new mirror data thanks to kiepier

author: uakci <uakci@uakci.eu> 2020-12-18 20:53:54 +0100
committer: uakci <uakci@uakci.eu> 2020-12-18 20:53:54 +0100
commit: 7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004 (patch)
tree: f4d3ea29436ac9a7d19306b21077182737413598 /2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html
parent: 2004-en, 2004-ru, 2011-en (diff)
download: mirror-old-7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004.tar.gz
mirror-old-7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004.zip
1 files changed, 2517 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..686f61e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2517 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<!-- saved from url=(0039)ithkuil-ch4-case.htm -->
+<HTML><HEAD><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<TITLE>A Philosophical Grammar of Ithkuil, a Constructed Language - Chapter 4: Case Morphology</TITLE>
+<META name="resource-type" content="document">
+<META name="description" content="A constructed philosophical language design showing NOT how artificial languages do function, but rather how they COULD function.">
+<META name="keywords" content="constructed language, conlang, philosophical language, hypothetical language, fictional language, artificial language, constructed languages, conlangs, philosophical languages, hypothetical languages, fictional languages, artificial languages">
+<META name="distribution" content="global">
+
+<SCRIPT language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript">
+<!--
+//--> onLoad="javascript:changenav4();"
+</SCRIPT>
+</HEAD><BODY>
+<DIV align="center"><FONT color="#999999" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Ithkuil: 
+  A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language</STRONG></FONT><BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/Title-Script5.gif"><BR>
+  <BR>
+</DIV>
+<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a 
+      Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9 
+      Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b 
+      Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10 
+      Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1 
+      Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6 
+      More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11 
+      The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2 
+      Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a 
+      Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12 
+      The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3 
+      Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b 
+      Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The 
+      Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html">4 
+      Case Morphology </A></FONT>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8 
+      Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<H2 align="center">&nbsp;</H2>
+<H2 align="center">Chapter 4: Case Morphology</H2>
+<DIV align="center">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
+    <TBODY><TR valign="top"> 
+      <TD width="252"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1">4.1 Semantic Role Vs. Positional 
+        Slot </A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="172"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o6">4.6 The Adverbial Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+    <TR valign="top"> 
+      <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o2">4.2 Morpho-Phonological Markers for 
+        Case </A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="172"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o7">4.7 The Sub-Relative Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+    <TR valign="top"> 
+      <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o3">4.3 The Transrelative Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="172"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o8">4.8 The Spatial Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+    <TR valign="top"> 
+      <TD><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4">4.4 The Associative Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="172"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o9">4.9 The Temporal Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+    <TR valign="top"> 
+      <TD height="21"><FONT size="2"><A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5">4.5 The Appositive Cases</A></FONT></TD>
+      <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">In this chapter, we analyze one additional morphological category: 
+  Case. Like the eight categories analyzed in the previous chapter, and unlike 
+  other languages, the category of Case applies to all formatives in Ithkuil, 
+  i.e., to both nouns and verbs alike. However, the syntactical context in which 
+  Case operates is sufficiently dissimilar for nouns and verbs to warrant separate 
+  analysis. In this chapter, we will analyze the case morphology of nouns alone. 
+  The use of Case with verbs will be analyzed in <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Section 
+  5.7</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">Anyone who has studied German, Latin, Russian, Classical Greek 
+  or Sanskrit, is familiar with the concept of Case. Case generally refers to 
+  a morphological scheme in which a noun, whether via internal mutation of its 
+  phonemes or via affixes, shows what grammatical �role� it plays 
+  in the phrase or sentence in which it appears. For example, in the English sentence 
+  <EM>It was me she saw</EM>, the use of the word �she� as opposed 
+  to �her� and the use of �me� as opposed to �I� 
+  distinguishes the subject of the sentence (the person seeing) from the object 
+  of the verb (the one being seen). Similarly, in the German sentence <EM>Der 
+  Bruder des Knaben sah den Mann</EM> (= �The boy�s brother saw the 
+  man�), the words �der�, �des� and �den� 
+  distinguish the subject of the sentence �brother� (nominative case) 
+  from the possessor �boy� (genitive case) from the object �man� 
+  (accusative case).</P>
+<P align="justify">The concept of �case� can extend far beyond the 
+  notions of subject, object and possessor. Depending on the particular language, 
+  there may be noun cases which specify the location or position of a noun, whether 
+  a noun accompanies another or derives from another or is the recipient of another. 
+  In general, noun cases in those languages which rely upon them often substitute 
+  for what in English is accomplished using prepositions or prepositional phrases. 
+  The process of adding affixes or changing the phonetic structure of a word in 
+  order to show a noun in a particular case is known as declining a noun, and 
+  the various permutations of a noun into its cases are known as its declensions. 
+</P>
+<P align="justify">There are 81 cases in Ithkuil, falling into seven categories: 
+  Transrelative, Associative, Appositive, Adverbial, Subrelative, Spatial, and 
+  Temporal. Case operates differently in Ithkuil than in most human languages, 
+  being based in lexico-semantics as opposed to morpho-syntax. This is explained 
+  below in Section 4.1.</P>
+<P align="justify">Note that in regard to gender categories from other languages, 
+  Ithkuil has no distinctions of gender (e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, etc.), 
+  although word-roots do fall into one of 17 morpho-semantic classes (see <A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o2">Sec. 
+  10.2</A>). However, there is no �agreement� or morpho-phonological 
+  concord of any kind between a noun and other words or morphological elements 
+  in a sentence, i.e., there is none of the required matching of masculine or 
+  feminine or singular/plural agreement between nouns, articles, and adjectives 
+  as seen in most Western languages.</P>
+<P align="justify">
+</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <P><A name="Sec4o1"></A><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.1 
+          SEMANTIC ROLE VERSUS POSITIONAL SLOT</STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">In most languages, case operates at the surface structure level 
+  of language to signify arbitrary grammatical relations such as subject, direct 
+  object, indirect object. The deeper level of �semantic role� is 
+  ignored in terms of morphological designations. The notion of semantic role 
+  can be illustrated by the following set of sentences:</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+  <P align="justify">(1a) <EM>John opened the door with the key.</EM><BR>
+    (1b) <EM>The key opened the door.</EM><BR>
+    (1c) <EM>The wind opened the door.</EM><BR>
+    (1d) <EM>The door opened.</EM></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify">In each of these sentences case is assigned based on �slot�, 
+  i.e., the position of the nouns relative to the verb, irrespective of their 
+  semantic roles. Thus the �subjects� of the sentences are, respectively, 
+  <EM>John</EM>, <EM>the key</EM>, <EM>the wind</EM>, and <EM>the door</EM>. Yet 
+  it can be seen that, semantically speaking, these four sentences are interrelated 
+  in a causal way. Specifically, Sentence (1b) results directly from sentence 
+  (1a), and sentence (1d) results directly from either (1b) or (1c). We see that 
+  the case of the noun �key� in sentence (1a) is prepositional, while 
+  in sentence (1b) it is the subject. Yet, the key plays the same semantic role 
+  in both sentences: the physical instrument by which the act of opening is accomplished. 
