled VSC + suffixes; this class of suffix operates like a V1C + suffix (i.e., an independent affix which modifies the stem circumstantially, + but not derivationally) but then also uses Type 2 infixes to apply the same + meaning to the adjacent affix, similarly to the use of Type 3 infixes for V3C + suffixes.

+

These five classes of affixes are summarized below:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
V1C
Takes Type 1 vocalic infixes only. + Can be either circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), + depending on the particular affix.
V2C
Takes Type 2 vocalic infixes only. Can be either + circumstantial or derivational in meaning (but not both), depending + on the particular affix.
V0C
Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes. Use + of Type 1 infix means affix applies circumstantially to the particular + instance of the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix is derivational + and generates an emergent concept for the stem constituting a new semantic + whole.
VSC
Takes both Type 1 and Type 2 vocalic infixes, but + use is circumstantial only, not derivational. Use of Type 1 infix means + affix aplies the stem; use of Type 2 infix means the affix applies to + the adjacent affix only.
V3C
Same as V0C + affixes where Type 1 infix operates circumstantially and Type 2 infix + operates derivationally; but also takes Type 3 vocalic infixes which + function to modify an adjacent affix (as with VSC + suffixes when using Type 2 infixes)
+
+

 

+
+ + + + +

7.4 PERSONAL REFERENCE SUFFIXES

+
+

There is one additional class of suffixes which must await + analysis until the next chapter on adjuncts. In Sec. + 8.1 we will encounter a type of adjunct known as a personal reference adjunct + which roughly corresponds to the function of personal pronouns in Western languages. + These adjuncts come in two types: single-referent and dual-referent. We will + see that the 46 single-referent adjuncts have corresponding suffix forms which + utilize Type 3 vocalic infix patterns, and that the nine degrees associated + with each suffix correspond to nine specific nominal cases (specifically the + seven Associative cases described in Sec. + 4.4 and two of the Appositive cases described in Sec. + 4.5). These suffixes will be discussed in detail in Sec. + 8.1.5.

+ +

 

+
+ + + + +

7.5 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL RULES + FOR SUFFIXATION

+
+

When adding suffixes to a stem, several factors affect how + suffixation takes place. For example, when adding the 5th degree suffix -(a)s + to the stem ruk, one cannot simply append the suffix directly + as in ruks because the resulting final consonant combination + of -ks would be misinterpreted as the Grade 4 mutation of the + C2 radical s (i.e., the reader would + misinterpret the word to be based on the stem rus instead of + ruk). In this case, there are two options. The suffix can take + its optional vowel component, giving rukas, or the suffix can + be reversed to give ruksa. Such reversals are permitted under + certain circumstances such as when the suffix is word-final, as is the case + here. An astute reader may be wondering at this point, wouldn’t the -ks- + conjunct in ruksa once again be mistaken for the Grade 4 mutation + of s as it was in ruks? In this case, the + answer is no because there is no other reason for the final -a + to be there. In words where a final vowel appears for no possible reason, then + it means it is the vocalic portion of a “reversed” suffix. However, + one must be certain there is not another reason for the final vowel. For example, + in the word ïruksá, one might be tempted to interpret + the final vowel as being the vocalic portion of a reversed -(a)s + suffix, however, in fact this word represents the word rus + with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical s, declined into the + ABSTRACT perspective, a morphological category shown by + ultimate stress plus the addition of an anaptyctic (i.e., “extra”) + vowel, in this case, the word-initial ï- (see Secs. + 2.7.3.3 and 3.3.4).

+


+ 7.5.1 Multiple Affixation

+

When adding two or more suffixes to a stem, the suffixes generally + can be added to the stem in any order desired, with the exception of suffixes + which modify an adjacent suffix (i.e., VSC + suffixes utilizing Type 2 vocalic infixes and V3C + suffixes utilizing Type 3 vocalic infixes). Such suffixes must immediately precede + the suffix they are modifying, unless they are in word-final position, in which + case they modify the immediately preceding suffix.

+


+ 7.5.2 Reversal of Suffixes

+

As mentioned above, the form of a suffix can be optionally + reversed from vowel+consonant to consonant+vowel under certain circumstances. + The main reason for reversing suffixes is for euphonic purposes to preserve + a CVC format for the stressed syllable whenever possible (see Sec. + 1.4.5). We have seen in the example ruksa above, that such reversals are + possible when a suffix is in word-final position if it will not cause confusion + regarding interpretation of any resulting consonantal conjunct. The same is + true of suffix reversals within a word as well, i.e., the reversal is permissible + as long as the reversal does not cause ambiguity in interpreting which vowels + go with which consonant, or that a resulting consonant conjunct is misinterpreted + as a biconsonantal suffix form or C2 radical. For example, + the stem peix plus the two suffixes -(a)r + (-V1r/5) and -uic (-V2c/5) + can be realized either as peixruic, peixarcui, peixuicra, peixcuira, + peixracui or peixuicar . However, the stem stis + plus the two suffixes -(a)k and -(a)t (-V1k/5 + and -V1t/5) can only be realized as stisatka, + stisatak or stisakat, since the forms stiskat, + stistak, or stisakt could be respectively + misinterpreted as stisk+at, stist+ak, and + stis+akt.

