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+<TITLE>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 8: Adjuncts</TITLE>
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+<DIV align="center"><FONT color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ithkuil: 
+  A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</STRONG></FONT><BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/Title-Script5.gif"><BR>
+  <BR>
+</DIV>
+<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a 
+      Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9 
+      Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b 
+      Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10 
+      Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1 
+      Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6 
+      More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11 
+      The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2 
+      Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a 
+      Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12 
+      The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3 
+      Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b 
+      Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The 
+      Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4 
+      Case Morphology </A></FONT>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8 
+      Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<H2 align="center">&nbsp;</H2>
+<H2 align="center">Chapter 8: Adjuncts</H2>
+<DIV align="center">
+  <TABLE width="63%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="209"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">8.1 Personal Reference 
+        Adjuncts </A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="267"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o4">8.4 Affixual Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+    <TR> 
+      <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o2">8.2 Subsidiary Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="267"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o5">8.5 Alternate Indicators 
+        for Vocalic Mutation</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+    <TR> 
+      <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o3">8.3 Combination Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="267"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o6">8.6 Additional Information 
+        on Bias</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify"><BR>
+  The notion of adjuncts was introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o6o2">Section 
+  2.6.2</A>. We have already discussed some details of various kinds of adjuncts: 
+  valence adjuncts and conflation adjuncts were introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2">Secs. 
+  5.2</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">5.4</A>, modality 
+  adjuncts were mentioned in <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</A>, 
+  and aspectual adjuncts were described in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">Chapter 
+  6</A>. In this chapter, more information is given about these adjuncts and several 
+additional types of adjuncts are introduced.</P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.1 PERSONAL REFERENCE ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o1"></A></P></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The first type of adjunct we will analyze are those relating 
+  to personal reference. By �personal reference� is meant the grammatical 
+  description of nouns by abbreviated forms of reference. In most languages, this 
+  is accomplished by means of personal pronouns (e.g., English he, she, it, I, 
+  you, him, her, mine, ours, etc.). Generally, personal pronouns are distinguished 
+  by �person� (1st, 2nd , or 3rd) and case (e.g., compare English 
+  we, us, and ours). Ithkuil accomplishes the equivalent function by means of 
+  personal reference adjuncts, of which there are two types: single-referent and 
+  dual-referent. </P>
+<P align="justify">Like all adjuncts in Ithkuil, personal reference adjuncts are 
+  highly synthetic in their structure, comprised of at least two morphemes and 
+  usually more. Before we examine the componential structure of personal reference 
+  adjuncts themselves, we must first introduce the personal reference categories 
+  they refer to. </P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  8.1.1 Personal Reference Categories<A name="Sec8o1o1"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify">The morpho-semantic delineations of Ithkuil personal reference 
+  categorization are based on inclusion or exclusion in relation to an utterance. 
+  These delineations begin with identifying whether or not the party speaking 
+  is included or excluded in relation to the utterance. The next delineation made 
+  is whether the party being addressed (i.e., the audience/listener) is included 
+  or excluded, then finally whether any third party (i.e., a party other than 
+  the speaker and the addressee) is included or excluded.</P>
+<P align="justify">There are 46 personal reference categories in Ithkuil, each 
+  of which is represented by a single consonant affix plus a corresponding falling 
+  or high tone as shown in Table 22 below. The various terms and abbreviations 
+  used in the table are explained following the table.<BR>
+</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 22(a) 
+  and (b): Personal Reference Categories<A name="Table22"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="50%"><IMG src="assets/8-1-1a.gif" width="371" height="655"></TD>
+      <TD width="50%"><IMG src="assets/8-1-1b.gif" width="378" height="655"></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>1 
+    </STRONG> = Inclusion of speaker <BR>
+    <STRONG>2</STRONG> = Inclusion of addressee <BR>
+    <STRONG>m</STRONG> = monadic (single party) <BR>
+    <STRONG>u</STRONG> = unbounded (more than one party) <BR>
+    <STRONG>a</STRONG> = animate 3rd party <BR>
+    <STRONG> i</STRONG> = inanimate 3rd party<BR>
+    </FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>E</STRONG> 
+    = universal ('everyone/everything')<BR>
+    <STRONG>M</STRONG> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate 
+    or <FONT size="1">MONADIC</FONT>+<FONT size="1">UNBOUNDED</FONT>)<BR>
+    <STRONG>IP</STRONG> = Impersonal ('one')<BR>
+    <STRONG>ID</STRONG> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<BR>
+    <STRONG>Obv</STRONG> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<BR>
+    <STRONG>Col</STRONG> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<BR>
+    <STRONG>Abt</STRONG> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)<BR>
+    </FONT></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify">The following sections explain the terminology in the above 
+  table.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.1 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-1a.gif" width="23" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-1b.gif" width="19" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Monadic vs. Unbounded</STRONG>. These terms were discussed in detail in <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3">Sec. 
+  3.3</A> on Perspective. For simplicity�s sake, the difference between 
+  a <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> third party versus an <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT> 
+  third party can be thought of as the difference between �he/she/it� 
+  and �they.�</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.2 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-2a.gif" width="16" height="19" align="absbottom"> 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-2b.gif" width="15" height="19" align="absbottom"> 
+  Speaker and Addressee</STRONG>. These terms refer respectively to the party 
+  speaking (in Western grammar the first person), the party being spoken to (the 
+  second person), and a third party being considered or mentioned (the third person). 
+  Unlike the standard six-person matrix common in Western grammar (the three persons 
+  divided into singular and plural), Ithkuil divides personal reference along 
+  logical lines of inclusion versus exclusion in the speaker�s utterance. 
+</P>
+<P align="justify">From the viewpoint of Ithkuil grammar, only a single individual 
+  can speak. Even if there are two or more persons speaking the same utterance 
+  simultaneously it is but a collection of single individuals, each of which is 
+  one speaker. Therefore, the �first person� of Ithkuil, the speaker, 
+  can be only <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT>, never <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>. 