+  As for the noun �door,� it is marked as a direct object in the first 
+  three sentences and as a subject in the fourth, even though its semantic role 
+  in all four sentences never changes, i.e., it is the noun which undergoes a 
+  change in its state as a result of the act of opening. The noun �John� 
+  in sentence (1a) is marked as a subject, the same case as �key� 
+  in (1b), the �wind� in (1c) and the �door� in (1d), 
+  yet the semantic role of �John� is entirely different than the role 
+  of �key� in (1b) and different again from �door� in 
+  (1c), i.e., John is acting as the conscious, deliberate initiator of the act 
+  of opening. Finally, the noun �wind� in (1c), while marked as a 
+  subject, operates in yet another semantic role distinct from the subjects of 
+  the other sentences, i.e., an inanimate, blind force of nature which, while 
+  being the underlying cause of the act of opening, can make no conscious or willed 
+  choice to initiate such action.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  <A name="Sec4o1o1"></A>4.1.1 Case as Indicator of Semantic Role</H3>
+<P align="justify">The case structures of Western languages mark positional slot 
+  (i.e., grammatical relations) only, and have no overt way to indicate semantic 
+  role, thus providing no way of showing the intuitive causal relationship between 
+  sets of sentences like those above. In Ithkuil, however, the case of a noun 
+  is based on its underlying semantic role, not its syntactic position in the 
+  sentence relative to the verb. These semantic roles reflect a more fundamental 
+  or primary level of language irrespective of the surface case marking of nouns 
+  in other languages. Thus Ithkuil noun declension more accurately reflects the 
+  underlying semantic function of nouns in sentences. Consequently, the Western 
+  grammatical notions of �subject� and �object� have little 
+  meaning or applicability in Ithkuil grammar.</P>
+<P align="justify">The following semantic roles are marked by noun cases in Ithkuil. 
+  They correspond roughly to the �subjects� and �objects� 
+  of Western languages:</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>AGENT</STRONG>: The animate, (and usually conscious 
+  and deliberate) initiator of an act which results in another noun undergoing 
+  a consequent change in state or behavior, e.g., �John� in Sentence 
+  (1a) above.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>FORCE</STRONG>: An inanimate, unwilled cause of an 
+  act such as a force of nature like �wind� in Sentence (1c) above.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>INSTRUMENT</STRONG>: The noun which functions as the 
+  physical means or tool by which an act is initiated or performed, e.g., �key� 
+  in Sentences (1a) and (1b) above.</P>
+<P align="justify"><STRONG>PATIENT</STRONG>: The noun which undergoes a change 
+  in state or behavior as a result of an act initiated or caused by itself or 
+  by another noun, e.g., �door� in all four sentences above.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  <A name="Sec4o1o2"></A> 4.1.2 Additional Semantic Roles</H3>
+<P align="justify">Additional semantic roles corresponding to subjects and objects 
+  in Western languages exist in Ithkuil as overt noun cases. These include the 
+  roles of ENABLER, EXPERIENCER, STIMULUS, RECIPIENT, and CONTENT, and are explained 
+  below using the following set of sentences as illustrations.</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+  <P align="justify">(2a) <EM>Mary hits the children.</EM><BR>
+    (2b) <EM>Mary entertains the children.</EM><BR>
+    (2c) <EM>Mary sees the children.</EM><BR>
+    (2d) <EM>Mary tells the children a story.</EM><BR>
+    (2e) <EM>Mary wants children.</EM></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify">Examining these five sentences, we notice that the noun Mary 
+  is in the subject slot in all of them and the children is the direct object 
+  (except in the fourth sentence), even though the semantic roles of both nouns 
+  are entirely different in each of these five sentences. Beginning with Sentence 
+  (2a) we see that Mary is an AGENT which tangibly causes injury or pain to the 
+  children who obviously function in the role of PATIENT. Thus (2a) is identical 
+  to sentence (1a) in terms of the roles portrayed by the subject and direct object. 
+</P>
+<P align="justify">In Sentence (2b)<EM> </EM>however, <EM>Mary entertains the 
+  children</EM>, there is a subtle distinction. At first we might consider Mary 
+  an agent who initiates a change in the children (i.e., the fact that they become 
+  entertained). But, in fact, the act of entertainment is not one whose result 
+  (enjoyment by the audience) can be guaranteed by the party doing the entertaining. 
+  In fact, the result of the act of entertainment is not Mary�s to determine, 
+  but rather the children�s, based on whether they �feel� a 
+  sense of enjoyment at experiencing Mary�s act. And so, Mary is more like 
+  a patient here, not an agent, as she is undergoing a change in her state or 
+  behavior (she is performing an attempt to entertain) which she herself has chosen 
+  to initiate and undergo, yet the act has the potential to cause a resulting 
+  change in the children, the success of this motivation to be determined by the 
+  children, however, not Mary. Such a semantic role as Mary here is termed an 
+  ENABLER. And how do the children make the decision as to whether they are entertained 
+  or not (i.e., what is their semantic role?). Can the children deliberately or 
+  consciously choose to feel a sense of enjoyment, or are they not themselves 
+  unwilling �patients� to their own emotional reactions? In case grammar, 
+  a party such as the children who undergo an unwilled experience are termed EXPERIENCERS. 
+  Besides emotional reactions, such unwilled experiences include autonomic sensory 
+  perceptions (e.g., parties that see or hear because their eyes were open and 
+  pointed in a particular direction or who were within earshot of a sound), and 
+  autonomic bodily reactions or responses as well as proprioceptive sensations 
+  (e.g., coughing, sneezing, perspiring, feeling hot or cold, feeling pain, etc.).</P>
+<P align="justify">This notion of EXPERIENCER is likewise illustrated by Sentence 
+  (2c) <EM>Mary sees the children</EM>, in which the verb �see� denotes 
+  an automatic sensory experience, not a deliberately initiated action. In other 
+  words, it is the nature of the sense of sight to function automatically whenever 
+  a person is conscious and his/her eyes are open. The verb �see� 
+  does not necessarily imply a conscious or deliberately willed action of �seeing� 
+  (as would be implied by the verb �to look [at]�). Therefore, the 
+  �action� is automatic and uninitiated; it is, in fact, not an action 
+  at all, but rather an experiential state which the person doing the seeing undergoes. 
+  In other words, the person seeing is actually a kind of �patient,� 
+  as it is he/she who undergoes the experience of (and physical or emotional reaction 
+  to) the particular sight. Such undergoers of sensory verbs and other unwilled 
+  states (e.g., emotional states or reactions, autonomic bodily reactions such 
+  as sneezing, physical states of sensation such as being hot or cold, etc.) are 
+  categorized in the role of EXPERIENCERS. And what of the children�s role 
+  in sentence (2c)? Unlike the first three sentences, the children do not undergo 
+  any action. Certainly the process of �being seen� by Mary does not 
+  in itself cause a physical change or reaction of any kind in the entity being 
+  seen. Nor can the children be analyzed as �initiating� the act of 
+  sight, as they may be completely unaware that Mary is seeing them. As a result, 
+  the children�s semantic role is merely that of STIMULUS, a neutral, unwitting 
+  originating reason for the experiential state being undergone by the other noun 
+  participant.</P>
+<P align="justify">In Sentence (2d) <EM>Mary tells the children a story</EM>, 
+  Mary is a patient who initiates the action which she herself undergoes, the 
+  telling of a story. The children do not undergo an unwilled emotional, sensory, 
+  or bodily reaction here, but rather are the passive and more or less willing 
+  RECIPIENT of information, the role of an �indirect object� in Western 
+  languages. The story, on the other hand, is merely a non-participatory abstract 
+  referent, whose role is termed CONTENT.</P>
+<P align="justify">The role of CONTENT also applies to the children in Sentence 
+  (2e) <EM>Mary wants children</EM>, where they function as the �object� 
+  of Mary�s desire. Since no tangible action is occurring, nor are the children 
+  undergoing any result of change of state, nor need they be even aware of Mary�s 
+  desire, they are, like the story in sentence (2d), merely non-participatory 
+  referents. As for Mary�s role in (2e), the emotional state of desire, 
+  being unwilled, self-activating, and subjectively internal, creates a situation 
+  similar to an automatic sensory perception or autonomic body response; thus, 
+  Mary�s role is again that of EXPERIENCER.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.2 MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL 
+          MARKERS FOR CASE<A name="Sec4o2"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">Case is shown in many different ways in Ithkuil depending on 
+  whether the case is being shown in conjunction with a formative or a personal 
+  reference adjunct (explained in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Sec. 