+ +

 

+
+ + + + +

7.6 RULES FOR OPTIONAL PREFIXATION

+
+

Under a certain narrow range of circumstances, a formative + may have one consonantal affix appear as a prefix to the stem rather than being + suffixed. The sole reason for doing so is for euphonic purposes, either to decrease + the number of syllables or to avoid euphonically awkward combinations of consonants + and vowels among the suffixes to the stem. Because of the morpho-phonological + restrictions on consonantal prefixation as described below, prefixes are uncommon. +

+

The rules for optional prefixation depend on whether or not + the formative has a word-initial vocalic prefix (i.e., the Affiliation/Extension + [+ Conflation] prefix as described in Sections + 3.2, 3.4, and + 5.3. These two possibilities + are each detailed in the sections which follow.

+


+ 7.6.1 Prefixation Rules for Formatives Without Vocalic Prefixes

+

If the formative is a noun with no word-initial vocalic Affiliation/Extension + prefix, then the consonant is placed in word-initial position before the C1 + radical. If the resulting consonantal conjunct (with the C1 consonantal form) + is phonaesthetically impermissible or it causes ambiguity over the interpretation + of C1 (i.e., the prefix + C1 conjunct + could be misinterpreted as one of the mutational grades of that or a different + C1 radical), then an anaptyctic vowel -ï- + must be inserted between the prefixed consonant and the C1 + consonant. For example s + kuil becomes sïkuil, + not skuil, since the sk- initial conjunct + of the latter would be misinterpreted as the C1 radical + of an entirely different stem.

+

As for the vocalic portion of the affix (the portion which + indicates which of nine degrees is to be associated with the affix), the vocalic + portion is suffixed to the stem in word-final position (and therefore its word-final + form) in a manner so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted as being associated + with another suffix. Thus kuil + es, if prefixed, + becomes sïkuilei. For prefixed consonants which do not + cause confusion over the interpretation of the C1 radical, + these can be directly adjoined to the C1 radical, preceded + by a word-initial ï- if phonaesthetically necessary, e.g., + guil + uj becomes jguilu, + while kuil + up becomes ïpkuilu. +

+

Note that forms such as sïkuilei and + ïpkuilu above are considered highly affected morphological + forms, since their “standard” forms are far more euphonically desirable + (i.e., kuiles and kuilpu). In such cases, + these “affected” prefixed forms have the rhetorical effect of emphasizing + or highlighting the affix as having exaggerated significance.

+


+ 7.6.2 Rules for Formatives With Vocalic Prefixes

+

For formatives that are either verbs or nouns with a vocalic + Affiliation/Extension prefix, the rules for consonantal prefixation are more + constrained, as no forms using an anaptyctic vowel are permitted. The consonantal + affix is infixed between the word-initial vocalic prefix of the formative and + the C1 radical. This is only permissible if the infix + does not cause ambiguity in interpretation of the resulting consonant conjunct, + i.e., it will not be confused with either a different radical or an Illocution + affix (see Sec. 5.1). The + vocalic portion of the consonantal affix which indicates the degree of the affix + is suffixed in word-final position so that it cannot be ambiguously interpreted + as being associated with another suffix. Thus, for example, woikâl + + uc becomes woickâlu. If placement + of the vocalic suffix indicating degree results in ambiguity as to which consonantal + affix it applies to, then prefixation of the consonantal affix is not permitted. + For example, the form ébdortui would be impermissible + because it is ambiguous as to whether the word is equivalent to édorta+bui, + édora+(a)t+bui, or + édora+tui+(a)b.