+  Thus, in Ithkuil, there is no true equivalent to the word �we,� 
+  since inherent in the various categories which translate �we� is 
+  the concept of �I plus some other entity or entities.� From this 
+  we can begin to see how it is the idea of inclusion or exclusion in the speaker�s 
+  utterance that determines the various personal reference categories.</P>
+<P align="justify">The �second person� in Ithkuil is the addressee, 
+  the person(s) being addressed or spoken to. There can be one addressee, or more 
+  than one addressee, i.e., <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> or <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>.</P>
+<P align="justify">The �third person� in Ithkuil is where things get 
+  very complicated, in that a party being referenced who is not the speaker or 
+  the addressee can have many distinctions, including the presence or absence 
+  of animacy, being <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> versus <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>, 
+  being referred to as a collective entity, being an intangible abstraction, being 
+  indefinite, being an impersonal generic reference, or being a combination of 
+  two or more of these categories. These distinctions are explained below.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.3 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-3a.gif" width="18" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-3b.gif" width="14" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Animate vs. Inanimate</STRONG>. This is as it sounds. As we saw in earlier chapters, 
+  particularly <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1">Sec. 4.1</A>, several 
+  important morphological categories in Ithkuil are dependent on whether the party 
+  to the act, condition, or event is a living entity or inanimate. Note that the 
+  distinction between gender (he vs. she) found in most Western languages does 
+  not exist in the Ithkuil personal reference system. </P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.4 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-4.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  �Mixed� Third-Party Reference</STRONG>. It is possible for the third 
+  party being referenced to be two or more entities of different natures. For 
+  example a speaker could make reference to �I, you, and they� where 
+  �they� consists of a group consisting of one person (i.e., a monadic 
+  animate entity), three boxes (i.e., a polyadic inanimate entity), and an intangible 
+  concept such as �happiness� (i.e., an abstract entity). In such 
+  cases, Ithkuil personal reference categories provide for such �mixed� 
+  parties to be included in a particular personal referent.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.5 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-5.gif" width="25" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Collective Reference</STRONG>. This corresponds to the <FONT size="2">NOMIC</FONT> 
+  Perspective in which a noun can be spoken of as a generic collective. For example, 
+  the word �dog� in the sentence <EM>The dog is a noble beast</EM> 
+  refers to all dogs in a collective sense, not any dog in particular. This <FONT size="2">COLLECTIVE</FONT> 
+  category has its own set of personal reference affixes in Ithkuil, depending 
+  on what other entities are included in the context of the utterance.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.6 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-6.gif" width="27" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Abstract Reference</STRONG>. This corresponds to the <FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT> 
+  perspective, equivalent to derivational abstract forms such as English nouns 
+  ending with -<EM>hood</EM>, -<EM>ness</EM>, etc. In Ithkuil, all nouns can be 
+  spoken of in this abstract sense (e.g., <EM>�bookhood�</EM> = the 
+  sense of being or functioning as a book), and the personal reference system 
+  provides affixes for this category whose form again depends on what other entities 
+  are included in the context of the utterance.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG><A name="Sec8o1o1o7"></A>8.1.1.7 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-7.gif" width="31" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Obviative (4th Person) Reference</STRONG>. This category has no equivalent in 
+  Western languages, although it is found in various Native American languages. 
+  It refers to a third party referent other than one previously mentioned, which 
+  would otherwise be identically marked. In Native American grammatical treatises, 
+  this category is usually termed the obviative or �fourth� person. 
+  For example, the English sentence <EM>He saw his book</EM> is ambiguous because 
+  we are uncertain whether �he� and �his� refer to the 
+  same person or to two different persons (i.e., one who did the seeing and another 
+  who owns the book). In Ithkuil, no such ambiguity occurs because the latter 
+  third person referent, if a distinct person from the initial third person referent, 
+  would be marked using the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT>, not the third person. 
+  This disambiguation of third person referents is the purpose of the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT>. 
+  Its translation into English is therefore dependent on a preceding personal 
+  referent. (See <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o4">Sec. 8.1.4</A> below for more information 
+  about the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT>).</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.8 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8a.gif" width="28" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Indefinite Reference</STRONG>. This category indicates that the third party 
+  refers to any third party within the specified parameters. For example, the 
+  referent <EM></EM> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8b.gif" width="47" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  indicates an indefinite animate party, i.e., English �anyone� or 
+  �anybody,� while the referent <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-8c.gif" width="48" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  indicates an indefinite inanimate party, i.e., English �anything.� 
+</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.9 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9a.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Universal Reference</STRONG>. This category indicates that the third party refers 
+  to every third party within the specified parameters. For example, the referent 
+  <STRONG> <EM>-l</EM></STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9b.gif" width="20" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  indicates a universal animate party, i.e., English �everyone� or 
+  �everybody,� while the referent <EM><STRONG>-l�</STRONG></EM> 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-9c.gif" width="16" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  indicates a universal inanimate party, i.e., English �everything.� 
+</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.10 <IMG src="assets/8-1-1-10.gif" width="26" height="20" align="absbottom"> 
+  Impersonal Reference</STRONG>. This category corresponds to the German pronoun 
+  <EM>man</EM> or French pronoun <EM>on</EM>, as well as the various circumlocutions 
+  used in English to describe impersonal reference (e.g., �one,� �you,� 
+  �they,� the passive voice, and certain usages of �someone�). 
+  Such impersonal reference is illustrated in the following English sentences:</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify"><EM><STRONG>�</STRONG> <STRONG>One</STRONG> should 
+    never speak to clowns alone.<BR>
+    <STRONG>�</STRONG> To dance the tango <STRONG>you</STRONG> need a partner.<BR>
+    <STRONG>�</STRONG> <STRONG>They</STRONG> say it never rains in August.<BR>
+    <STRONG>�</STRONG> That town <STRONG>is said</STRONG> to be haunted.<BR>
+    <STRONG>�</STRONG> She just wants to talk to <STRONG>someone</STRONG> 
+    without being criticized.</EM></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.1.11 Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity</STRONG>. Since 
+  Ithkuil personal reference adjuncts are designed to specify who among the speaker, 
+  addressee(s), and any third party is included or excluded in the context of 
+  the utterance, there are many possible personal reference distinctions possible 
+  in Ithkuil for which English has no equivalent pronouns. Such exacting distinctions 
+  would have to be made periphrastically in English, e.g., instead of saying �we,� 
+  the speaker would have to specify �the two of us,� or �I and 
+  he but not you,� or �I, you, and they.� Similarly, the English 
+  word �you� breaks down into specific meanings equivalent to �you 
+  (singular),� �you (plural),� �you (singular) and it,� 
+  �you and those people,� �you and those things,� etc.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+8.1.2 Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o1o2"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify">Adjuncts with one personal referent are termed single-referent 
+  adjuncts and have three forms: (1) a short form, (2) a long form, and (3) a 
+  conjunct form, as shown in Table 23 below. <BR>
+</P>
+<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 23: 
+  Morphological Structure of a Single-R<IMG src="assets/8-1-2b.gif" width="155" height="23" align="absbottom">eferent Personal Reference Adjunct<A name="Table23"></A></STRONG></FONT> 
+<TABLE width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+  <TBODY><TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD width="46%" height="41" valign="middle"><STRONG>Form 1:</STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2a.gif" width="54" height="18" align="absbottom"></TD>
+    <TD>Example: </TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD height="53" valign="middle"><STRONG>Form 2:</STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2c.gif" width="139" height="18" align="absbottom"></TD>
+    <TD>Examples: <IMG src="assets/8-1-2d.gif" width="183" height="18" align="absbottom"><BR>
+      <IMG src="assets/8-1-2e.gif" width="357" height="19"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD height="55" valign="middle"><STRONG>Form 3:</STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2f.gif" width="260" height="20"></TD>
+    <TD>Example: <IMG src="assets/8-1-2g.gif" width="374" height="21"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD colspan="2"><TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
+        <TBODY><TR> 
+          <TD width="12%"><STRONG>Where:</STRONG></TD>
+          <TD width="88%">&nbsp;</TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant indicating 
+            Referent 1 [from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table22">Table 22</A> above]</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2i.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">short form of 
+            vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1[see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 
+            24</A> below]</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix 
+            showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation &amp; Focus of Referent 
+            1 <BR>
+            <FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Table 25</A> 
+            below)</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of 
+            vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 
+            24</A> below]</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix 
+            (+ stress) showing Context: <BR>
+            <STRONG><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT>-a</STRONG> = EXS; <STRONG>-u</STRONG> 
+            = FNC; <STRONG>-a</STRONG> + ultimate stress = SYM; <STRONG>-u</STRONG> 
+            + ultimate stress = AMG</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix 
+            showing degree of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">(see 
+            <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table26">Table 26</A> below)</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix 
+            for Referent 1 from standard suffix tables</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix 
+            showing Context for Referent 1: <STRONG>-a</STRONG> = EXS; <STRONG>-u</STRONG> 
+            = FNC; <STRONG>-�</STRONG> = SYM; <STRONG>-�</STRONG> 
+            = AMG</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD height="38"> 
+            <DIV align="right"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias 
+            suffix (see Table 20 in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. 
