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diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch-12-numbers.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch-12-numbers.html index a53bc60..441719a 100755..100644 --- a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch-12-numbers.html +++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch-12-numbers.html @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Stems </A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> - <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm#Sec12o3">12.3 Expressing Zero</A></FONT></TD> + <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm#Sec12o3">12.3 Expressing âZeroâ</A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm#Sec12o4">12.4 Writing Numerals</A></FONT></TD> @@ -110,21 +110,21 @@ are referred to by the number of hundreds plus the number of units, just as a decimal system, beginning with the number 11, refers to the number of tens plus the number of units. However, where a decimal system then shifts to a unit - referring to 100 once 10 tens is reached, a centesimal system + referring to 100 once â10 tensâ is reached, a centesimal system proceeds to the number 10,000 before establishing a new unit reference (i.e., - 100 hundreds). Thus the number 3254, which in a decimal system - is 3 thousands 2 hundreds 5 tens 4 ones, in a centesimal - system becomes 32 hundreds54 ones, and would be only two digits when + â100 hundredsâ). Thus the number 3254, which in a decimal system + is 3 thousands â 2 hundreds â 5 tens â 4 ones, in a centesimal + system becomes 32 hundredsâ54 ones, and would be only two digits when written (the single character representing 32, and the single character representing 54). The details of writing Ithkuil numerals are given below in Section 12.5.</P> <P align="justify">After 100, separate unit numbers and symbols are assigned to - the square of 100 (i.e. ten thousand, that being 100 hundreds), + the square of 100 (i.e. ten thousand, that being â100 hundredsâ), then the square of that number, <IMG src="assets/12-1a.gif" width="29" height="16" align="absmiddle"> (100 million, i.e., 10,000 ten-thousands). The final unit is <IMG src="assets/12-1b.gif" width="28" height="15" align="baseline">, that is, 10 quadrillion or 100 million hundred-millions, the last number for which Ithkuil assigns a separate root and symbol. After ten quadrillion, numbers - are referred to as multiples of lower sets, similar to saying in English one - trillion quadrillion instead of the equivalent one octillion.</P> + are referred to as multiples of lower sets, similar to saying in English âone + trillion quadrillionâ instead of the equivalent âone octillion.â</P> <P align="justify">While the above may seem unwieldy or even arbitrary, it actually parallels Western base-ten numerals in terms of its systematization. For example, in a Western number like 456,321,777,123, each set of three numbers between @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ and 456 of<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT><IMG src="assets/12-1f.gif" width="36" height="14">, or in more common terms 123 ones, 777 thousands, 321 millions, 456 billions).</P> <P align="justify">The same exact system holds for Ithkuil, except that the sets - of numbers between the commas so to speak, is the number of ten-thousands, + of numbers âbetween the commasâ so to speak, is the number of ten-thousands, not thousands. Thus, if we were to rewrite the Western number 456,321,777,123 in such a system, it would be <STRONG>4563,2177,7123</STRONG> (i.e., 7123 of<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT><IMG src="assets/12-1g.gif" width="49" height="18" align="absmiddle">, 2177 of<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_<IMG src="assets/12-1h.gif" width="48" height="18" align="absmiddle"></FONT>, @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ </TBODY></TABLE> </DIV> <P align="justify">The semantic roots for numbers in Ithkuil from 1 to 99 are - based on roots for 1 through 10, to which the nine degrees of the affix <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>t</STRONG> + based on roots for 1 through 10, to which the nine degrees of the affix <STRONG>-V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>tâ</STRONG> are added. Each of the nine degrees of this suffix, when applied to one of the ten number-roots, corresponds to an additional multiple of ten. This is illustrated in Table 67 below.<BR> @@ -163,91 +163,91 @@ <P align="justify">The addition of a particular degree of this affix to one of the ten indicates that the root number is added to that multiple of ten. For example, the stem <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>kas</STRONG></FONT> - two, plus the seventh degree affix <STRONG>-V1t/7</STRONG>, - gives <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kastï</STRONG></FONT> - seventy-two. Because there is no root corresponding to zero + âtwo,â plus the seventh degree affix <STRONG>-V1tâ/7</STRONG>, + gives <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kastâÄ</STRONG></FONT> + âseventy-two.