+ +

 

+
+ + + + +
+

7.7 LIST OF AFFIXES

+
+

The 153 affix categories are given in the sections which follow. + Each affix indicates which of the five classes of affixes it belongs (V1C, + V2C, V0C, VSC, + or V3C), + the consonant-form associated with it, its overall function, its three-letter + label used in morphological analysis, and the meaning or translation of each + of its nine degrees. For most degrees, a nominal and verbal meaning is given. +

+


+ 7.7.1 Demonstrative Affixes

+

These affixes correspond to various determiners and modifying + adjectives in English having to do with denoting or identifying a noun within + a larger context or discourse.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1kt
DEF
Degree Of Definiteness
Degree 1any (number + of) [random selection - NOT quantitative/partitive “any”]; in + any manner
Degree 2almost + any; in almost any (number of) way(s)
Degree 3some X + or other; in some way or other
Degree 4some certain + X ; in some certain way [identity unknown]
Degree 5this X + or that; a certain X or more; in this way or that [identity almost known + – choices limited]
Degree 6a certain + / a particular; in a certain or particular way [identity ascertainable]
Degree 7presumably + this/that; apparently this X ; in that way presumably [tentatively identified] +
Degree 8 this/that/said; + in said manner/(in) that way [identity known]
Degree 9at hand/under + discussion/this one now/instant; in this manner [identity = present context]
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2kt
INL
Degree Of Discretion
Degree 1announced/advertised/heralded; + w/ public disclosure
Degree 2open & + well-known; with full public knowledge
Degree 3open/public; + for all to see/publicly/openly
Degree 4shown, + open, or available by request/ by request
Degree 5semi-public(ly), + exclusive(ly)
Degree 6own/personal; + personally
Degree 7own private; + privately
Degree 8 secret; + secretly
Degree 9confidential/classified
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1
INL
Degree Of Inclusion
Degree 1not a(ny), + not one, no X whatsoever, none of X; in no such manner
Degree 2hardly + any, barely any X; in hardly any such manner
Degree 3some few/a + few certain … ; in a few certain ways
Degree 4some (of)/certain + . . .; in certain ways
Degree 5several + / more than a few / various / in various ways / in several different ways
Degree 6a significant + portion of/a fair number of; in a fair number of ways
Degree 7most/in + most ways
Degree 8 almost + every; in almost every way
Degree 9each/every; + in each way
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2
EXT
Exactness of Identity / Identity As a Referent Or Standard
Degree 1nothing + like that X; nothing like that ; in no way similar
Degree 2somewhat + like that X; somewhat so
Degree 3nearly + or almost that X; nearly or almost so
Degree 4just about + . . . / for all intents and purposes
Degree 5kind of + / type of / this sort of; typically
Degree 6such (a); + in such a manner
Degree 7clear (case + of); clearly / certainly / indeed[in negative sentences = no way / at all]
Degree 8 just like + that; just so, thus(ly)
Degree 9the exact + X / the very (one); exactly thus / exactly so
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0s
FAM
Degree Of Familiarity
Degree 1unknowable + / alien; unable to even try X-ing
Degree 2totally + unfamiliar; totally unaccustomed to X-ing
Degree 3unfamiliar; + unaccustomed to X-ing
Degree 4somewhat + unfamiliar; somewhat unaccustomed to X-ing
Degree 5only just + (recently) familiar; only just recently familiar to X-ing
Degree 6somewhat + familiar; somewhat accustomed to X-ing
Degree 7familiar/known; + accustomed to X-ing
Degree 8 well-known + / utterly familiar with / ingrained; inherently accustomed or used to X-ing
Degree 9intimate + with; intimately involved with / intimately accustomed to
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0p
SIM
Degree Of Similarity
Degree 1opposite; + as different as possible / at the other extreme
Degree 2completely + different/dissimilar; in a totally different or dissimilar way
Degree 3rather + different / barely similar / almost completely different or dissimilar; + in an almost completely different way
Degree 4other [=different]; + in another [=different] way
Degree 5somewhat + different, only superficially similar; somewhat differently
Degree 6similar + in the ways that count/similar down deep, some sort of X; similarly at deep + level
Degree 7(somewhat) + similar, only superficially different, sort of like, something like, X-like; + similarly
Degree 8 very similar; + very similarly
Degree 9[exactly + the] same, indistinguishable from; in the [exactly] same way
+

 

