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diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html index 5a844ed..746bdff 100755..100644 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch0-introduction.html @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; determined by cultural and context-driven rules; the realm of style, rhetoric, formal versus informal language, slang, etc., outside the realm of grammar. Because this is a formal grammar for a hypothetical language (i.e., it has - no real world linguistic context), pragmatics and discourse + no âreal worldâ linguistic context), pragmatics and discourse rules will not be covered. </DIV> </LI> </UL> @@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; </LI> <LI><STRONG>Lexico-Morphology</STRONG>: The interrelationship between morphology and the lexicon, i.e., the structure of word-roots and how they interact - with other morphological categories, as illustrated by the concept of irregular - verbs, e.g., go + PAST = went.<BR> + with other morphological categories, as illustrated by the concept of âirregularâ + verbs, e.g., âgoâ + PAST = âwent.â<BR> </LI> <LI><STRONG>Lexico-Semantics</STRONG>: The interrelationship between the lexicon and semantics, i.e. between words and their meaning; what mental concepts @@ -210,18 +210,18 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; essentially, that Ithkuil is designed to convey large amounts of linguistic information using fewer words, with those words being based on monosyllabic roots and word-parts. In turn, the grammar supporting these words reflect the - speakers cognitive intent explicitly, while displaying little of the + speakerâs cognitive intent explicitly, while displaying little of the euphemism, vagueness, circumlocution, redundancy, polysemy (i.e., multiple meanings), and ambiguity manifested in natural languages. </P> <P align="justify"> NOTE: The preceding paragraph may remind some readers of the - <A href="http://www.urticator.net/essay/2/296.html" target="_blank">Speedtalk</A> - language in Robert Heinleins novella <EM>Gulf</EM>, in which every morpheme + â<A href="http://www.urticator.net/essay/2/296.html" target="_blank">Speedtalk</A>â + language in Robert Heinleinâs novella <EM>Gulf</EM>, in which every morpheme (meaningful word-part) is apparently represented by a single phoneme (sound). - To some extent, Ithkuil approaches this ideal. However, Heinleins Speedtalk + To some extent, Ithkuil approaches this ideal. However, Heinleinâs Speedtalk appears to focus only on the morpho-phonological component of language (i.e., the correspondence between sound and individual grammatical components) without - any corresponding focus on the logical redesign of a languages morphology, - lexico-morphology, or lexico-semantics to provide an equally compressed + any corresponding focus on the logical redesign of a languageâs morphology, + lexico-morphology, or lexico-semantics to provide an equally âcompressedâ morpho-syntactical and lexical component. Ithkuil has been designed with an equal focus on these latter linguistic components. Additionally, the apparent purpose of Heinlein's language is simple rapidity/brevity of speech and thought, @@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; </TR> <TR> <TD width="14%" height="36" valign="top"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">TRANSLATION</FONT>:</TD> - <TD colspan="3" valign="top"><EM>On the contrary, I think it may turn - out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point</EM>.</TD> + <TD colspan="3" valign="top">â<EM>On the contrary, I think it may turn + out that this rugged mountain range trails off at some point</EM>.â</TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NOTE: See Phonology, <A href="Ch-1%20Phonology.htm#Sec1o2" onclick="javascript:changenav1();">Section @@ -249,18 +249,18 @@ top.frames[1].location = "nav_panelintro.html"; Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR> <P align="justify">The reader may well wonder why it takes a 19-word sentence in English to translate a two-word Ithkuil sentence. One might assume the sentence - cheats in that the two Ithkuil words simply have innately intricate - and specialized meanings. While it is true that the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeá</FONT></STRONG>, - translates as <EM>on the contrary, I have a feeling it may turn out at - some point (that)</EM>, and the second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">äxää<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktëx</FONT></STRONG>, - means <EM>the unevenly high range of mountains in question trails off</EM>, + âcheatsâ in that the two Ithkuil words simply have innately intricate + and specialized meanings. While it is true that the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeĂĄ</FONT></STRONG>, + translates as â<EM>on the contrary, I have a feeling it may turn out at + some point (that)</EM>,â and the second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă€xâÀÀ<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktĂ«x</FONT></STRONG>, + means â<EM>the unevenly high range of mountains in question trails off</EM>,â it would be quite erroneous to conclude that these are simply autonomous words one might theoretically find in an Ithkuil dictionary. Indeed, the only part - of the sentence that represents any sort of root word is -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xä<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>-, - a stem more or less meaning hill or upland. The + of the sentence that represents any sort of ârootâ word is -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">xĂ€<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG>-, + a stem more or less meaning âhillâ or âupland.