+            6.6</A>))</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Form 
+              3: </FONT></DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress pattern 
+            shows affix-type: penultimate = <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C</STRONG>, 
+            ultimate = <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C</STRONG>, antepenultimate 
+            = <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> 
+            <DIV align="right"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Forms 
+              <BR>
+              1, 2, &amp; 3:</FONT></DIV></TD>
+          <TD valign="bottom"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone 
+            shift shows RPV essence for Referent 1: falling<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
+            broken, high <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
+            rising</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+      </TBODY></TABLE></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE></P>
+<P align="justify">The short form of the adjunct consists of a single consonant 
+  (labeled <STRONG>C<FONT size="1">R</FONT></STRONG> in the diagram) plus tone, 
+  corresponding to one of the 46 particular referents (as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o1">Sec. 
+  8.1.1</A> above). This is followed by a single vocalic suffix <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">C</FONT></STRONG> 
+  indicating the case of the personal referent (see Chapter 4 on Case). The 81 
+  possible values for this suffix are shown in Table 24 below. <BR>
+</P>
+<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 24: Case Suffixes/Infixes 
+for Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Table24"></A><BR>
+</FONT></STRONG> 
+<TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD width="14%">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD width="86%"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2r.gif" width="359" height="554"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD><IMG src="assets/8-1-2s.gif" width="359" height="525"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD><IMG src="assets/8-1-2t.gif" width="359" height="551"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD><IMG src="assets/8-1-2u.gif" width="359" height="525"></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">As for the long form of the adjunct, the first part is an optional 
+  vocalic prefix<STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"></STRONG> 
+  which indicates the Configuration, Affiliation, and Designation of the personal 
+  referent (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">Chapter 3</A> 
+  for a discussion of these morphological categories). The possible values for 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  are shown in Tables 25(a) and (b) below.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
+  Table 25(a) and (b): <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom">Prefixes 
+  for Single-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Table25"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
+<P><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>25(a) Designation 
+  of Referent 1 = INFORMAL<BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-2v.gif" width="594" height="202"><BR>
+  </STRONG></FONT><BR>
+  <FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>25(b) Designation 
+  of Referent 1 = FORMAL<BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-2w.gif" width="594" height="203"> </STRONG></FONT></P>
+<P align="justify"><BR>
+  The second part of the long form of the adjunct is the single consonant (<IMG src="assets/8-1-2h.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom">) 
+  plus tone shown previously in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table22">Table 22</A>, corresponding 
+  to the personal referent. The third part of the long form of the adjunct is 
+  a syllabic infix (<IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom">) 
+  which shows the case of the personal referent; it is a combination of a vowel 
+  or diphthong followed by the consonant <STRONG>y</STRONG> or <STRONG>w</STRONG>. 
+  The 81 possible values for this <IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  infix are shown in the last column of <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 24</A> above. 
+  The final term of the long form of the adjunct is a single vowel suffix -<IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  which, in conjunction with syllabic stress, indicates the Context of the personal 
+  referenct (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o6">Sec. 
+  3.6</A> on Context). The four values for this -<IMG src="assets/8-1-2m.gif" width="18" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  suffix are shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table23">Table 23</A> above. </P>
+<P align="justify">As for the third type, or conjunct form of the adjunct, the 
+  first three terms of are identical to those of the long-form. The new terms 
+  are <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">, 
+  which is merely a standard suffix used with formatives, as analyzed in <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. 
+  7.7</A>, and a vocalic infix, <IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">, 
+  which indicates the degree of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom">. 
+  The values of <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"></FONT></STRONG> 
+  are shown in Table 26 below. The affix-type <IMG src="assets/8-1-2o.gif" width="17" height="14" align="absbottom"> 
+  of is shown by the adjunct�s stress pattern. Optional terms are <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">, 
+  one of four vocalic suffixes showing the Context of the personal referent, and 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">, 
+  a consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. 
+  6.6</A>. The use of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  is optional if the context of the referent is already known (or can be inferred) 
+  from the utterance. The appearance of the <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom">, 
+  i.e., <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  must appear if <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  is to appear, although <IMG src="assets/8-1-2p.gif" width="23" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  can appear in word-final position without any <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  bias suffix.<BR>
+</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 26: 
+  Values for <IMG src="assets/8-1-2n.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absmiddle"><A name="Table26"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
+<TABLE width="29%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD width="15%">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD width="85%"><TABLE width="82%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+        <TBODY><TR> 
+          <TD width="54%">Degree 1</TD>
+          <TD width="46%"><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 2</TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">u</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 3</TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 4</TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 5 </TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 6 </TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 7</TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 8</TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR> 
+          <TD>Degree 9 </TD>
+          <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+        </TR>
+      </TBODY></TABLE></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">For all three forms of the adjunct, shift from falling to broken 
+  tone, or from high to rising, indicates the <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> 
+  essence of the personal referent. </P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.1 Use of the Short Form</STRONG>. The short form 
+  of a single-referent personal reference adjunct is used when it is clear from 
+  the surrounding context of the utterance which previously identified noun participant 
+  is being referred to, so that it is unnecessary to indicate the Configuration, 
+  Affiliation, Designation, Focus, and Context of the referent. The short form 
+  of the adjunct merely indicates the party itself and its case. </P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.2 Use of the Long Form</STRONG>: The long form 
+  of the adjunct is used when necessary to indicate the context and/or the Configuration, 
+  Affiliation, Designation, and Focus of the referent when the surrounding sentences 
+  do not provide or make clear this information. </P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.3 Use of the Conjunct Form</STRONG>: Form 3 of 
+  the adjunct, the conjunct form, is a single-referent adjunct which combines 
+  with a standard formative affix, allowing an affix category to be applied to 
+  a personal referent, just as an affix category would normally apply to the formative 
+  to which it is affixed. This allows personal referents to be spoken of in contexts 
+  created by affix categories, such as when combining -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="absmiddle">/7</STRONG> 
+  �there (by addressee)� with <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">paw(a)</FONT></STRONG> 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-2-3.gif" width="49" height="18" align="absbottom"> 
+  to give the form <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">pawo<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"></FONT></STRONG> 
+  meaning �you people there.� </P>
+<DIV align="justify"><STRONG>8.1.2.4 Examples of Single-Referent Personal Reference 
+  Adjuncts in Use </STRONG> 
+  <BLOCKQUOTE> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2-4a.gif" width="433" height="682"><BR>
+    <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A> 
+    <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-6-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT> 
+    <BR>
+    <IMG src="assets/8-1-2-4b.gif" width="281" height="296"><BR>
+  </BLOCKQUOTE>
+</DIV>
+<H3 align="justify">8.1.3 Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts <A name="Sec8o1o3"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify">Ithkuil allows a personal reference adjunct to show the personal 
+  reference category and associated case for two separate parties all in one adjunct. 