+

7.7.2 Deictic Affixes

+

Deictic affixes refer to the grammatical process of deixis, + the act of pointing to or pointing out. The affixes correspond to the different + variants of the concepts of ‘here’ and ‘there.’ In Ithkuil, + distinctions are made in these affixes as to whether a referent is near the + speaker, near the listener, distant from both, whether it is observable or accessible, + and in some case, whether it is alienable or inalienable (i.e., whether the + entity can be separated from the associated person).
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1’
DEX
Deixis Categories
Degree 1yonder + / way over there somewhere / a long way away (not near anyone) [inaccessible + or unobservable]
Degree 2over there + somewhere (by third party) [inaccessible or observable]
Degree 3there somewhere + (by listener) [inaccessible or observable]
Degree 4here somewhere + (by speaker] [inaccessible or observable]
Degree 5here (by + speaker and accessible]
Degree 6here with + us (by speaker and listener and accessible]
Degree 7there [by + listener and accessible]
Degree 8 there (by + third party, but accessible to speaker and listener)
Degree 9yonder + / way over there [not near any party but accessible]
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2’
DXX
More Deixis Categories
Degree 1spread + out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [inaccessible]
Degree 2spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around + listener [inaccessible]
Degree 3spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over the place / here + and there [inaccessible]
Degree 4spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker / all over / here & there + [observable but inaccessible]
Degree 5spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker + [inalienable]
Degree 6spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all throughout speaker / enveloping speaker + [alienable]
Degree 7spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about speaker/all over the place / here + and there [accessible]
Degree 8 spread + out/ everywhere / scattered all about listener / all over the place around + listener [accessible]
Degree 9spread + out/ everywhere / scattered yonder / all over out there [accessible]
+

 

+

7.7.3 Sequential Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1nn
SEQ
Numerical Sequence
Degree 1first / + initial; first(ly) / first of all
Degree 2second; + secondly
Degree 3third; + thirdly
Degree 4still near + the beginning / not yet halfway
Degree 5the middle + one, in between (sequentially)/ just about halfway there
Degree 6nearing + the end
Degree 7third from + last; antepenultimately
Degree 8 next to + last; penultimately
Degree 9last / + final; last(ly) / finally (in terms of sequence)
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2nn
SQT
Sequence Relative to Present Context
Degree 1immediately + beforehand / first
Degree 2one before + preceding
Degree 3the former; + primarily
Degree 4two before + preceding
Degree 5current/at + hand; now/currently / at the moment [in sequence of events]
Degree 6second + one after next
Degree 7the latter; + secondarily
Degree 8 one after + next
Degree 9next / + following; then / next
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V0c’
SQC
Sequence of Cause and Effect
Degree 1originating; + originally / in the first place / initially / at the outset
Degree 2preliminary; + preliminarily
Degree 3preparatory + / in preparation for / getting ready to
Degree 4awaited; + waiting to/ waiting for [focus on imminency or sequential position, NOT + on anticipation]
Degree 5precursor + to; but just beforehand
Degree 6based on + the preceding and setting the stage for what follows
Degree 7eventual + / at last; at last / finally (result)
Degree 8 following + /...which follows; then subsequent to that / following that...
Degree 9subsequent + / consequent; then / so / thus / therefore
+

 

+

7.7.4 Coordinative Affixes

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1w
+ or -V1y
COO
Adjunctive Coordination
Degree 1in conjunction + with / combined with / including X
Degree 2and / also + / additionally/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more
Degree 3 . . . + and so forth / and so on / and all that/ and whatever else
Degree 4and at + the same time / and simultaneously
Degree 5and [all + in a series]
Degree 6or [potentially + inclusive] = and/or
Degree 7either + . . . or [exclusive or] / or else
Degree 8 . . . or + something else / or whatever / or whatever else
Degree 9either + . . . or [exclusive or in a series]
+

Degree 2 of this affix is used with FOCUS (see Sec. + 3.5) to disambiguate a sentence like Our team defeated their team, too + [is our team on a winning streak or is their team on a losing streak?]
+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V1rr
CTR
Contrastive Coordination
Degree 1still / + nevertheless / however — (despite seemingly inherent conflict or contradiction)
Degree 2besides + / not just . . . but also / in addition to X… also
Degree 3even / + or even / … still [e.g., thicker still]
Degree 4or [= otherwise]
Degree 5as opposed + to / but not
Degree 6but [qualifying]
Degree 7however + / on the other hand — (simple difference in expected outcome, no inherent + conflict)
Degree 8 but (rather) + [= substitute]
Degree 9just in + case / should the need arise
+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-V2rr
DST
Distributive Coordination
Degree 1applying + to each equally [unfairly]
Degree 2applied + selectively by decision/preference [unfairly]
Degree 3respectively + (=to each) but in differing amounts [unfairly]
Degree 4selectively + at random [unfairly]
Degree 5respectively + [= applied in the sequentially spoken order]
Degree 6selectively + at random [fairly]
Degree 7respectively + (=to each) but in differing amounts [fairly]
Degree 8 applied + selectively by decision/calculation [fairly]
Degree 9applying + to each equally [fairly]
+ +

 

+

Chapter + 7 continued >>

+

 

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 2 + Morpho-Phonology 7a + Using Affixes 12 + The Number System
  3 + Basic Morphology7b + Using Affixes (continued) The + Lexicon
 4 + Case Morphology  8 + AdjunctsRevised Ithkuil: Ilaksh
+

©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt + any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution + to the author and this website.

+

 

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