â Because there is no root corresponding to âzeroâ (see <A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.htm#Sec12o3">Sec. 12.3</A> below), each multiple of ten is constructed using stem <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>mas</STRONG></FONT> - ten plus one of the above suffixes. Thus, the numbers 20, 30 and - 40 are respectively <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mast</FONT></STRONG>, - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>mastu</STRONG></FONT> - and <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>mastai</STRONG></FONT>, - but the numbers 22, 32 and 42 are <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kastu</FONT></STRONG>, - <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kastai</FONT></STRONG> - and <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kastei</FONT></STRONG>. + âtenâ plus one of the above suffixes. Thus, the numbers 20, 30 and + 40 are respectively <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">mastâ</FONT></STRONG>, + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>mastâu</STRONG></FONT> + and <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>mastâai</STRONG></FONT>, + but the numbers 22, 32 and 42 are <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kastâu</FONT></STRONG>, + <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kastâai</FONT></STRONG> + and <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kastâei</FONT></STRONG>. This pattern only operates up to the nineties, as there is a separate autonomous root for 100, <EM><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>r-s</STRONG></FONT></EM>.</P> <P align="justify">Since numbers are formatives in Ithkuil, not adjectives as in most Western languages, holistic stem No. 1, shown by the vocalic infix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-a-</STRONG></FONT>, is a formative signifying a set containing a number of members corresponding to that particular root. Thus, the formative <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kas</FONT></STRONG> - above, translatable as two, actually means a set of two; - a duo / to be a duo. In turn, the two complementary derivatives of each + above, translatable as âtwo,â actually means âa set of two; + a duo / to be a duo.â In turn, the two complementary derivatives of each stem denote its multiple and its fraction respectively. This is illustrated below for both Form I and II using the roots <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>k-s</STRONG></FONT>, <FONT size="2">TWO</FONT>, and <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>n-s</STRONG></FONT>, meaning <FONT size="2">SEVEN</FONT>:</P> <P align="justify">For <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k-s</FONT></STRONG>, <FONT size="2">TWO</FONT>:</P> -<P>1. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kas/kâs</FONT></STRONG> - <EM>a set of two, a duo; to be two in number</EM></P> +<P>1. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kas/kĂąs</FONT></STRONG> + <EM>âa set of two, a duo; to be two in numberâ</EM></P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kes/kês</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>twice the number of something; to double, to multiply by two</EM><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">käs/kaes</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>a half; to halve, to be or make half, to divide by or in two</EM></P> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kes/kÄs</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>âtwice the number of something; to double, to multiply by twoâ</EM><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kĂ€s/kaes</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âa half; to halve, to be or make half, to divide by or in twoâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> -<P>2. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kus/kûs</FONT></STRONG> - <EM>to be or make dual; having two uses or aspects; bi-; twofold +<P>2. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kus/kƱs</FONT></STRONG> + <EM>âto be or make dual; having two uses or aspects; bi-; twofoldâ </EM></P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P><FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kos/kôs</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>two times (i.e., iterations), twice; to be/do/make twice</EM><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kös/kűs</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>to be of or make into two parts; bifurcate(d)</EM></P> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kos/kĂŽs</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>âtwo times (i.e., iterations), twice; to be/do/make twiceâ</EM><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kös/kĆs</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âto be of or make into two parts; bifurcate(d)â</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> -<P>3. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kis/kîs</STRONG></FONT> - <EM>the second one in a sequence; to be or make second (in a sequence)</EM></P> +<P>3. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kis/kĂźs</STRONG></FONT> + <EM>âthe second one in a sequence; to be or make second (in a sequence)â</EM></P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kës/kÿs</STRONG></FONT>: - to the second power, squared; to square, raise to the 2nd power<EM></EM><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">küs/kius</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>to the negative second power, the inverse square; to divide by - the square of</EM></P> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>kĂ«s/kËs</STRONG></FONT>: + âto the second power, squared; to square, raise to the 2nd power<EM>â</EM><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kĂŒs/kius</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âto the negative second power, the inverse square; to divide by + the square ofâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> <P>For <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n-s</FONT></STRONG>, <FONT size="2">SEVEN</FONT>:</P> -<P>1. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nas/nâs</FONT></STRONG> - a set/group of seven, a septet; to be seven in number</P> +<P>1. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nas/nĂąs</FONT></STRONG> + âa set/group of seven, a septet; to be seven in numberâ</P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nes/nês</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>7 times the number of something; to multiply by 7; septuple</EM><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">näs/naes</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>a seventh; to be or make a 7th part of something, to divide by - 7 or into 7 parts</EM></P> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nes/nÄs</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>â7 times the number of something; to multiply by 7; septupleâ</EM><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nĂ€s/naes</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âa seventh; to be or make a 7th part of something, to divide by + 7 or into 7 partsâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> -<P>2. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nus/nûs</STRONG></FONT> - to be or make seven-faceted; having 7 uses or aspects; septi-; sevenfold +<P>2. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nus/nƱs</STRONG></FONT> + âto be or make seven-faceted; having 7 uses or aspects; septi-; sevenfoldâ </P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P><FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nos/nôs</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>7 times (i.e., iterations); to be/do/make 7 times</EM><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nös/nűs</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>to be of or make into 7 parts; separate(d) into 7 parts</EM></P> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nos/nĂŽs</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>â7 times (i.e., iterations); to be/do/make 7 timesâ</EM><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nös/nĆs</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âto be of or make into 7 parts; separate(d) into 7 partsâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> -<P>3. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nis/nîs</STRONG></FONT> - <EM>the seventh one in a sequence; to be or make 7th (in a sequence) +<P>3. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nis/nĂźs</STRONG></FONT> + <EM>âthe seventh one in a sequence; to be or make 7th (in a sequence)â </EM> </P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P><FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nës/nÿs</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>to the 7th power; to raise to the 7th power </EM><BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nüs/nius</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>to the negative 7th power; to divide by the 7th power of + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>nĂ«s/nËs</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>âto the 7th power; to raise to the 7th powerâ </EM><BR> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nĂŒs/nius</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âto the negative 7th power; to divide by the 7th power ofâ </EM> </P> </BLOCKQUOTE> <P align="justify">In addition to the above-described roots, there is the root @@ -257,37 +257,37 @@ distinction in this root (i.e., Form I versus Form II of each stem) distinguishes between a focus on non-duplication/singularity for the <FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT>, and indivisibility/unity for the <FONT size="2">FORMAL</FONT>:</P> -<P> 1. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">las/lâs</FONT></STRONG> - <EM>a single entity; to be one in number </EM></P> +<P> 1. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">las/lĂąs</FONT></STRONG> + <EM>âa single entity; to be one in numberâ </EM></P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">les/lês</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>to be indivisible, whole, a single unit; unitary; to unify</EM><BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>läs/laes</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>to be (an) individual, a distinct entity in itself; to individualize</EM></P> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">les/lÄs</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âto be indivisible, whole, a single unit; unitary; to unifyâ</EM><BR> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lĂ€s/laes</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>âto be (an) individual, a distinct entity in itself; to individualizeâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> -<P>2. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">lus/lûs</FONT></STRONG> - a lone entity, something alone; an entity in solitude, something/someone - isolated; be alone; to isolate; be in solitude</P> +<P>2. <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">lus/lƱs</FONT></STRONG> + âa lone entity, something alone; an entity in solitude, something/someone + isolated; be alone; to isolate; be in solitudeâ</P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">los/lôs</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>something/someone lonely; be or make lonely</EM><BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lös/lűs</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>something/someone independent, self-sufficient, singular (i.e., + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">los/lĂŽs</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âsomething/someone lonely; be or make lonelyâ</EM><BR> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lös/lĆs</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>âsomething/someone independent, self-sufficient, singular (i.e., without need of, connection to, or dependency on others); be or make independent, - self-sufficient, singular</EM></P> + self-sufficient, singularâ</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> -<P>3. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lis/lîs</STRONG></FONT> - something/someone unique, the only one; to be or make unique</P> +<P>3. <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lis/lĂźs</STRONG></FONT> + âsomething/someone unique, the only one; to be or make uniqueâ</P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <FONT size="2">COMPLEMENTARY DERIVATIVES</FONT>:<BR> - <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">l</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ës/lÿs</FONT></STRONG>: - <EM>a sole entity, the only one available or able (in terms of sufficiency - or applicability to the context)</EM><BR> - <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lüs/lius</STRONG></FONT>: - <EM>something/someone one-of-a-kind, unparalleled, without equal or - peer (in terms of uniqueness of characteristics)</EM></P> + <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">l</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ă«s/lËs</FONT></STRONG>: + <EM>âa sole entity, the only one available or able (in terms of sufficiency + or applicability to the context)â</EM><BR> + <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>lĂŒs/lius</STRONG></FONT>: + <EM>âsomething/someone one-of-a-kind, unparalleled, without equal or + peer (in terms of uniqueness of characteristics)â</EM></P> </BLOCKQUOTE> <P><BR> The Ithkuil numerical roots as described in the section above are as follows:</P> @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ <TBODY><TR> <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">l-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ĆĄ-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">p-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/t-cedilla.gif" width="7" height="16" align="absbottom">-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> @@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ <TBODY><TR> <TD width="19%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">r-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="22%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">q-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> - <TD width="27%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ç-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> + <TD width="27%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ç-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> <TD width="32%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">c-s</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD> </TR> <TR> @@ -337,13 +337,13 @@ <P> </P> <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <TBODY><TR> - <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>12.3 EXPRESSING ZERO <A name="Sec12o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> + <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>12.3 EXPRESSING âZEROâ <A name="Sec12o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -<P align="justify"> Ithkuil has no word for zero nor is it conceptualized +<P align="justify"> Ithkuil has no word for âzeroâ nor is it conceptualized as a numerical category. Instead any appropriate formative may take the affixes - -V1ss/1 or -V2ss/1 <EM>no amount of</EM> or -V3b/1 <EM>no
at - all</EM> in terms of degree or extent to create negative expressions + -V1ss/1 or -V2ss/1 <EM>âno amount ofâ</EM> or -V3b/1 <EM>ânoâŠat + allâ</EM> in terms of degree or extent to create negative expressions that convey the idea of an absence of a numerical entity or quantity. In many cases, simply the negative of whatever formative is under discussion may be used. </P> @@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> <P align="justify">Writing Ithkuil numerals is somewhat similar to writing numbers - in Western languages (i.e., Arabic numerals), in that the interpretation + in Western languages (i.e., âArabicâ numerals), in that the interpretation of a number as a different power of 100 (analogous to interpreting single Arabic numerals as either ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) is based on its sequence within the entire number. However, there are two aspects of writing Ithkuil @@ -368,16 +368,16 @@ employs separate autonomous symbols for each power of 100 (100, 10,000, 100 million, etc.) each of which operates as the appropriate placeholder instead of zero. To illustrate what this means by analogy, pretend that - @ is an autonomous symbol for 27 (since Ithkuil numbers from - 1 to 99 each have a separate symbol), & is a symbol for - 100, # is a symbol for 10,000 and there is no symbol 0 (zero). + â@â is an autonomous symbol for 27 (since Ithkuil numbers from + 1 to 99 each have a separate symbol), â&â is a symbol for + 100, â#â is a symbol for 10,000 and there is no symbol 0 (zero). The numbers 2700, 2705, 327, 22700 and 4,270,027 would then be written @&, @5, 3@, 2@&, and 4@#@ respectively. (NOTE: In actual practice, numbers - which contain the hundred symbol, here represented as &, + which contain the âhundredâ symbol, here represented as â&,â normally place a dot above or below the adjacent numeral and dispense with the &, indicating that the number so marked is to be multiplied by 100. Thus, 2@& would actually be written as <IMG src="assets/12-4a.gif" width="23" height="30" align="top">, - while one million can be written as <IMG src="assets/12-4b.gif" width="9" height="26" align="top"> + while âone millionâ can be written as <IMG src="assets/12-4b.gif" width="9" height="26" align="top"> instead of writing &#.<BR> </DIV> </LI> @@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ orientation, numbers follow the <EM>boustrophedon</EM> mode the same as the Ithkuil script (see <A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.htm#Sec11o3o2">Sec. 11.3.2</A>). Similarly to Western languages, small non-compound numbers can be written using - either their numerical symbols or written out in script (as in English 12 - versus twelve).</P> + either their numerical symbols or written out in script (as in English â12â + versus âtwelveâ).