â The remainder of the sentence is made up entirely of morphological, not lexical components, i.e., prefixes, suffixes, infixes, vowel permutations, shifts in - stress, etc. For example, the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeá</FONT></STRONG>, + stress, etc. For example, the first word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oumpeĂĄ</FONT></STRONG>, has four parts to it as shown below:</P> <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <TBODY><TR> @@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR> <TD width="4%" valign="top">1.</TD> <TD width="6%" valign="top"><STRONG>ou</STRONG>-</TD> <TD width="3%" valign="top">=</TD> - <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual prefix translatable as it - turns out that or it is revealed that</TD> + <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual prefix translatable as âit + turns out thatâ or âit is revealed thatâ</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="46"> </TD> @@ -277,76 +277,76 @@ Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR> <TD valign="top">-<STRONG>mp</STRONG>-</TD> <TD valign="top">=</TD> <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an infix indicating both a rebuttal to an allegation - and a conclusion based on the speakers intuition, translatable as - on the contrary, I have a feeling</TD> + and a conclusion based on the speakerâs intuition, translatable as + âon the contrary, I have a feelingâ</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="27"> </TD> <TD valign="top">3.</TD> <TD valign="top">-<STRONG>ea</STRONG></TD> <TD valign="top">=</TD> - <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual suffix translatable as at - some point or somewhere along the way</TD> + <TD colspan="2" valign="top">an aspectual suffix translatable as âat + some pointâ or âsomewhere along the wayâ</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="25"> </TD> <TD valign="middle">4.</TD> <TD colspan="4" valign="middle"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stress on final syllable + falling tone </FONT> = subjunctive mood, translatable - as may</TD> + as âmayâ</TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify"><BR> - The second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">äxää<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktëx</FONT></STRONG>, + The second word, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă€xâÀÀ<IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle">uktĂ«x</FONT></STRONG>, breaks down morphologically as follows:</P> <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <TBODY><TR> <TD width="4%" height="47"> </TD> <TD width="4%" valign="top">1.</TD> - <TD width="6%" valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ä</STRONG>-</FONT></TD> + <TD width="6%" valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ă€</STRONG>-</FONT></TD> <TD width="3%" valign="top">=</TD> <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a prefix indicating, among other things, that - the entity displays depletion (i.e., trailing off or petering - out) </TD> + the entity displays depletion (i.e., âtrailing offâ or âpetering + outâ) </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="87"> </TD> <TD valign="top">2.</TD> - <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xä<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xâĂ€<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT></TD> <TD valign="top">=</TD> - <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a stem derived from <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xä<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> - hill, upland (in turn derived from the root <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG><FONT size="2"><STRONG>-</STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> + <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a stem derived from <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>xĂ€<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> + âhill, uplandâ (in turn derived from the root <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG><FONT size="2"><STRONG>-</STRONG></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/l-cedilla.gif" width="5" height="17" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG></FONT> indicating the level of a landscape), the mutation of the initial consonant <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG>- into - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT></STRONG>- + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">x</FONT>â</STRONG>- indicating that the stem is to be re-interpreted as comprising a composite entity of non-identical members consolidated together into a single segmented - whole (i.e., hill becomes uneven range of hills)</TD> + whole (i.e., âhillâ becomes âuneven range of hillsâ)</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="27"> </TD> <TD valign="top">3.