+  8.1</A>). For nouns, case is shown via a combination of vocalic mutation of 
+  the stem-vowel and mutation of the second consonantal radical, C<FONT size="1">2</FONT>. 
+  The permutations of the nine series of vocalic mutation, along with the nine 
+  grades of C<FONT size="2">2</FONT> consonantal mutation, combine to correspond 
+  to the 81 cases. The particular mutational patterns are given in the sections 
+  below as each case is described. Case markers for personal reference adjuncts 
+  will be shown later in <A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.htm#Sec8o1">Section 
+  8.1</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">We are now in a position to examine the different noun cases 
+  in detail. We will start with the group of cases which correspond to �subjects� 
+  and �objects� in Western languages.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="97%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3 THE TRANSRELATIVE CASES<A name="Sec4o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The Transrelative cases refer to eleven cases used to identify 
+  nouns functioning as participants to a verb, what in Western grammatical terms 
+  would be referred to as �subjects� and �objects� and 
+  most likely marked as either nominative, accusative, or dative. It is these 
+  cases which more or less correspond to the semantic roles identified in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1">Sec. 
+  4.1</A> above. The eleven transrelative cases are the <FONT size="2">OBLIQUE, 
+  ABSOLUTIVE, DATIVE, ERGATIVE, EFFECTUATIVE, INDUCIVE, AFFECTIVE, INSTRUMENTAL, 
+  ACTIVATIVE, DERIVATIVE, </FONT>and<FONT size="2"> SITUATIVE</FONT>. Following 
+  are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples 
+  of these cases in use are provided in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o3o12">Section 4.3.12</A>.<BR>
+</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>OBL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Oblique Case<A name="Sec4o3o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">OBLIQUE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. As described above in Section 4.1.2, the <FONT size="2">OBLIQUE</FONT> 
+  identifies the semantic role of CONTENT, whether it is something given to a 
+  RECIPIENT, or the non-causal abstract content of an experiential state, e.g., 
+  a memory recalled, something desired, something feared. It would thus be used 
+  in translating sentences such as <EM>Sam gave me <STRONG>a book</STRONG>, The 
+  child likes <STRONG>cereal</STRONG></EM>. It is also the case associated with 
+  existential identification, what in English would be the subject of the verb 
+  �to be� when referring to the intrinsic identity or static description 
+  of a noun as in the English sentences <EM><STRONG>That boy</STRONG> is blind</EM> 
+  or <EM><STRONG>The house</STRONG> was built of wood</EM>. The <FONT size="2">OBLIQUE</FONT>, 
+  being the semantically most neutral case, is also the citation form of a noun 
+  (i.e., the form in which the noun would be listed in a dictionary). </P>
+<P align="justify"></P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="52%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ABS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Absolutive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. As described in Section 4.1.1 above, the <FONT size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</FONT> 
+  identifies the semantic role of PATIENT of an agential action, where the agent-initiator 
+  is a different party than the patient who undergoes the resulting action. Note 
+  that in sentences with patient subjects, the agent or instrument of agency need 
+  not be overtly expressed. Examples of English sentences translatable using the 
+  <FONT size="2">ABSOLUTIVE</FONT> would be <EM>The boy hit <STRONG>the girl</STRONG>, 
+  She forced <STRONG>him</STRONG> to do it, <STRONG>The bird</STRONG> fell from 
+  the sky, <STRONG>The prisoner</STRONG> died during the gun battle</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>DAT</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Dative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">DATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series C 
+  vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">DATIVE</FONT> has two functions in Ithkuil. 
+  Similarly to Western languages, it marks indirect objects of verbs of giving 
+  and telling, i.e., the semantic role of RECIPIENT of a noun transferred via 
+  an act of giving, donation, lending, or other transference of possession, or 
+  the hearer to who something is said, told, recounted, etc, as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o2">Section 
+  4.1.2</A> above. Secondly, like some Western languages (e.g., Russian), Ithkuil 
+  uses a dative construction in lieu of any verb �to have� in reference 
+  to possession or attribution. It would therefore be used in translating sentences 
+  such as <EM>We're giving <STRONG>you</STRONG> a present, Jason lent a dollar 
+  <STRONG>to his sister</STRONG>, Please grant <STRONG>me</STRONG> a wish, <STRONG>The 
+  student</STRONG> has three books, <STRONG>Those mountains</STRONG> have a mysterious 
+  quality</EM>. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ERG</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Ergative Case<A name="Sec4o3o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> identifies the semantic 
+  role of AGENT, i.e., a noun which initiates a tangible action undergone by another 
+  party (the PATIENT), as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o1">Section 4.1.1</A>. 
+  Note that sentences involving an <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> agent need not 
+  overtly express the patient noun. Examples of English sentences translatable 
+  using the <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> would be <EM><STRONG>The bo</STRONG>y 
+  hit the girl, <STRONG>She</STRONG> forced him to do it, <STRONG>That murderer</STRONG> 
+  kills for fun</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>EFF</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Effectuative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</FONT> identifies the noun 
+  acting in the semantic role of ENABLER, as described in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o2">Section 
+  4.1.2</A> above. This is the noun which initiates a causal chain of events, 
+  ultimately resulting in a final event. An example would be pulling out the plug 
+  of a filled bathtub thereby causing it to empty. This case should therefore 
+  be carefully distinguished from the <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> case. Ergatively 
+  marked nouns imply that the action undergone by the patient is the same action 
+  directly initiated by the agent, whereas <FONT size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</FONT> 
+  nouns imply a chain or series of cause-and-effect actions. For example, in the 
+  Ithkuil translation of the sentence <EM>The clown emptied the blood from the 
+  tub</EM>, the clown could be marked either as an AGENT by means of the <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> 
+  case, or as an ENABLER using the <FONT size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</FONT> case. The 
+  former would mean the clown poured out the blood himself, while the latter would 
+  mean he let it drain (i.e., by pulling the plug). Such case distinctions eliminate 
+  the need for Ithkuil to have separate verbs for �to drain,� �to 
+  pour� or �to empty.� The Ithkuil verb used in translating 
+  the sentence would simply mean �to remove.�</P>
+<P align="justify">Note that the EFFECTUATIVE case is commonly used with the affix 
+  -<STRONG>V<FONT size="1">1</FONT><FONT color="#FFFFFF" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">.</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">k<IMG src="assets/s-cedilla.gif" width="8" height="14" align="absbottom"></FONT></STRONG> 
+  to show the degree or nature of the enabling cause. With this affix, sentences 
+  can be produced which specify whether the enablement is via giving of consent 
+  or permission, by persuasion, by subtle indirect influence, by removal of a 
+  hindrance, or even by inaction. This affix is explored fully in <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o12">Sec. 