+  This is called a dual-referent adjunct and serves to combine two unrelated personal 
+  referents into one adjunct, no matter what their associated cases may be. There 
+  is only one form of a dual-referent adjunct, shown in Table 27 below.</P>
+<P align="justify"><BR>
+  <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 27: Morphological Structure 
+  of a Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjunct<A name="Table27" id="Table27"></A></STRONG></FONT> 
+</P>
+<TABLE width="76%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+  <TBODY><TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD width="46%" height="55" valign="top"><STRONG>Form 3:</STRONG> <BR>
+      <IMG src="assets/8-1-3a.gif" width="331" height="19"> </TD>
+    <TD><P>Examples: <STRONG>p�awik</STRONG><BR>
+        <FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>�ksaiw�nz</STRONG><BR>
+        <FONT color="#FFFFFF">Examples: </FONT><STRONG>���yokluss</STRONG></P>
+    </TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD height="369" colspan="2"> 
+      <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="3">
+        <TBODY><TR> 
+          <TD width="12%"><STRONG>Where:</STRONG></TD>
+          <TD width="88%">&nbsp;</TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic prefix 
+            showing Configuration, Affiliation, Designation &amp; Focus of Referent 
+            1 <BR>
+            <FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Table 25</A> 
+            above and <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table28">Table 28</A> below)</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">=</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonant(s) 
+            indicating Referent 1 and Referent 2 [see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table30">Table 
+            30</A>]</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2k.gif" width="26" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">long form of 
+            vocalic infix indicating case of Referent 1 [see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 
+            24</A> above]</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic infix 
+            showing Context &amp; Designation of Referent 2 (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table29">Table 
+            29</A> below)</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal suffix 
+            showing Case and Configuration of Referent 2 (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table31">Table 
+            31</A>; 9 degrees of case suffix correspond to the 9 configurations)</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+              =</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">vocalic suffix 
+            showing Affiliation of Referent 2: -<STRONG>a</STRONG> = CSD, -<STRONG>u</STRONG> 
+            = ASO, -<STRONG>�</STRONG> = VAR, -<STRONG>�</STRONG> 
+            = COA</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD height="42"> 
+            <DIV align="right"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">=</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">consonantal bias 
+            suffix (see Table 20 in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. 
+            6.6</A>)</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD height="42"> <DIV align="right"> <FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tone 
+              </FONT>=</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Combinations 
+            of Ref. 1&amp; 2: <BR>
+            <FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> falling + falling = falling, high 
+            + high = high, falling + high = rising, <BR>
+            <FONT color="#FFFFFF">_____</FONT> high + falling = broken</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+        <TR valign="top"> 
+          <TD> <DIV align="right"> <FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Stress 
+              </FONT>=</DIV></TD>
+          <TD><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">shows Ref. 2 
+            Essence &amp; Focus: penultimate = -RPV/-FC, ultimate = -RPV/+FC, 
+            antepenult = +RPV/-FC, preantepenult = +RPV/+FC</FONT></TD>
+        </TR>
+      </TBODY></TABLE></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  represents the same optional vocalic prefix as used with single-referent adjuncts 
+  (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Section 8.1.2</A>) and is used to give Configuration, 
+  Affiliation, Focus, and Designation information about the first referent, Referent-1; 
+  the values for <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  when Referent-1 is in the NORMAL essence are as shown in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table25">Tables 
+  25(a) and (b)</A>. For dual-referent adjuncts where the essence of Referent-1 
+  is the REPRESENTATIVE, the values for <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  are given in the Tables 28(a) and (b)below.</P>
+<P><BR>
+  <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 28(a) - (b): <IMG src="assets/8-1-2j.gif" width="19" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  Prefixes for Dual-Referent Pers. Ref. Adjuncts<A name="Table28"></A><BR>
+  <FONT color="#FFFFFF">_______________</FONT>( <FONT size="2">Where Essence of 
+  Referent-1 = RPV)</FONT></FONT></STRONG></P>
+<P> <STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">28(a) Designation 
+  of Referent 1 = INFORMAL<BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-3g.gif" width="574" height="202"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
+<P><STRONG><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">28(b) Designation 
+  of Referent 1 = FORMAL<BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-3h.gif" width="573" height="203"> </FONT></STRONG></P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<P><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Table 29: Values for</STRONG></FONT> 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"><A name="Table29"></A></P>
+<TABLE width="50%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+  <TBODY><TR bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> 
+    <TD width="31%"> 
+      <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2">DESIGNATION</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="32%"> 
+      <DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT size="2">CONTEXT</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="37%"> 
+      <DIV align="center"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD rowspan="4"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-FR<BR>
+        INFORMAL</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center">EXS</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center">FNC</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">e</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center">RPS</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">o</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center">AMG</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD rowspan="4"><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+FR<BR>
+        FORMAL</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center">EXS</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center">FNC</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i/u</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center">RPS</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center">AMG</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"> <IMG src="assets/8-1-3d.gif" width="14" height="17" align="absbottom"> 
+  is a vocalic suffix indicating the Context and Designation of Referent-2; its 
+  values are shown in Table 29 immediately above. The composite prefix (labeled 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom">) 
+  is a synthetic consonantal prefix formed from the combination of the Referent-1 
+  prefix and the Referent-2 prefix. For example, the combination of the prefix 
+  <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">s</FONT></STRONG>- with the 
+  prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>f</STRONG></FONT>- 
+  renders the composite prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>sf</STRONG></FONT>-, 
+  while the combination of the prefix <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</FONT></STRONG>- 
+  with the prefix <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>q</STRONG></FONT>- 
+  gives the composite <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>t�</STRONG></FONT>-. 