</TD> <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<STRONG>ukt</STRONG>-</FONT></TD> <TD valign="top">=</TD> - <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a demonstrative suffix translatable as this - (= the one in question or the one at hand)</TD> + <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a demonstrative suffix translatable as âthisâ + (= âthe one in questionâ or âthe one at handâ)</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="68"> </TD> <TD valign="top">4.</TD> - <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<STRONG>ëx</STRONG></FONT></TD> + <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-<STRONG>Ă«x</STRONG></FONT></TD> <TD valign="top">=</TD> <TD colspan="3" valign="top">a suffix indicating that the stem is to be interpreted as being very large in size, and furthermore, that the increase in size - creates a new gestalt entity, i.e., not simply a very large hill - or upland but rather a mountain</TD> + creates a new gestalt entity, i.e., not simply a âvery large hill + or uplandâ but rather a âmountainâ</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD height="86"> </TD> <TD valign="top">5.</TD> <TD colspan="3" valign="top"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">stress on antepenultimate (i.e., third-from-last) syllable (indicated in the Romanized - spelling by doubling of the stem vowel -ä-)</FONT></TD> + spelling by doubling of the stem vowel -Ă€-)</FONT></TD> <TD width="5%" valign="top">=</TD> <TD width="57%" valign="top"> generic statement neutral as to time or present impact</TD> @@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ Ithkuil characters.</FONT><BR> <TD valign="top">=</TD> <TD valign="middle">statement reflects objective fact as opposed to subjective interpretation, i.e., that it describes a real situation irrespective of - the speakers beliefs, opinions, convention, usage, etc. (i.e., the + the speakerâs beliefs, opinions, convention, usage, etc. (i.e., the fact that the mountain range does have an ending whether one knows where it is or not)</TD> </TR> @@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ a container, one at a time like clockwork.</EM><BR> <TD height="30"><EM><A href="Sound_Files/Intro-4.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Intro_7.gif" width="345" height="21" border="0" align="top"></A></EM></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -<EM>Aided by the birds own stupidity, the man, in inadvertently letting +<EM>Aided by the birdâs own stupidity, the man, in inadvertently letting it out of the house, unexpectedly and accidentally killed it without even realizing -hed done so.</EM><BR> +heâd done so.</EM><BR> <P align="justify"><BR> Such detail plus conciseness is possible due to the design of the grammar, essentially a matrix of grammatical concepts and structures designed for compactness, cross-functionality @@ -496,15 +496,15 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> words, but in most cases, far exceed the dynamism and range of such English word series. This is illustrated by the list of Ithkuil words in the table below, all of which are simply grammatical derivations, using affixes and systematic - phonemic mutations (i.e., sound shifts), of a single word-root <STRONG><FONT color="#FF0000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">rq</FONT></STRONG> - whose meaning is translatable as <FONT size="2">EXISTENT THING; TO EXIST - (AS SOMETHING)</FONT>. Alongside each word is its translation. (Note: + phonemic mutations (i.e., sound shifts), of a single word-root <STRONG><FONT color="#FF0000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">râq</FONT></STRONG> + whose meaning is translatable as â<FONT size="2">EXISTENT THING; TO EXIST + (AS SOMETHING)</FONT>.â Alongside each word is its translation. (Note: the translations below represent convenient approximations at best, as purely literal translations would have to capture the systematic and derivative structure of the Ithkuil words. For example, the word<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> - </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>amriqoçi<IMG src="assets/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18" align="absmiddle"></STRONG></FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> - </FONT> translated below as destroy literally means unmake - a constructed componential set by extreme violence. Note also that the + </FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>amriqoçi<IMG src="assets/Qv.gif" width="10" height="18" align="absmiddle"></STRONG></FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> + </FONT> translated below as âdestroyâ literally means âunmake + a constructed componential set by extreme violence.â Note also that the list below represents only a small number of the thousands of derivations theoretically possible for this single word-root.)