+  7.7.12</A>. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>IND</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Inducive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">INDUCIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">INDUCIVE</FONT> identifies a noun which 
+  undergoes a self-initiated action, i.e., the noun is a PATIENT of an agential 
+  action in which the AGENT and the PATIENT are the same. Note that this does 
+  not necessarily imply reflexive action (i.e., doing something to oneself). It 
+  would be used in sentences such as <EM><STRONG>The boy</STRONG> jumped, <STRONG>He</STRONG> 
+  sang, <STRONG>The dog</STRONG> barked all night, </EM>or<EM> <STRONG>She</STRONG> 
+  danced to the music</EM>, in which the party initiating and performing the action 
+  are one and the same. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>AFF</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Affective Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">AFFECTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">AFFECTIVE</FONT> denotes a noun whose 
+  semantic role is that of EXPERIENCER, as described previously in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o2">Section 
+  4.1.2</A>, the noun which undergoes a non-causal, non-initiated (and unwilled) 
+  experiential state, whether internally autonomic in nature or as the result 
+  of an external stimulus. Examples of such states would be automatic sensory 
+  experience; autonomic bodily reactions such as yawning, sneezing, coughing, 
+  blinking, itching, feeling sleepy, pain, feeling ill, feeling cold or warm; 
+  automatic reactions to external stimuli such as shock, flinching, ducking, raising 
+  one�s arms to avoid sudden danger; as well as any unwilled emotional state 
+  such as love, hate, fear, anger, surprise, joy, wistfulness, shyness, regret, 
+  anxiety, etc. </P>
+<P align="justify">Example sentences requiring the use of the <FONT size="2">AFFECTIVE</FONT> 
+  case would be <EM><STRONG>The baby</STRONG> is coughing, The lightning startled 
+  <STRONG>her</STRONG>, <STRONG>Mortimer</STRONG> loves his vittles, <STRONG>Uncle 
+  Davey</STRONG> slept till noon, My back itches <STRONG>me</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">Note that if the experiential state is willfully brought about 
+  by the noun undergoing it, the <FONT size="2">INDUCIVE</FONT> case would be 
+  used, since the noun is deliberately initiating an action in order to induce 
+  the experiential state. For example, compare the sentence <EM><STRONG>The children 
+  </STRONG>smiled with glee</EM> (marked using the <FONT size="2">AFFECTIVE</FONT>) 
+  with <EM><STRONG>The children</STRONG> smiled on cue</EM> (marked using the 
+  <FONT size="2">INDUCIVE</FONT>).</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.8</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>INS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Instrumental Case<A name="Sec4o3o8"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify"> The <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. As described previously in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o1">Section 4.1.1</A>, 
+  the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> denotes a noun which functions as the 
+  INSTRUMENT or means utilized by an AGENT in accomplishing an action or bringing 
+  about a state. It is usually translated by English �with.� Examples 
+  of usage would be <EM>She killed him <STRONG>with a knife</STRONG>, The man 
+  tripped over <STRONG>my foot</STRONG>, <STRONG>The password</STRONG> got him 
+  inside</EM>. The <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> is also used to mark translations 
+  of an inanimate �subject� noun when its logical function is as the 
+  instrument of an unstated agent, e.g., compare <EM>I pressed the button <STRONG>with 
+  my finger</STRONG></EM> with <EM><STRONG>My finger</STRONG> pressed the button</EM>, 
+  both of which would be identical in Ithkuil except for the latter sentence�s 
+  missing agent, <EM>I</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">Note that the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> does not translate 
+  �with� in its meaning of �along with� or �accompanied 
+  by� (see the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> case below in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o6o9">Sec. 
+  4.6.9</A>) as in <EM>She arrived with her father</EM>. Nor is it used to show 
+  the resources or materials consumed in performing an act. For example, in the 
+  sentence <EM>He cooks with tomatoes</EM> (see the <FONT size="2">COMPOSITIVE</FONT> 
+  case in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o8">Sec. 4.5.8</A>), it is not the tomatoes that cook 
+  the food, therefore the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> would not be used, 
+  whereas in <EM>He fueled the fire with wood</EM> it is the wood that fuels the 
+  fire, thus requiring the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> case.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.9</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ACT</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Activative Case<A name="Sec4o3o9"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ACTIVATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 1 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ACTIVATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun engaged 
+  in or subject to a mental or metaphysical state which, as a concurrent result, 
+  creates a hypothetical, �unrealized� situation which can potentially 
+  be made real by further action. Such unrealized situations can be illustrated 
+  by the sentence <EM>Frank must go to Chicago</EM>, in which no actual travel 
+  to Chicago has occurred and, in fact, may not occur. Similarly, in the sentence 
+  <EM>Mother needs to rest</EM>, no resting has yet occurred and may not. In both 
+  sentences, the event which would �fulfill� the state described remains 
+  an unrealized hypothetical, at least from the perspective of the speaker. Similar 
+  hypothetical events or states are found in the sentences <EM>The students want 
+  you to sing, Everyone expected you to laugh, or Joe will demand that I stay</EM>. 
+  Note that many of these constructions in English involve the use of �modal� 
+  verbs such as <EM>want, need, can, must</EM>, etc. </P>
+<P align="justify">Notice that the subject of these English sentences (<EM>Frank, 
+  Mother, the students, everyone, Joe</EM>) are functioning neither as AGENTS 
+  nor PATIENTS, since the modal verbs of which they are the subject do not identify 
+  as-yet actualized events, only states of unrealized potential. These subjects 
+  are essentially EXPERIENCERS undergoing a mental or metaphysical state of wanting, 
+  needing, obligation, expectation, hoping, wishing, being able to, etc. However, 
+  such experiencers must be differentiated from would-be experiencers �within� 
+  the hypothetical situation. For example, in the sentence <EM>Sam wants Shirley 
+  to love him</EM>, it could become ambiguous if Sam and Shirley are both marked 
+  as EXPERIENCERS using the <FONT size="2">AFFECTIVE</FONT> case. Consequently, 
+  Ithkuil uses the <FONT size="2">ACTIVATIVE</FONT> case to mark the subject whose 
+  mental or metaphysical state creates a concurrent hypothetical, as-yet unrealized 
+  situation. All of the subjects in the example sentences from the previous paragraph 
+  (i.e., F<EM>rank, Mother, the students, everyone, Joe</EM>) would be so marked. 
+  In <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o5">Sec. 5.5</A> we will see how the 
+  <FONT size="2">ACTIVATIVE</FONT> is used in conjunction with a morphological 
+  category for verbs termed Modality to create such hypothetical states and situations.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.10</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>DER</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Derivative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> serves two functions 
+  in Ithkuil. Firstly, it identifies an inanimate FORCE of nature (as described 
+  in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o1o1">Sec. 4.1.1</A>) or abstract causative situation which 
+  causes a PATIENT noun to undergo an action, as in <EM><STRONG>The wind</STRONG> 
+  blew down the door, </EM>or<EM> <STRONG>Fame</STRONG> threatened his freedom</EM>. 
+  The use of the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> instead of the <FONT size="2">ERGATIVE</FONT> 
+  or the <FONT size="2">EFFECTUATIVE</FONT> denotes that such inanimate agential 
+  forces or abstract enabling situations cannot consciously or willingly initiate 
+  actions, but rather are merely circumstantial initiating causes. Therefore the 
+  resulting act, event, or state is seen more as having derived from this force 
+  or situation, as opposed to being willfully or consciously caused. In this function, 
+  a noun in the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> can often be translated using 
+  phrases such as �due to, owing to, on account of, because of, as a result 
+  of.� Nouns in the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> can also appear in 
+  appositive constructions (i.e., in a noun-to-noun conjunction) where the noun 
+  in the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> denotes the abstract cause or reason 
+  for the other noun, e.g., <EM>the danger <STRONG>of fame</STRONG>, <STRONG>love�s</STRONG> 
+  heartache, <STRONG>wind</STRONG> song</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">The second function of the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> 
+  case is to identify the non-agential, unconscious or non-deliberate STIMULUS 
+  of an affective mental state, emotion, or autonomic sensory experience, as in 
+  <EM>T<STRONG>he coffee</STRONG> smells good, I saw <STRONG>her</STRONG> today, 
+  She hates <STRONG>that boy</STRONG>, Victor coughed <STRONG>from the gas</STRONG>, 
+  We laughed at <STRONG>his jokes</STRONG>, <STRONG>That song </STRONG>makes me 
+  cry</EM>. Ithkuil grammar views the stimulus of an experiential state as having 
+  a similar role to that of an abstract circumstantial or situational cause (as 
+  in the above examples); this explains why the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> 
+  case serves to indicate both functions. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.3.11</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>SIT</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Situative Case<A name="Sec4o3o11"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">SITUATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">SITUATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun as 
+  the background context for a clause. It is similar to the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> 
+  case immediately above, except it does not imply a direct causative relationship 
+  between the background context and the act, condition, or event which occurs. 