+  Table 30 below illustrates how the 23 single-consonant prefixes combine with 
+  each other.</P>
+<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 30: Personal Reference 
+  Adjunct Prefixes</FONT></STRONG><A name="Table30"></A><BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-3n.gif" width="771" height="594"></P>
+<P align="justify">Explanation of abbreviations and terms in the above table:</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+  <P align="justify"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>1 
+    </STRONG> = Inclusion of speaker <BR>
+    <STRONG>2</STRONG> = Inclusion of addressee <BR>
+    <STRONG>m</STRONG> = monadic (single party) <BR>
+    <STRONG>u</STRONG> = unbounded (more than one party) <BR>
+    <STRONG>a</STRONG> = animate 3rd party <BR>
+    <STRONG> i</STRONG> = inanimate 3rd party<BR>
+    </FONT><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>E</STRONG> 
+    = universal ('everyone/everything')<BR>
+    <STRONG>M</STRONG> = mixed combination of 3rd parties (including animate+inanimate 
+    or <FONT size="1">MONADIC</FONT>+<FONT size="1">UNBOUNDED</FONT>)<BR>
+    <STRONG>IP</STRONG> = Impersonal ('one')<BR>
+    <STRONG>ID</STRONG> = Indefinite ('anyone/anything')<BR>
+    <STRONG>Obv</STRONG> = Obviative (see Sec. 8.1.1.7 below)<BR>
+    <STRONG>Col</STRONG> = Collective (see Sec. 8.1.1.5 below)<BR>
+    <STRONG>Abt</STRONG> = Abstract (see Sec. 8.1.1.6 below)</FONT></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify">Note that when combining two referent prefixes to form the 
+  composite <IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  prefix the tones associated with each referent must also be combined (remember 
+  it is the distinction between low and high tone that expands the 23 single-consonant 
+  referents into 46). Since all single-referent adjuncts are either of falling 
+  or high tone, their combination proceeds as follows:</P>
+
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">falling</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
+    + falling<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> 
+    falling<BR>
+    high + high <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> high <BR>
+    falling + high <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> rising <BR>
+    high + falling<IMG src="assets/arrow.gif"> broken</FONT></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify">As for the Referent-1 case infix, this is the same vocalic 
+  case-affix (VC1) we saw for single-referent adjuncts in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 
+  8.1.2</A> above (with the vocalic increment ending in -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">y</FONT></STRONG>- 
+  or -<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>w</STRONG></FONT>-). The 
+  forms for these case infixes were given in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 24</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">Deferring for a moment the explanation of the Referent-2 consonantal 
+  case suffix (<IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">), 
+  the last two terms of the dual-referent adjunct are <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  and <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom">. 
+  The former is one of four vocalic affixes representing the affiliation of Referent-2, 
+  while the latter is the consonantal bias affix previously introduced in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Sec. 
+  6.6</A>. The use of <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  is optional if the affiliation of the referent is already known (or can be inferred) 
+  from the context of the utterance. The appearance of the <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  bias suffix is dependent on the appearance of <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom">, 
+  i.e., <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  must appear if <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  is to appear, although <IMG src="assets/8-1-3e.gif" width="16" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  can appear in word-final position without any <IMG src="assets/8-1-2q.gif" width="17" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  bias suffix. </P>
+<P align="justify">The four-way combination of Essence and Focus for Referent-2 
+  is shown by the four available stress patterns: penultimate stress indicates 
+  <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> + <FONT size="2">UNFOCUSED</FONT>, ultimate stress 
+  indicates <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> + <FONT size="2">FOCUSED</FONT>, antepenultimate 
+  indicates <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> + <FONT size="2">UNFOCUSED</FONT>, 
+  and preantepenultimate indicates <FONT size="2">REPRESENTATIVE</FONT> + <FONT size="2">FOCUSED</FONT>. 
+  (See <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o8">Sec. 3.8</A> on 
+  Essence, and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o5">Sec. 3.5</A> 
+  on Focus.)</P>
+<P align="justify">The Referent-2 consonantal case suffix (<IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom">) 
+  is a consonantal suffix associated with each of the 81 noun cases. Note that 
+  each of these case-frame adjunct markers has nine forms (a default form and 
+  eight mutations). These nine variants are used to indicate the configuration 
+  of Referent-2 (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o1">Sec. 
+  3.1</A> on Configuration). The values for are shown in Tables 31 below.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
+  Table 31: <IMG src="assets/8-1-3f.gif" width="21" height="14" align="absbottom"> 
+  Suffixes for Dual-Referent Personal Reference Adjuncts<A name="Table31"></A></FONT></STRONG></P>
+<TABLE width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD valign="top"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3i.gif" width="635" height="700"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD valign="top"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3j.gif" width="635" height="671"></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD valign="top"><IMG src="assets/8-1-3k.gif" width="635" height="599"></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"><BR>
+  <STRONG>8.1.3.1 Special Use of Short Adjunct Form.</STRONG> The short form of 
+  the single-referent adjunct discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A> 
+  above (utilizing the abbreviated <STRONG></STRONG> <IMG src="assets/8-1-2i.gif" width="20" height="16" align="absbottom"> 
+  suffix from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table24">Table 24</A>) can be used with the special dual-referent 
+  <IMG src="assets/8-1-3c.gif" width="28" height="15" align="absbottom"> 
+  composite prefixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Table30">Table 30</A> under the following 
+  circumstance: to show that two different parties are governed by the same case 
+  and participate equally with the verb, equivalent to connecting two pronouns 
+  in English by �and� as in <EM>He and I went to the store</EM> or 
+  <EM>The man looked at them and me</EM>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ksau�</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>xn�</STRONG></FONT>, 
+  <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>hhea<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>. 