</P> <TABLE width="73%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> @@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> world as being based on complementary principles, where, instead of discrete independence between related entities, such concepts are seen as complementary aspects of a single holistic entity. Such complementarity is in turn reflected - in the derivation of word-roots. By complementarity is meant that + in the derivation of word-roots. By âcomplementarityâ is meant that the manifestation of a concept appears in any given context as either one sort of entity or another, but never both simultaneously; yet, neither manifestation can be considered to be a discrete whole without the existence of the other. @@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> of the hole, or on the structural nature of the hole. Either of these two perspectives represents a legitimate, but complementary way to consider a hole or puncture. Thus, the Ithkuil word would have two derivative roots each indicating one of - these two perspectives. One such root would be used when saying <EM>Theres + these two perspectives. One such root would be used when saying <EM>Thereâs a hole in your shirt</EM>, while the other would be used when saying <EM>She saw me through a hole in the fence</EM>.</P> <P align="justify">Ithkuil recognizes that such complementarity exists for virtually @@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify">(a)<EM> The boy rolled down the hill.</EM><BR> (b) <EM>Maybe she just stopped smoking.</EM><BR> - (c) <EM>Joe didnt win the lottery yesterday.</EM><BR> + (c) <EM>Joe didnât win the lottery yesterday.</EM><BR> (d) <EM>There is a dog on my porch.</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> </BLOCKQUOTE> @@ -641,19 +641,19 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> relations and cognitive intent. For example, in sentence (a) we have no idea whether the boy chose to roll himself down the hill or whether he was pushed against his will. (In formal linguistic terms we would say it is unknown whether - the semantic role of the subject boy is as <EM>agent</EM> or <EM>patient</EM>.) - And yet knowing which scenario is correct is crucial to understanding the speakers + the semantic role of the subject âboyâ is as <EM>agent</EM> or <EM>patient</EM>.) + And yet knowing which scenario is correct is crucial to understanding the speakerâs intent in describing the action. </P> <P align="justify">Imagine sentence (b) <EM>Maybe she just stopped smoking</EM> - being spoken as an answer to the question Why does she seem so irritable? + being spoken as an answer to the question âWhy does she seem so irritable?â In interpreting sentence (b), we have no idea whether the subject is indeed a smoker or not; i.e., is the speaker offering this speculation because he/she knows the subject to be a smoker, or as mere conjecture without knowledge one way or the other whether the subject smokes or not? </P> -<P align="justify">Sentence (c) <EM>Joe didnt win the lottery yesterday</EM> - illustrates four-way ambiguity. Joes failure to win the lottery could - be either because: the speaker knows Joe didnt play; because the speaker - knows Joe did play but lost; because the speaker doesnt know whether +<P align="justify">Sentence (c) <EM>Joe didnât win the lottery yesterday</EM> + illustrates four-way ambiguity. Joeâs failure to win the lottery could + be either because: the speaker knows Joe didnât play; because the speaker + knows Joe did play but lost; because the speaker doesnât know whether Joe played or not and is simply voicing a conjecture; or because the statement is an inference based on some indirect clue (e.g., since Joe showed up for work today, he must not have won the lottery).</P> @@ -669,19 +669,19 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> sentences. This shows that, despite the fact that all four sentences are grammatically well-formed English sentences whose words in and of themselves are unambiguous, their grammar alone is insufficient to convey the cognitive information necessary - to fully comprehend the intent of the speakers utterance. This failure + to fully comprehend the intent of the speakerâs utterance. This failure of grammar to inherently convey the requisite information necessary to understand - a speakers cognitive intent is a functional pitfall of human language + a speakerâs cognitive intent is a functional pitfall of human language in general which Ithkuil grammar has been designed to avoid. The Ithkuil equivalents - to the above four sentences would mandatorily convey all of the missing + to the above four sentences would mandatorily convey all of the âmissingâ information noted above without requiring any extra words not corresponding to the English originals. The grammatical elements of the words themselves (word-selection, declensions, conjugations, prefixes, suffixes, etc.) would convey all the elements mentioned.