+  It is translatable into English by various circumlocutions, as shown in the 
+  following examples:</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify"><EM><STRONG>Because of war</STRONG>, our planet will never 
+    be able to join the Federation.<BR>
+    <STRONG>Given the presence of clowns</STRONG>, we must accept the corruption 
+    of our children.<BR>
+    <STRONG>Using my plan</STRONG>, we will defeat the enemy.</EM></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  4.3.12 Examples of Transrelative Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o3o12"></A></H3>
+<P><IMG src="assets/Clown8.GIF" width="80" height="91" border="0" align="top"></A><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-1.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-3-12b.gif" width="463" height="87"></P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-3-12c.gif" width="516" height="85"></P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-3-12d.gif" width="489" height="87"><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/4-3-12e.gif" width="540" height="84"></P>
+<P><BR>
+</P>
+<H3> 4.3.13 Specialized Affixes Used to Expand the Functionality of the Transrelative 
+  Cases</H3>
+<P>It should be noted that Ithkuil provides an array of affixes specifically designed 
+  to work in conjunction with nouns inflected into one of the Transrelative cases 
+  to significantly expand their ability to specify the exact nature of the causal 
+  relationships between participants to a verb in an Ithkuil sentence. These affixes 
+  include the Consent <IMG src="assets/10-1-2b.gif" width="33" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix, the Reason <IMG src="assets/10-1-2c.gif" width="32" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix, the Expectation <IMG src="assets/10-1-2d.gif" width="32" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix, the Deliberateness <IMG src="assets/10-1-2e.gif" width="33" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix, the Enablement <IMG src="assets/10-1-2f.gif" width="34" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix, the Agency/Intent <IMG src="assets/10-1-2g.gif" width="36" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix, and the Impact <IMG src="assets/10-1-2h.gif" width="31" height="24" align="absmiddle"> 
+  affix. These affixes are detailed in <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o12">Section 
+  7.7.12</A> and discussed further in <A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o1o2">Section 
+  10.1.2</A>.</P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4 THE ASSOCIATIVE CASES<A name="Sec4o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">Those Western languages which have possessive cases usually 
+  have only one such case, often functioning in a vague and ambiguous way to show 
+  varying types of relationships between two nouns. For example, notice the differing 
+  relationships expressed by the possessive in the following English sentences: 
+</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P> <EM>the man�s hat</EM> = the hat belonging to him [alienable possession]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s house</EM> = the house he legally owns [proprietary responsibility]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s arm</EM> = part of his body [inalienable component]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s brother</EM> = the brother related to him [genetic relationship]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s happiness</EM> = he feels happy [affective experience]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s rescue</EM> = he was or will be rescued [target of others� 
+    purpose]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s gift</EM> = the gift is for him [benefaction]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s gift</EM> = the gift is from him [source]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s world</EM> = the world in which he lives [inherent subjective 
+    association]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s team</EM> = the team he is associated with [interactive 
+    mutual association]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s story</EM> = the story about him [topical reference]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s painting</EM> = the picture he painted [creation/authorship]<BR>
+    <EM>the man�s command</EM> = his being a commander [role or function]</P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P align="justify">In many instances, the English possessive is totally ambiguous, 
+  e.g., does �the man�s story� mean the one he wrote or the 
+  one about him? Regarding �the man�s rescue,� did the man do 
+  the rescuing or is he the one being rescued? Is �the man�s gift� 
+  one he is giving or receiving? Ithkuil is more exact in specifying the nature 
+  of these relationships via case. Many of the above relationships are addressed 
+  by the seven Associative cases. The other sorts of relationships shown above 
+  are handled by other types of cases (see <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5">Sections 4.5</A> 
+  and <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o6">4.6</A> below).</P>
+<P align="justify">The Associative cases make a distinction between alienable 
+  versus inalienable possession or attribution, as well as distinguishing whether 
+  the possession is inherent to the possessor or imposed or caused from without. 
+  These distinctions are explained below. Like Western languages (and unlike many 
+  American Indian and North Caucasian languages), the case marking is on the possessor 
+  noun, not the possessed. The seven Associative cases are the <FONT size="2">POSSESSIVE, 
+  PROPRIETIVE, GENITIVE, ATTRIBUTIVE, ORIGINATIVE, PRODUCTIVE</FONT>, and <FONT size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</FONT>. 
+  Following are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil 
+  examples of the cases in use are given in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o4o8">Sec. 4.4.8</A>.</P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>POS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Possessive Case<A name="Sec4o4o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">POSSESSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">POSSESSIVE</FONT> is used to refer to 
+  a noun which has alienable (i.e., removable or severable) possession of another 
+  noun in the sense of having physical control or oversight of that noun, whether 
+  by chance circumstance or deliberate manipulation. The two nouns are not in 
+  any sense inherent parts of one another and the relationship between the two 
+  can be theoretically or actually terminated by an outside force or influence, 
+  or by decision of the possessor, usually by means of mere physical permanent 
+  separation of the possessor and possessed nouns. The possessive would be used 
+  to translate English phrases such as <EM><STRONG>his</STRONG> coat</EM> (e.g., 
+  the one he is wearing, regardless of whether he owns it or not), <EM><STRONG>the 
+  boy�s</STRONG> book</EM> (e.g., the one in his hand), <EM><STRONG>Father�s</STRONG> 
+  chair</EM> (e.g., the one he happens to be sitting in, as in a restaurant). 