+  Note in the last example <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>hhea<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT> 
+  how the combination of a low-toned referent and a high-toned referent combines 
+  to give a rising-toned adjunct.</P>
+<P align="justify"> <STRONG>8.1.3.2 Illustration of a Dual-Referent Adjunct</STRONG>: 
+  Based on the above information, we can now analyze an example dual-referent 
+  adjunct � <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><EM>diaw�sm��</EM></FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">:</P>
+<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD width="8%" height="39"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>( 
+        )-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="7%"> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="85%"><FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT> designation, <FONT size="2">UNIPLEX</FONT> 
+      configuration, <FONT size="2">CONSOLIDATIVE</FONT> affiliation, <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> 
+      essence and negative <FONT size="2">FOCUS</FONT> for Referent No. 1</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-d<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"> 
+        -</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD>combination of Referent No. 1, <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">t</FONT></STRONG>- 
+      <IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2a.gif" width="24" height="21" align="absbottom">, 
+      plus Referent No. 2, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/n-cedilla.gif" width="10" height="14" align="absbottom">�</STRONG></FONT>- 
+      <IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2b.gif" width="46" height="21" align="absbottom"> 
+    </TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-iaw-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> case infix (meaning �along [the 
+      surface of] X�) for Referent No. 1</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-a-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><FONT size="2">INFORMAL</FONT> designation and <FONT size="2">EXISTENTIAL</FONT> 
+      context for Referent No. 2</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-sm-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><FONT size="2">POSSESSIVE</FONT> case and <FONT size="2">MULTIFORM</FONT> 
+      configuration for Referent No. 2</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-�-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><FONT size="2">VARIATIVE</FONT> affiliation for Referent No. 2</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>-�</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><FONT size="2">REACTIVE</FONT> bias</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD><DIV align="right"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">[stress]</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD>ultimate stress indicating <FONT size="2">NORMAL</FONT> essence and positive 
+      <FONT size="2">FOCUS</FONT> for Referent No. 2</TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"> <STRONG>Approximate translation</STRONG>: <EM>over me</EM> 
+  [= along my body] + <EM>what belongs to a rag-tag amalgamation of you</EM> (singular) 
+  <EM>and all those things</EM> + [sense of surprise].</P>
+<P align="justify">While such a word might seem contrived at first, it nevertheless 
+  proves quite functional in a sentence such as the following (which a Star Trek<FONT size="2">�</FONT> 
+  character might say to a Borg after the latter has produced an �assimilated� 
+  spider from its pocket and let it loose during the night):</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2d.gif" width="136" height="25"><BR>
+    <IMG src="assets/8-1-3-2c.gif" width="622" height="69"><BR>
+    <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Intro-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A> 
+    <A href="Sound_Files/Intro-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT> 
+  </P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<P>Other examples of the use of dual-referent personal reference adjuncts are 
+  given below.</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><STRONG><IMG src="assets/8-1-3o.gif" width="605" height="695"><BR>
+    <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-1.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A> 
+    <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-1.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT> 
+    </STRONG></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<H3><BR>
+  8.1.4 Use of the Switch Reference Suffix<A name="Sec8o1o4"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify">In <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o13">Section 
+  7.7.13</A>, the <FONT size="2">SWR</FONT> switch reference suffix was introduced. 
+  This affix works with the <FONT size="2">OBVIATIVE</FONT> personal referent 
+  (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o1o7">Sec. 8.1.1.7</A>) to specifically indicate which 
+  party is being referred to. The following is a review of this affix for all 
+  nine degrees. By use of this affix, reference can be made immediately to any 
+  party relevant to a discourse, even to a third party not previously mentioned.</P>
+<TABLE width="75%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="11%" height="29">-V<FONT size="1">2<FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT></FONT><FONT size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="7%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><STRONG>SWR</STRONG></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="82%">Switch Reference &amp; Obviative Specification </TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">nearest 
+      preceding referent</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd to 
+      nearest preceding referent</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party 
+      not previously mentioned</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring 
+      to sentence focus</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">first referent 
+      mentioned</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">referring 
+      to sentence topic</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3rd party 
+      non-transrelative referent</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2nd order 
+      transrelative referent</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">higher 
+      order transrelative referent</FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P>The following example illustrates the use of the switch reference suffix:</P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/Clown4.GIF" width="93" height="70" border="0" align="top"></A><BR>
+  <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-8-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></P>
+<P>&nbsp; </P>
+<H3 align="justify">8.1.5 Details of Personal Reference Suffixes<A name="Sec8o1o5"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o4">Sec. 7.4</A> described 
+  the existence of a special group of specialized suffixes derived from personal 
+  reference adjunct consonantal infixes. As previously discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o1">Sec. 
+  8.1.1</A>, there are 23 single consonants associated with 46 single-referent 
+  personal reference categories (based on a distinction between low and high tone). 
+  These 23 consonants can be combined with Type 3 vocalic infix patterns (see 
+  <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Sec. 2.7.2</A>) to correspond 
+  to certain Associative and Appositive noun cases. The low versus high tone distinction 
+  for these 23 consonants (from which the 46 categories are derived) is shown 
+  by distinguishing between the V+C standard form of the suffix and its reversed 
+  C+V form (see <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">Sec. 7.5.2</A> on 
+  the �reversed� form of suffixes). Unlike other -V<FONT size="1">3</FONT>C 
+  suffixes, there are no -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C or -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C 
+  counterparts to these suffixes (or rather, the -V<FONT size="1">1</FONT>C or 
+  -V<FONT size="1">2</FONT>C counterparts have completely different meanings and 
+  uses). The use of these suffixes is optional, since they are merely substitutes 
+  for single-referent personal reference adjuncts. The noun cases associated with 
+  the nine suffix degrees are as follows:</P>
+<TABLE width="54%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="21%"><FONT size="2">Degree 1</FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="79%" colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o1">POSSESSIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 2</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o2">PROPRIETIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 3</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o3">GENITIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 4</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o4">ATTRIBUTIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 5</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o5">ORIGINATIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case </TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 6</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o6">PRODUCTIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 7</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o7">INTERPRETATIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 8 </FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o3">INHERENT</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><FONT size="2">Degree 9</FONT></TD>
+    <TD colspan="2"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o4">CONDUCTIVE</A></FONT> 
+      Case</TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P>Examples of Use: </P>
+<P align="left"><FONT color="#FF0000"><IMG src="assets/8-1-5a.gif" width="429" height="132"> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Clown3.GIF" width="86" height="99" border="0" align="top"></A><BR>
+  <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT>Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT> 
+  <BR>
+  </FONT></P>
+<P align="left"><FONT color="#FF0000"><IMG src="assets/8-1-5b.gif" width="476" height="388"></FONT></P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.2 SUBSIDIARY ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o2"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"> Subsidiary adjuncts refer to adjuncts which are essentially 
+  subsets or �pieces� of the conflation adjunct first introduced in 
+  Chapter 5. Conflation adjuncts comprise the morphological categories of Derivation, 
+  Valence, Version, Format, Modality and Level, and are of the form <STRONG>CN 
+  + VV + CK + Vm [+ tone]</STRONG>, exemplified by the word <STRONG>t�uillia� 
+  = t�+ui+ll+ia+�</STRONG>.<BR>
+  However, it is possible to take this same adjunct and present only select portions 
+  of it. We already saw this in Sec. 5.2 when we were introduced to valence adjuncts, 
+  which are essentially composed of the VV + CK �subset� of a conflation 
+  adjunct. Similarly we can have simple modality adjuncts of the form <STRONG>Vm 
+  [+ tone]</STRONG> as in the word <STRONG>ia�</STRONG> which also shows 
+  the category of Level (via the tone indication). A simple format adjunct is 
+  possible by simply using CK by itself as a word, e.g., <STRONG>ll</STRONG>. 
+  To this can be added the <STRONG>Vm [+ tone]</STRONG> increment to provide a 
+  subsidiary adjunct showing Format, Modality and Level, as in <STRONG>llia�</STRONG>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.3 COMBINATION ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o3"></A></P></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">Combination adjuncts refer to adjuncts which start with an 
+  autonomous consonantal form indicating Mood (see <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o5">Sec. 