</P> <P align="justify">Similar examples can be given to show the extent to which natural languages such as English must often resort to idiomatic expressions, metaphor, - paraphrase, circumlocution and supra-segmental phenomena (e.g., - changing the pitch of ones voice) in their attempts to convey a speakers + paraphrase, circumlocution and âsupra-segmentalâ phenomena (e.g., + changing the pitch of oneâs voice) in their attempts to convey a speakerâs intended meaning. Ithkuil grammar has been designed to overtly and unambiguously reflect the intention of a speaker with a minimum of such phenomena.</P> <P align="justify"> </P> @@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> <P align="justify">Those readers familiar with the history of <A href="http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html#introduction" target="_blank">artificial language construction</A> might think this endeavor belated or unnecessary, in that <A href="http://minyeva.alkaline.org/links.html" target="_blank">logical - languages</A> such as James Cooke Browns renowned Loglan (or its popular + languages</A> such as James Cooke Brownâs renowned Loglan (or its popular derivative, Lojban) already exist. This serves to illustrate exactly what distinguishes Ithkuil from such previous attempts. Loglan was published in the 1950s as a spoken/written language based on symbolic logic (formally known as the first-order @@ -709,13 +709,13 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> in terms of meaning, nor are they capable of analyzing or formalizing the structure of the cognitive or semantic realm of the human mind in terms of how meaning itself is assigned to arguments. (Indeed, Lojban derives its roots via statistical - sampling of the most frequent roots in the six most spoken natural + âsamplingâ of the most frequent roots in the six most spoken natural languages, a method virtually guaranteed to carry over into the Lojban lexicon all of the lexico-semantic inefficiencies previously described.) By not addressing these components of language, Loglan and similar efforts fail to address the inconsistencies and inefficiency inherent in language at the lexico-semantic level. Ithkuil has been designed to systematically address this issue. </P> -<P align="justify">Other readers might think of international languages (or interlanguages) +<P align="justify">Other readers might think of international languages (or âinterlanguagesâ) such as Esperanto, Interlingua, or Ido, as being logical and efficient representations of language. However, these languages are merely simplified, regularized amalgamations of existing languages (usually Indo-European), designed for ease of learning. While @@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> found at the morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic levels, they do little to address the problems found within the other components of language, especially the lexico-semantic. For example, while Esperanto admirably employs systematic - rules for word derivation as <EM>knabo</EM> boy versus <EM>knabino</EM> - girl, it preserves the basic lexico-semantic categorization scheme + rules for word derivation as <EM>knabo</EM> âboyâ versus <EM>knabino</EM> + âgirl,â it preserves the basic lexico-semantic categorization scheme of Indo-European languages in general, rather than seeking opportunities to expand such word derivation schemes into multidimensional arrays as will be shortly illustrated for Ithkuil.</P> @@ -738,11 +738,11 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> systematically represented in the phonological structure of an individual word. For example an initial <EM>g</EM>- might stand for a plant, while <EM>go</EM>- indicated a tree, <EM>gob</EM>- a particular class of tree, and <EM>gobo</EM> - a particular tree species. While unworkable in terms of specifics, Wilkins + a particular tree species. While unworkable in terms of specifics, Wilkinsâ underlying principles are similar in a simplistic way to some of the abstract derivational principles employed in Ithkuil lexico-morphology and lexico-semantics. Another comparable predecessor in a simplistic sense is the musical language, - Solresol, created by Jean François Sudre and published in + Solresol, created by Jean François Sudre and published in 1866.</P> <P align="justify"> </P> <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1"> @@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> in the niche it occupies in the array of both natural and invented languages. The design of Ithkuil has slowly and painstakingly evolved from my early attempts as a teenager (following my introduction to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Charles - Fillmores seminal 1968 article on case grammar) to explore beyond the + Fillmoreâs seminal 1968 article on case grammar) to explore beyond the boundaries of Western Indo-European languages to a complex, intricate array of interwoven grammatical concepts, many of which are wholly of my own creation, others of which have been inspired by such obscure linguistic sources as the @@ -764,25 +764,25 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> case systems of Basque and the Dagestanian languages, the enclitic system of Wakashan languages, the positional orientation systems of Tzeltal and Guugu Yimidhirr, the Semitic triliteral root morphology, and the hearsay and possessive - categories of Suzette Elgins Láadan language, not to mention ideas + categories of Suzette Elginâs LĂĄadan language, not to mention ideas inspired by countless hours studying texts in theoretical linguistics, cognitive grammar, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, linguistic relativity, semantics, semiotics, philosophy, fuzzy set theory, and even quantum physics. </P> <P align="justify">The Ithkuil writing system likewise derives from both original - and inspired sources: it employs a unique morpho-phonemic principle + and inspired sources: it employs a unique âmorpho-phonemicâ principle of my own invention, its logical design borrows from the mutational principles underlying the Ethiopic and Brahmi scripts, and its aesthetic visual design bears a superficial resemblance to Hebrew square script and the various Klingon fonts.</P> <P align="justify">As for the name of the language, Ithkuil, it is an anglicized rendering of the word <IMG src="assets/Intro_5.gif" width="40" height="20" align="absbottom">, - whose approximate translation is hypothetical language. </P> + whose approximate translation is âhypothetical language.â </P> <P align="justify">This website provides a systematic presentation of the grammar of the language. In addition to a description of the various components of the grammar, the reader will find example phrases or sentences illustrating those components. Each example comprises an Ithkuil word, phrase, or sentence written in native Ithkuil script, accompanied by a Romanized transliteration, an English - translation (sometimes divided into a natural versus literal translation), + translation (sometimes divided into a ânaturalâ versus literal translation), and a morphological analysis. The morphological analysis is presented serially, morpheme-by-morpheme, using three-letter abbreviations or labels for Ithkuil morphological categories. These labels are presented within the body of the @@ -794,10 +794,10 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> 4</A></FONT>):</P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify"><IMG src="assets/Intro_3.gif" width="84" height="21"><BR> - <STRONG>têr hionn</STRONG><BR> + <STRONG>tÄr hionn</STRONG><BR> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">title</FONT>-<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">OBL</FONT> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">father</FONT>-<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">PRP</FONT><BR> - <EM>a fathers title</EM></P> + <EM>âa fatherâs titleâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify">This work is not meant as a primer or means of self-instruction in speaking the language, a task beyond even its creator, given that Ithkuil @@ -807,10 +807,10 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> extreme morpho-semantic economy and efficiency. I believe I have achieved a result which is close to the ideal I sought. I leave it to the reader to explore that result.</P> -<P align="justify">I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil. I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article The Speed of Thought brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. Спасибо, Стас! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original <A href="http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/" target="_blank">Ithkuil site into Russian</A>. My appreciation also to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the <A href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank">2008 Smiley Award</A>. </P> +<P align="justify">I wish to thank all of those who have taken an interest in Ithkuil. I especially wish to thank Stanislav Kozlovskiy, whose 2004 article âThe Speed of Thoughtâ brought Ithkuil to the attention of so many people. Спасибо, Стас! Thanks also to Lexa Samons for his hard work in translating the original <A href="http://ithkuil-russian.narod.ru/" target="_blank">Ithkuil site into Russian</A>. My appreciation also to fellow linguist and conlanger David J. Peterson for bestowing upon Ithkuil the <A href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank">2008 Smiley Award</A>. </P> <P align="center"><A href="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html" target="_blank"><IMG src="assets/smiley_award.GIF" alt="Smiley Award" width="214" height="80" border="0" longdesc="http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html"></A></P> <P align="justify">I dedicate this work to my brother, Paul, in fond memory of - <EM>Kccöj</EM>, <EM>Mbozo</EM>, and our other made-up languages, and all + <EM>Kccöj</EM>, <EM>Mbozo</EM>, and our other made-up languages, and all the fun times we had as kids learning about and playing with linguistics.</P> <P align="right"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html" onclick="javascript:changenav1();">Proceed to Chapter One: Phonology >></A></FONT></STRONG></P> @@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ hed done so.</EM><BR> <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -<P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +<P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </FONT></P> <P align="justify"> </P> |