+</P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PRP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Proprietive Case<A name="Sec4o4o2"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PROPRIETIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PROPRIETIVE</FONT> identifies a noun having 
+  alienable possession of another noun in the sense of quasi-permanent contextual 
+  control, ownership or oversight, whether by societal recognition, social convention, 
+  law, purchase or decree, which mere physical separation does not sever. The 
+  two nouns are not in any sense inherent parts of one another, however the relationship 
+  cannot be terminated except via an equally or more binding act, declaration, 
+  convention, law, process, etc. Using the same English examples used with the 
+  <FONT size="2">POSSESSIVE</FONT> above, we can analyze the connotative difference: 
+  <EM><STRONG>his</STRONG> coat</EM> (i.e., the one he owns, regardless of whether 
+  he is wearing it or not), <EM><STRONG>the boy�s</STRONG> book</EM> (e.g., 
+  the one he bought), <EM><STRONG>Father�s</STRONG> chair</EM> (e.g., the 
+  one assigned to him). </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>GEN</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Genitive Case<A name="Sec4o4o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">GENITIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">GENITIVE</FONT> is used to refer to a 
+  noun which has inalienable (i.e., unremovable, unseverable) possession of or 
+  association with another noun in the sense of having that noun as an inherent 
+  or intrinsic attribute, characteristic, physical part, or genetic (i.e., familial) 
+  bond, e.g., <EM><STRONG>my</STRONG> hand, <STRONG>the building�s</STRONG> 
+  doors, <STRONG>the child�s</STRONG> father, the essence <STRONG>of that 
+  woman</STRONG></EM>. </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ATT</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Attributive Case<A name="Sec4o4o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ATTRIBUTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ATTRIBUTIVE</FONT> is used to refer to 
+  a noun which inalienably experiences the effects of, or otherwise has an affective 
+  (see the <FONT size="2">AFFECTIVE</FONT> case above) relationship with another 
+  noun, either as a temporary or permanent attribute, characteristic, or experience, 
+  whether physical or psychological, objective or subjective in nature. Examples: 
+  <EM><STRONG>his</STRONG> pain, <STRONG>Mother�s</STRONG> guilt, <STRONG>the 
+  child�s</STRONG> cough, <STRONG>Dorothy�s</STRONG> mood, <STRONG>Davey�s</STRONG> 
+  happiness, <STRONG>the teacher�s</STRONG> stubbornness, <STRONG>my</STRONG> 
+  needs</EM>. </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>OGN</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Originative Case<A name="Sec4o4o5"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ORIGINATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ORIGINATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun as 
+  being the literal or figurative source of another, e.g., <EM><STRONG>the man�s</STRONG> 
+  story</EM> (i.e., the one he told), <EM><STRONG>our</STRONG> gift</EM> (i.e., 
+  the one we are giving), <EM>water <STRONG>from the river</STRONG>, the fruit 
+  <STRONG>of the tree</STRONG></EM>. </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="20%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PDC</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="62%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Productive Case<A name="Sec4o4o6"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PRODUCTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PRODUCTIVE</FONT> identifies the creator, 
+  author or originator of another noun, e.g.,<EM> <STRONG>the girl�s</STRONG> 
+  poem, <STRONG>the clowns� </STRONG>plan, <STRONG>my</STRONG> statue</EM> 
+  (i.e., the one I sculpted). </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="19%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.4.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ITP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="5%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="66%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Interpretative Case<A name="Sec4o4o7"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</FONT> case is marked by 
+  Series G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 2 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">INTERPRETATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun 
+  acting as the subjective interpretational context of another noun, that is the 
+  noun by or through which another noun is subjectively interpreted or described, 
+  as exemplified by the phrases <EM><STRONG>Monet�s</STRONG> Paris</EM>, 
+  <EM><STRONG>our</STRONG> world, life <STRONG>as seen by children</STRONG></EM>. 
+</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  4.4.8 Examples of Associative Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o4o8"></A><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/4-4-8a.gif" width="343" height="79"></H3>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-4-8b.gif" width="294" height="74"> <FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-2.mp3">Listen! 
+  </A><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-2.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-4-8c.gif" width="291" height="76"></P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-4-8d.gif" width="361" height="79"></P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/Clown6.GIF" width="81" height="93" border="0" align="bottom"></A><FONT color="#FFFFFF">_</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-3.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5 THE APPOSITIVE CASES</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec4o5"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The Appositive cases refer to a group of eleven cases which 
+  modify a noun to show that it has some relationship to another, usually adjacent 
+  noun. Most of these cases correspond to relationships in which, in English translation, 
+  we find two nouns together in apposition or as a compound noun, as in <EM>cat 
+  box, schoolbook, peace march, mountain man,</EM> etc., or joined by the word 
+  �of� in a non-possessive relationship, e.g., <EM>box of coins, dreams 
+  of youth, sounds of laughter</EM>. The eleven Appositive cases are the <FONT size="2">APPLICATIVE, 
+  PURPOSIVE, INHERENT, CONDUCTIVE, MEDIATIVE, CONTRASTIVE, PARTITIVE, COMPOSITIVE, 
+  CORRELATIVE, INTERDEPENDENT,</FONT> and <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT>. Following 
+  are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples 
+  of the cases in use are given in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o12">Sec. 4.5.12</A>.</P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>APL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="7%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="65%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Applicative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">APPLICATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">APPLICATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun which 
+  represents the purpose for which another noun is to be utilized in a given instance. 
+  As such, it usually translates English �for� when meaning �for 
+  the temporary or incidental use/purpose of.� Examples of usage would be 
+  <EM>a cup for coffee</EM> (i.e., a cup being used incidentally to hold coffee), 
+  <EM>a box for tools</EM> (i.e., the box is only temporarily being used to hold 
+  tools), <EM>a room for changing.</EM> Note that the use of the <FONT size="2">APPLICATIVE</FONT> 
+  can extend to usages beyond English �for,� as in <EM>a �weapon� 
+  cat</EM> = �a cat used as a weapon,� or <EM>a �projectile� 
+  book</EM> = �a book used as a projectile.� </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PUR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Purposive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PURPOSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PURPOSIVE</FONT> identifies a noun which 
+  characterizes or defines the purpose of, or reason for, another noun. The <FONT size="2">PURPOSIVE</FONT> 
+  is subtly distinct from the <FONT size="2">APPLICATIVE</FONT> above, in that 
+  the latter names the actual use to which a noun is put on a given occasion or 
+  in given context, whereas the <FONT size="2">PURPOSIVE</FONT> defines another 
+  noun�s general function or primary reason for being, outside of any contextual 
+  instance, i.e., what the noun is used for all the time (or at least its intended 
+  use). It generally translates English �as,� �of� or 
+  �for� when meaning �for the purpose of� or alternately 
+  an English noun-noun expression or a compound noun. Examples of usage would 
+  be <EM>a <STRONG>coffee</STRONG> cup, a <STRONG>tool</STRONG>box, a <STRONG>litter</STRONG> 
+  box, a <STRONG>trash</STRONG>can. </EM></P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>INH</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Inherent Case<A name="Sec4o5o3"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">INHERENT</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">INHERENT</FONT> case identifies a noun 
+  being used to characterize or define the identity or intrinsic nature of another 
+  in a subjective, contextual, metaphorical, or symbolic manner. English phrases 
+  which would be translated using this case are <EM>years <STRONG>of wonder</STRONG>, 
+  the <STRONG>Clown</STRONG> Planet, <STRONG>life</STRONG> blood, city <STRONG>of 
+  evil</STRONG>, a <STRONG>dangerous</STRONG> situation</EM> (i.e., a situation 
+  characterized by danger). </P>
+<P align="justify">Note that in the above examples, the noun in the <FONT size="2">INHERENT</FONT> 
+  would be inflected either for the <FONT size="2">NOMIC</FONT> or the <FONT size="2">ABSTRACT</FONT> 
+  perspective (see <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o3">Sections 
+  3.3.3</A> and <A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.htm#Sec3o3o4">3.3.4</A>) 
+  to show that the relationship involves a collective entity (e.g., <EM>Clown 
+  Planet</EM> = planet of all clowns) or that the relationship is abstract, subjective 
+  or symbolic (<EM>years of wonder</EM> = years that make one feel a sense of 