+  6.5</A>), then add on various morphological categories other than those combinations 
+  seen in conflation, subsidiary, and aspectual adjuncts. The use combination 
+  adjuncts is optional, determined primarily by euphonic (i.e., phonotactical 
+  and phonaesthetic) concerns in order to decrease the number of syllables which 
+  a formative might otherwise have due to multiple affixation and mutation of 
+  its phonemes. The various combination adjunct structures are de-tailed in the 
+  sections below.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  8.3.1 Mood + Aspect Adjuncts</H3>
+<P align="justify">The most basic combination adjunct combines Aspect with Mood. 
+  In this adjunct, Mood is indicated by an initial <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>w</STRONG></FONT>- 
+  or <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>y</STRONG></FONT>- plus 
+  tone (the tone pattern is shown in Table 32 below). This is followed by one 
+  of the 32 aspect suffixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Table19">Table 
+  19 in Sec. 6.4.1</A>. Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wea</FONT></STRONG>�, 
+  <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>ya�</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/tone-broken.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top">. 
+  Note that, in the absence of an aspectual adjunct (which normally shows mood), 
+  this simple element can function by itself as a <STRONG>mood adjunct</STRONG> 
+  by simply using the neutral -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">S</FONT></STRONG> suffix, 
+  e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wa</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <STRONG>ya</STRONG></FONT>�.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><BR>
+  Table 32: Consonant + Tone Values for Mood Adjuncts and Mood+Aspect Adjuncts</STRONG></FONT><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-3-1.gif" width="319" height="212"><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <BR>
+  8.3.2 Phase/Validation + Format + Level + Mood + Bias Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o3o2"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify">This combination adjunct has the form <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="2">j 
+  </FONT>+ w/y + V<FONT size="1">F </FONT>(+C<FONT size="2">b</FONT>) + [tone 
+  &amp; stress]</STRONG></FONT>, where:</P>
+<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD width="6%" height="68"> <DIV align="right"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">V<FONT size="2">j</FONT></FONT></STRONG></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="5%"> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="89%"><DIV align="justify">an initial vowel indicating either one 
+        of the nine phases or one of the nine validations, as shown in Table 33 
+        below; a following -<STRONG>w</STRONG>- infix indicates that <STRONG>V<FONT size="2">j</FONT></STRONG> 
+        shows Phase, while a following -<STRONG>y</STRONG>- infix indicates <STRONG>V<FONT size="1">j</FONT></STRONG> 
+        shows Validation</DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD height="29"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>V<FONT size="1">F</FONT></STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="justify">a vowel form indicating one of eight Formats and 
+        four Levels (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o6">Sec. 5.6</A>), 
+    as shown in Table 34 below</DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD height="31"> <DIV align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>C<FONT size="2">b</FONT></STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="justify">one of the 48 optional Bias affixes from <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6">Table 
+    20 in Sec. 6.6</A></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR valign="top"> 
+    <TD> <DIV align="right">t<FONT size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">one+ 
+        stress</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> <DIV align="center">=</DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="justify">The combination of four tones with ultimate versus 
+        antepenultimate stress signifies one of the eight moods, consistent with 
+        the tone/stress pattern for mood used with aspectual adjuncts, as described 
+        in Section 6.5</DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P> Example: <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>owei�<IMG src="assets/tone-rising.gif" width="10" height="10" align="top"></STRONG></FONT>.</P>
+<P><BR>
+  <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Table 33: V<FONT size="2">j</FONT> 
+  Format + Level Vocalic Infixes for Combination Adjuncts</FONT></STRONG><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/8-3-2.gif" width="560" height="259"></P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<H3>8.3.3 Affix + Format + Mood + Bias Adjuncts</H3>
+<P align="justify">This combination adjunct is structured identically to the immediately 
+  preceding adjunct form except that the adjunct adds a word-initial affix (one 
+  of the consonantal affix forms from <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. 
+  7.7</A>) and <STRONG>V<FONT size="2">j</FONT></STRONG> now indicates one of 
+  the nine affix-degrees associated with this affix. Additionally, the first three 
+  forms of the Format/Focus infix from Table 33 above are now used to indicate 
+  <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o1">affix-type</A> instead of Level. 
+  Examples: <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">psiyoul</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  <STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">juw�mm</FONT></STRONG>. 
+</P><P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.4 AFFIXUAL ADJUNCTS</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec8o4"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">Any single formative affix, or any two such affixes, may be 
+  removed from the formative and positioned as an adjacent adjunct for purposes 
+  of euphony. Additionally, since affix categories represent common concepts generally 
+  applicable to many contexts, an affixual adjunct can also be informally used 
+  as a �short cut� method of conveying a notion, essentially as an 
+  abbreviated one-word sentence somewhat like an interjection or exclamation in 
+  English, thus conveying the concept of the affix category. For example, the 
+  affix -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">/7</STRONG> 
+  connotes disappointing typicality, but as an affixual adjunct, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><IMG src="assets/Jv.gif" width="9" height="20" align="absmiddle">�<FONT color="#FFFFFF" size="1">.</FONT>�a</STRONG></FONT>, 
+  it can be used by itself as an informal expression translatable by the English 
+  phrase <EM>How typical!</EM></P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  8.4.1 Forms for Single- and Dual-Affix Adjuncts </H3>
+<P align="justify">The form of a single-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CV�a</STRONG></FONT>, 
+  where <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</FONT> represents the word-final 
+  �reversed� form of a standard suffix for formatives from <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o7">Sec. 
+  7.7</A> (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o7o2">Secs. 2.7.2</A> 
+  and <A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.htm#Sec7o5o2">7.5.2</A> on the alternate 
+  �reversed� forms of suffixes). So, for example, the suffix -<STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">eu</FONT></STRONG><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�/<IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�</STRONG></FONT>iu 
+  </STRONG></FONT>(i.e., -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">�</FONT></FONT>/4</STRONG>) 
+  becomes the autonomous word <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�iu�a</STRONG></FONT>, 
+  meaning �scattered all around here.�</P>
+<P align="justify">The form for a dual-affix affixual adjunct is <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>CV��VC</STRONG></FONT>, 
+  where the first part, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">CV</FONT>, is 
+  the same reversed form of a standard suffix as for the single-affix adjunct 
+  above. The second part, <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">VC</FONT>, 
+  represents the �normal,� unreversed form of a standard suffix. When 
+  pronouncing such an adjunct, it is important to geminate (i.e., double) the 
+  glottal stop, so as not to confuse the word with a simple formative in Secondary 
+  Mode, Series B vowel mutation (see <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. 