</P> <P align="justify">The following table gives the Ithkuil numerical symbols along with their morphological stems:<BR> <BR> @@ -422,46 +422,46 @@ Single units (from 1 to 99) are connected by the coordinative affix when they are part of the number of hundreds or higher base-units. </P> <P align="justify">It should be noted that when pronouncing numbers greater than - 199, it is normal in Ithkuil to omit the word <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><EM>rawirs</EM></STRONG></FONT> + 199, it is normal in Ithkuil to omit the word <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><EM>raâwirs</EM></STRONG></FONT> (= the <FONT size="2">PARTITIVE</FONT> of <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ras</FONT></STRONG> - one hundred) referring to the number of hundreds. This is equivalent - to the custom in colloquial English of saying three twelve for - three hundred (and) twelve. The difference is that in Ithkuil, - this omission of the word for hundred is the preferred option, - the word <EM>rawirs</EM> being used only in larger numbers for claritys + âone hundredâ) referring to the number of hundreds. This is equivalent + to the custom in colloquial English of saying âthree twelveâ for + âthree hundred (and) twelve.â The difference is that in Ithkuil, + this omission of the word for âhundredâ is the preferred option, + the word <EM>raâwirs</EM> being used only in larger numbers for clarityâs sake.</P> <P align="justify">These principles are illustrated by the following examples:</P> <P><IMG src="assets/12-5a.gif" width="165" height="74"><BR> - literally: 42 (of hundreds) 29<BR> + literally: â42 (of hundreds) 29â<BR> <EM><STRONG>4229</STRONG></EM> <BR> </P> <P><IMG src="assets/12-5b.gif" width="285" height="75"><BR> - literally: 26 of ten-thousands with 97 (of hundreds) 66 = 26,9766<FONT color="#FFFFFF"></FONT><BR> + literally: â26 of ten-thousands with 97 (of hundreds) 66â = 26,9766<FONT color="#FFFFFF"></FONT><BR> <EM><STRONG>269,766<BR> </STRONG></EM><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-12-1.mp3">Listen!</A> </FONT></STRONG><EM><STRONG><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-12-1.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></STRONG></EM></P> <P> </P> <P><IMG src="assets/12-5c.gif" width="159" height="73"><BR> - literally: 21 of hundred of ten-thousands<BR> + literally: â21 of hundred of ten-thousandsâ<BR> <STRONG><EM>21,000,000</EM></STRONG> <BR> - [NOTE: <EM>rawirs</EM> is required in this example]</P> + [NOTE: <EM>raâwirs</EM> is required in this example]</P> <P><BR> <IMG src="assets/12-5d.gif" width="651" height="72"><BR> literally: <BR> - 72 of hundreds and 79 of hundred-millions with 3 of hundreds and 53 of - ten-thousands with 34 of hundreds 60 <BR> + â72 of hundreds and 79 of hundred-millions with 3 of hundreds and 53 of + ten-thousands with 34 of hundreds 60â <BR> <STRONG>727,903,533,460</STRONG></P> <P align="justify"><BR> We have already seen that when numbers are used to indicate how many of a certain noun there are, the noun must appear in the <FONT size="2">PARTITIVE</FONT> - case, since the number itself is functioning as the head of the - numerical expression (e.g., English 12 boxes being constructed - in Ithkuil as a 12-set of a box or perhaps more appropriately - a box-dozen). Another syntactical consequences of numbers being + case, since the number itself is functioning as the âheadâ of the + numerical expression (e.g., English â12 boxesâ being constructed + in Ithkuil as a â12-set of a boxâ or perhaps more appropriately + a âbox-dozenâ). Another syntactical consequences of numbers being full formatives is when a number functions as a label or overt identifier, as - in the English sentence <EM>Youll find him in Room 216.</EM> Such usage + in the English sentence <EM>Youâll find him in Room 216.</EM> Such usage of numbers is not primarily sequential (which would involve the equivalent of - ordinal numbers such as fourth, twenty-sixth, + âordinalâ numbers such as âfourth,â âtwenty-sixthâ, etc. equivalent to stem No. 3 of each number root) but rather organizational (e.g., as in the three-dimensional array of room numbers in a hotel). Ithkuil handles such organizational labeling using either the <FONT size="2">CONTRASTIVE</FONT> @@ -472,17 +472,17 @@ the noun by a numerical name. Examples:</P> <P><BR> <IMG src="assets/12-5e.gif" width="124" height="63"> <BR> - <EM>the room marked 12 </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> - Room 12 </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> Room - No. 12</EM> [i.e., as distinguished from the other numbered rooms]</P> + <EM>âthe room marked â12ââ </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> + âRoom 12â </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> âRoom + No. 12â</EM> [i.e., as distinguished from the other numbered rooms]</P> <P><BR> <IMG src="assets/12-5f.gif" width="126" height="61"> <BR> - <EM>the room marked 12 </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> - Room 12 </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> Room - No. 12</EM> [identifying reference only]</P> + <EM>âthe room marked â12ââ </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> + âRoom 12â </EM><FONT size="2"><STRONG>OR</STRONG></FONT><EM> âRoom + No. 12â</EM> [identifying reference only]</P> <P align="justify"><BR> Lastly, when numbers comprising multiple number-stems are declined for case, - configuration, extension, etc., rather than writing out the entire number long-hand, + configuration, extension, etc., rather than writing out the entire number âlong-hand,â the number symbol is used, preceded by the carrier stem <EM><STRONG>kir</STRONG></EM> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.htm#Sec9o4">Sec. 9.4</A>) which carries the appropriate declensions. This use of the carrier stem applies even to single-stemmed numbers @@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TBODY></TABLE> -</P><P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion +</P><P><FONT size="-1">©2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author and this website. </FONT></P> <P> </P> <P></P> |