+  wonder). However, when a noun in the <FONT size="2">INHERENT</FONT> case is 
+  inflected for a concrete perspective, i.e., either the <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT> 
+  or the <FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT>, then it takes on the rather different 
+  function of stating the actual existential identity (literally or figuratively) 
+  of the other noun and would be equivalent to the English construction �that/which/who 
+  is (a/the)�� as in <EM>the man who is president, the woman who is 
+  my wife, the house that is a model, a machine that is a vehicle, the teacher 
+  who is her father, those trees that are larches</EM>. Through use of the <FONT size="2">INHERENT</FONT> 
+  case and the <FONT size="2">MONADIC</FONT>/<FONT size="2">UNBOUNDED</FONT> perspectives, 
+  these phrases would be rendered into Ithkuil phrases that would correspond literally 
+  to the sometimes awkward, even semantically anomalous English phrases <EM>�the 
+  president man,� �the my-wife woman,� �the model house,� 
+  �the vehicle machine,� �the her-father teacher,� �the 
+  larch trees.�</EM></P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CNV</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Conductive Case<A name="Sec4o5o4"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONDUCTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONDUCTIVE</FONT> identifies the meaningful 
+  or relevant context of another. It can be thought of as conveying the relationship 
+  signified by the expressions �having to do with,� �as it pertains 
+  to,� or �considered within the context of.� Examples of English 
+  phrases translatable using this case are <EM>a <STRONG>circus</STRONG> clown, 
+  a <STRONG>mountain</STRONG> man, a feeling <STRONG>of loneliness</STRONG>, the 
+  <STRONG>Mafia�s</STRONG> world, a realm <STRONG>of fear</STRONG>, my<STRONG> 
+  life</STRONG> achievement, <STRONG>childhood</STRONG> memories, Let�s 
+  discuss the morality<STRONG> of war</STRONG></EM>. </P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>MED</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Mediative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">MEDIATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">MEDIATIVE</FONT> indicates the physical, 
+  psychological, or figurative medium through which another noun or event takes 
+  place. It would be used in translating phrases or sentences such as <EM>a <STRONG>radio</STRONG> 
+  announcement, arrival <STRONG>by water</STRONG>, a <STRONG>letter</STRONG> bomb, 
+  <STRONG>air</STRONG> mail, achieving ecstasy <STRONG>through sex</STRONG>, I 
+  showed her my love <STRONG>with chocolate</STRONG></EM>. It should be distinguished 
+  from the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> case (see Section 4.3.8 above), 
+  which signifies the actual instrument or physical means used to accomplish a 
+  causative action. For example, in the sentence <EM>Call him on the phone!</EM>, 
+  translating the phrase <EM>on the phone</EM> into the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> 
+  case would signify �Use the phone (i.e., the one in the room) to call 
+  him,� whereas inflection into the <FONT size="2">MEDIATIVE</FONT> case 
+  would mean �Call him via the medium of telephony.� </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CRS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Contrastive Case<A name="Sec4o5o6"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONTRASTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONTRASTIVE</FONT> identifies a distinguishing 
+  characteristic of another noun, i.e., that feature which distinguishes it from 
+  other possible candidates within the given context. It would be used in translating 
+  phrases such as <EM>the <STRONG>green</STRONG> bottle</EM> (e.g., as opposed 
+  to the blue one); <EM>the <STRONG>science</STRONG> text</EM> (e.g., versus the 
+  religious text); <EM><STRONG>my</STRONG> statue</EM> (i.e., a statue of me); 
+  <EM>I want your recipe <STRONG>for stew</STRONG>, not <STRONG>soup</STRONG>; 
+  Don�t worry, it�s a <STRONG>pet</STRONG> snake</EM>.</P>
+<H3 align="justify">&nbsp;</H3>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PAR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Partitive Case<A name="Sec4o5o7"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PARTITIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. When used in conjunction with another noun, the <FONT size="2">PARTITIVE</FONT> 
+  indicates a quantitative or content-to-container relationship between the two 
+  nouns, e.g., <EM>a cup <STRONG>of coffee</STRONG>, a box(ful) <STRONG>of books</STRONG>, 
+  a train(load) <STRONG>of refugees</STRONG></EM>. When used alone, it signifies 
+  that the context of the phrase or sentence involves only a portion of the noun, 
+  rather than the whole noun, e.g., <EM>I ate <STRONG>some bread</STRONG>, Pour 
+  <STRONG>(some) water</STRONG> down my back</EM>. </P>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PARTITIVE</FONT> is also used to mark a 
+  noun qualified by a specific number, e.g., <EM>three <STRONG>boxes</STRONG>, 
+  two <STRONG>clowns</STRONG>, twenty <STRONG>words</STRONG></EM>. This usage 
+  is analyzed in detail in <FONT color="#FF0000"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">Chapter 
+  12</A></FONT>, where we will see that, in Ithkuil, numbers are formatives (i.e., 
+  full nouns and verbs), not adjectives as in Western languages. Additionally, 
+  a noun qualified by a number is not pluralized. In other words, one does not 
+  say �three boxes,� but rather �a trio of a box� or perhaps 
+  more eloquently, �a box trio.� </P>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PARTITIVE</FONT> case is also used in constructing 
+  words for Ithkuil numbers beginning with two hundred. This is also detailed 
+  in <FONT color="#FF0000"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">Chapter 
+  12</A> </FONT>on enumeration.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.8</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="12%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CPS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="9%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="63%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Compositive Case<A name="Sec4o5o8"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">COMPOSITIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">COMPOSITIVE</FONT> identifies a noun as 
+  being the literal or figurative substance or component(s) of which another is 
+  made, composed, formed, built or comprised. Example of usage would be <EM>That 
+  statue was carved <STRONG>out of marble</STRONG>, She owns three <STRONG>gold(en) 
+  </STRONG>coins, We were caught in a web <STRONG>of lies</STRONG>, I use a <STRONG>wooden</STRONG> 
+  ladder, It was a house <STRONG>of cards</STRONG>, <STRONG>Three suits</STRONG> 
+  comprise his wardrobe, Joe detests <STRONG>styrofoam</STRONG> cups</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">COMPOSITIVE</FONT> is also used in conjunction 
+  with verbs to identify the material(s) or resources used up or consumed in performing 
+  or undertaking an activity. Examples of this usage would be <EM>She likes to 
+  cook <STRONG>with tomatoes</STRONG>, He reads b<STRONG>y candle(light)</STRONG>, 
+  That child goes through <STRONG>four sets of clothes</STRONG> a day, My uncle 
+  satisfied his sweet tooth <STRONG>with three chocolate bars</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.9</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>COR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Correlative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CORRELATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 3 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CORRELATIVE</FONT> is used to indicate 
+  an abstract relationship, association, or conjunction between a noun and another 
+  noun or verb. It translates general phrases such as �relative to,� 
+  �in relation to,� �in correlation with,� �in association 
+  with,� etc. It would be used in translating phrases such as <EM><STRONG>career</STRONG> 
+  goals, the soup o<STRONG>f the day</STRONG>, the direction o<STRONG>f that road</STRONG>, 
+  The elapsed time <STRONG>relative to the distance </STRONG>determines the winner, 
+  Our next topic is sex <STRONG>and (</STRONG></EM>or<EM><STRONG> in) art</STRONG></EM> 
+  (i.e., the relationship between art and sex). Note that the <FONT size="2">CORRELATIVE</FONT> 
+  case would often be used to translate constructions for which English often 
+  uses an adjective, e.g., <EM><STRONG>spatial</STRONG> coordinates, the <STRONG>political</STRONG> 
+  economy</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.10</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>IDP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="66%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Interdependent Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">INTERDEPENDENT</FONT> case is marked by 
+  Series J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">INTERDEPENDENT</FONT> identifies a noun 
+  which has a coordinated, tandem, complementary or mutually dependent relationship 
+  with another. The relationship between the two nouns can be thought of as reciprocal 
+  in nature, i.e., each noun implies the other or needs the other to exist within 
+  it�s natural context, e.g., <EM>the<STRONG> students</STRONG>� teacher, 
+  an <STRONG>army</STRONG> general, the blood <STRONG>in my veins</STRONG>, the 
+  driver <STRONG>of the truck</STRONG>, the nation�s leader, <STRONG>his</STRONG> 
+  team</EM> (i.e., the one on which he�s a member). Note that this case 
+  does not imply a part-whole dependency as with the <FONT size="2">GENITIVE</FONT> 
+  case above, e.g., it would not be used to translate <EM>the book�s pages</EM>, 
+  or <EM>the leaves of a tree</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.5.11</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PRD</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="8%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="64%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Predicative Case<A name="Sec4o5o11"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun which 
+  constitutes the non-causal basis, foundation, sustenance (literally or figuratively), 