+  2.5</A>). So, combining the two suffixes -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">2</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">v</FONT>/7</STRONG> 
+  and -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kt</FONT>/9</STRONG> 
+  would give the adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">v뒒ukt</FONT></STRONG>, 
+  meaning �probably this one.�</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  8.4.2 Combining Mood with Affixual Adjuncts</H3>
+<P align="justify">Using stress and tone, it becomes possible to combine Mood 
+  with both single- and dual-affix affixual adjuncts (with the exception of the 
+  default FACTUAL mood which is unmarked). Because the standard forms for both 
+  types of affixual adjuncts have at least two syllables, the regular indicators 
+  for Mood used with aspectual adjuncts as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o5">Sec. 
+  6.5</A> (four tones + two stress patterns = 8 moods) can be applied to affixual 
+  adjuncts as well.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.5 ALTERNATE INDICATORS FOR VOCALIC MUTATION<A name="Sec8o5"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">In looking at the tables in <A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.htm#Sec2o5">Sec. 
+  2.5</A>, one can see that several vocalic mutational series cause an additional 
+  syllable to be added to a formative (e.g., <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">kad</FONT></STRONG> 
+  <IMG src="assets/arrow.gif" width="17" height="9"> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ka�wed</STRONG></FONT>). 
+  For phonaesthetic purposes (see <A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.htm#Sec1o4o5">Sec. 
+  1.4.5</A>), it may become desirable to eliminate this extra syllable in the 
+  formative by indicating the vocalic mutation series elsewhere. Ithkuil allows 
+  this to be done by using word-initial vocalic prefixes to certain adjuncts as 
+  an alternate way of indicating the vocalic mutation series of an adjacent formative. 
+  As a result, the formative itself displays the default Series A form. The two 
+  types of adjuncts which can take such prefixes are affixual adjuncts (both single- 
+  and dual-affix types) and conflation adjuncts. The specific prefixes used with 
+  the adjunct are shown in Table 34 below. </P>
+<P><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>
+  Table 34: Alternate Vocalic Mutation Prefixes For Affixual Adjuncts</FONT></STRONG></P>
+<TABLE width="65%" border="1" cellpadding="3">
+  <TBODY><TR bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> 
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series A</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series B</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series C</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series D</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series E</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series F</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series G</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series H</FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD> 
+      <DIV align="center"><FONT size="2">Series J</FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR> 
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>i-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>e-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>u-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>o-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD><DIV align="center"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�-</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"><FONT size="2"> </FONT> To illustrate this process for the 
+  two example adjuncts <IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�iu�a 
+  </STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG> <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">v뒒ukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>, 
+  adding Series B and Series G mutation respectively results in the forms <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>a</STRONG></FONT><IMG src="assets/Cv.gif" width="9" height="15" align="baseline"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>�iu�a 
+  </STRONG></FONT>and<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
+  �v뒒ukt</FONT></STRONG></FONT>. Illustrating the process 
+  for conflation adjuncts, the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p�uim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">�</STRONG></FONT> 
+  plus Series C mutation becomes <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">i</FONT></STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>p�uim<IMG src="assets/m-acute.gif" width="12" height="17" align="absmiddle">�</STRONG></FONT>.</P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>8.6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON BIAS<A name="Sec8o6"></A> 
+        </STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Section 
+  6.6.1</A> describes the standard ways in which Bias is shown on aspectual adjuncts 
+  and on formatives. In <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1o2">Sec. 8.1.2</A>, we saw how the conjunct 
+  form of a single-referent personal reference adjunct can take an optional affix, 
+  <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">C<FONT size="2">b</FONT></FONT></STRONG>, 
+  to indicate Bias. And in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o3o2">Sec. 8.3.2</A>, we saw how a Bias 
+  suffix can be added to a Mood-based combination adjunct. In the absence of these 
+  possibilities, the following sections offer additional ways to display Bias.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  8.6.1 Adding Bias to Valence, Conflation or Subsidiary Adjuncts</H3>
+<P align="justify">Both valence and conflation adjuncts (see <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2">Secs. 
+  5.2</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o4">5.4</A>), as well 
+  as their subsidiary adjuncts (see <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o2">Sec. 8.2</A>) can take a 
+  word-final Bias suffix if needed, as long as there is a vocalic Modality suffix 
+  present as part of the adjunct. The Bias suffix is the same consonantal form 
+  shown in Table 20 of <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec. 
+  6.6.1</A>. As an example, adding the <FONT size="2">SUGGESTIVE</FONT> bias suffix 
+  -<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ps</STRONG></FONT> to the 
+  valence adjunct <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oi<IMG src="assets/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">iu</FONT></STRONG> 
+  gives the resulting forms <STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">oi<IMG src="assets/nn-acute.gif" width="15" height="14" align="absmiddle">iups</FONT></STRONG>.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  8.6.2 Informal Bias Adjuncts<A name="Sec8o6o2"></A></H3>
+<P align="justify">Just as affixual adjuncts can stand on their own as informal 
+  expressions, so can the consonantal Bias affixes (shown Table 20 of <A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.htm#Sec6o6o1">Sec. 
+  6.6.1</A>) be used autonomously to informally convey one�s attitude toward 
+  a situation. For example, if one wishes to convey a sense of awe, one could 
+  state the Ithkuil equivalent to the sentence, <EM>I feel a sense of awe!</EM> 
+  or one can simply hiss out a long <STRONG>s</STRONG>-sound, �<FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ss</STRONG></FONT>,� 
+  which is the intensive form of the affix for the <FONT size="2">STUPEFACTIVE</FONT> 
+  bias category, whose translation can be approximated by the English expressions 
+  �Well, I�ll be!� or �Who would�ve thought?!�</P>
+<P align="justify">Other examples would be the expression <IMG src="assets/r-cedilla geminate.gif" width="16" height="12" align="absbottom"> 
+  to signify fulfillment and contentment, the equivalent to a long sigh of satisfaction 
+  �ahhh� in English; or the expression <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>k��</STRONG></FONT> 
+  to convey contempt and disgust, similar to English �Poppycock!� 
+  or �What bullshit!�</P>
+<P align="justify">It is even possible to combine two biases into a single bias 
+  adjunct, using the form <STRONG>C+�+C</STRONG>, where each <STRONG>C</STRONG> 
+  represents a single consonantal bias affix. For example, combining the intensive 
+  forms of the <FONT size="2">REVELATIVE</FONT> and the <FONT size="2">ASSURATIVE</FONT> 
+  biases gives the adjunct <FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>ll�nn</STRONG></FONT>, 
+  translatable as �Aha! I told you so!�</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<P align="right"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">Proceed 
+to Chapter 9: Syntax &gt;&gt;</A></STRONG></FONT></P>
+<P align="right"><BR>
+</P>
+<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a 
+      Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9 
+      Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b 
+      Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10 
+      Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1 
+      Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6 
+      More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11 
+      The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2 
+      Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a 
+      Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12 
+      The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3 
+      Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b 
+      Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The 
+      Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.html">4 
+      Case Morphology </A></FONT>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8 
+      Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P><FONT size="-1">�2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion 
+  of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author 
+  and this website. </FONT></P>
+
+
+</BODY></HTML>
+\ No newline at end of file
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