+  or required existential condition for another noun or clause, translatable by 
+  the phrases �based (up)on,� �dependent (up)on� or �relying 
+  on.� Examples of use are <EM>a book <STRONG>dependent on a publisher</STRONG>, 
+  a man <STRONG>relying on charity</STRONG>, laws <STRONG>based in reason</STRONG>, 
+  Can success <STRONG>supported by murder</STRONG> be sustained?</EM></P>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT> should be distinguished 
+  from Transrelative cases such as the <FONT size="2">DERIVATIVE</FONT> or <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT>, 
+  in that the <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT> does not denote a cause, merely 
+  the sustaining entity on which another depends, e.g., it would not be used to 
+  translate <EM>anxiety based on terror</EM>, as the anxiety does not �rely� 
+  or �depend� on terror, but rather is caused by it. Similarly, in 
+  the phrase <EM>an attitude fueled by greed</EM>, the attitude derives from or 
+  results from greed, but is not relying on it.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  4.5.12 Examples of Appositive Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o5o12"></A></H3>
+<P> <IMG src="assets/Clown3.GIF" width="78" height="91" border="0"></A><BR>
+  <FONT color="#FFFFFF">____________________________________________________</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-4.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></P>
+<P><BR>
+</P>
+<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6 THE ADVERBIAL CASES</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec4o6"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The Adverbial cases function similarly to adverbial phrases 
+  in Western languages (usually beginning with an adverbial conjunction), to provide 
+  additional contextual information to a verb. The fourteen Adverbial cases are 
+  the <FONT size="2">ESSIVE, ASSIMILATIVE, FUNCTIVE, TRANSFORMATIVE, REFERENTIAL, 
+  CONSIDERATIVE, CLASSIFICATIVE, DEFERENTIAL, COMITATIVE, CONJUNCTIVE, UTILITATIVE, 
+  BENEFACTIVE, TRANSPOSITIVE,</FONT> and <FONT size="2">COMMUTATIVE</FONT>. Following 
+  are explanations of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples 
+  of the cases in use are given in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o6o15">Sec. 4.6.15</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="15%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ESS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="5%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="71%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Essive Case<A name="Sec4o6o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ESSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series A 
+  vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ESSIVE</FONT> identifies the role or name 
+  by which a noun is known or contextually identified. It translates English �as� 
+  in the sense of naming or reference to the a nouns functional identity. It would 
+  be used in translating the English sentences <EM>They called him <STRONG>a clown</STRONG>, 
+  The woman entered the club <STRONG>as an equal</STRONG> of any man, We consider 
+  you our <STRONG>only hope</STRONG></EM>. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="14%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ASI</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="5%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="70%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Assimilative Case<A name="Sec4o6o2"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ASSIMILATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C2 radical 
+  consonant. The <FONT size="2">ASSIMILATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun used as 
+  a context for analogy or metaphorical comparison to either another noun or a 
+  verb. Thus, it translates English �like� or �as� in 
+  the sense of comparison or analogy between one thing and another. Examples of 
+  usage are <EM>She sings <STRONG>like a bird</STRONG>, <STRONG>As children </STRONG>they 
+  seemed to me</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="13%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>FUN</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="6%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="71%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Functive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">FUNCTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. It functions similarly to English adverbs ending in <EM>-ly</EM> 
+  or the adverbial use of <EM>with</EM>, identifying the manner in which an action, 
+  event, or state occurs or exists. More exactly, it identifies a noun used to 
+  characterize the manner of the act, state, or event, translatable most accurately 
+  by the phrase �in a manner characterized by�.� Examples would 
+  be: <EM>She dances <STRONG>gracefully</STRONG> </EM>(i.e., in a manner characterized 
+  by grace),<EM> The boys ate <STRONG>with gusto</STRONG>, That clown is speaking 
+  <STRONG>nonsense</STRONG>, Father speaks <STRONG>with such fortitude</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="13%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>TFM</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="4%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="72%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Transformative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">TRANSFORMATIVE</FONT> case is marked by 
+  Series D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">TRANSFORMATIVE</FONT> identifies the outcome 
+  or final state of a process, often translatable by �to,� �until,� 
+  or �into� in the sense of reaching a final state after having undergone 
+  some transformation. Example usages would be <EM>The house burned <STRONG>to 
+  ashes</STRONG>, The clown reached a state <STRONG>of tranquility</STRONG>, The 
+  clowns will turn our children <STRONG>into slaves</STRONG>, Her father drank 
+  himself <STRONG>to death</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="14%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>REF</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="4%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="73%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Referential Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">REFERENTIAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">REFERENTIAL</FONT> identifies a noun functioning 
+  as the general referent of the verb, translating such English terms as �about,� 
+  �regarding,� �concerning,� �in regard to,� 
+  �in reference to,� �pertaining to,� or �as for.� 
+  Examples of use would be <EM>a song <STRONG>of love</STRONG>; <STRONG>As for 
+  those books</STRONG>, burn them!; Let�s talk <STRONG>about clowns</STRONG>; 
+  His attitude <STRONG>toward women</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="14%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CSD</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="5%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="72%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Considerative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONSIDERATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONSIDERATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun 
+  as the delimiting or defining context in which an act, state or event occurs 
+  or is considered. Thus, it translates English terms such as �according 
+  to,� �pursuant to,� �as per,� �in the opinion 
+  of.� Examples of usage would be <EM><STRONG>In my opinion</STRONG> he�s 
+  a coward; He�s leaving town <STRONG>as per orders</STRONG> from the court; 
+  You were arrested <STRONG>pursuant to law</STRONG>; <STRONG>According to our 
+  teacher</STRONG>, humans are descended from apes</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="14%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CLA</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="74%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Classificative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</FONT> case is marked by 
+  Series G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun 
+  as a basis for arranging, sorting, classifying, or counting, translating various 
+  English prepositions and phrases used for this purpose. Example of usage are 
+  <EM>Place them <STRONG>in groups of three</STRONG>, The workers arranged the 
+  tables <STRONG>in rows</STRONG>, He lay down <STRONG>lengthwise</STRONG>, Can 
+  you count <STRONG>by fives</STRONG>?, I will sort them <STRONG>by color</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</FONT> is also used to identify 
+  a noun considered in consecutively recurring increments as a means of describing 
+  the manner of an event. This is usually in conjunction with nouns denoting time 
+  periods, but can be used with any concrete noun to describe the repetitive nature 
+  of an event. Examples would be <EM><STRONG>Month by month</STRONG>, their departure 
+  crept closer; <STRONG>Year after year</STRONG>, I see more and more clowns; 
+  <STRONG>Day in</STRONG>,<STRONG> day out</STRONG>, he�s always working; 
+  The fertilizer factory keeps rolling them out, <STRONG>bag upon bag</STRONG>; 
+  <STRONG>Patient by patient</STRONG>, the nurse administered injections</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">Note that the <FONT size="2">CLASSIFICATIVE</FONT> would not 
+  be used to describe a noun other than adverbially, e.g., it would not be used 
+  to translate the sentence <EM>One bomb after another fell on the city</EM>. 
+  Such a construction would utilize a suffix indicating sequential instantiations 
+  of the noun (see <A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.htm#Sec7o7o4">Sec. 
+  7.7.4</A>).</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="58%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="12%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.8</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>DFR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="76%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Deferential Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">DEFERENTIAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 4 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">DEFERENTIAL</FONT> translates the English 
+  phrases �out of respect for,� �for the sake of,� or 
+  �in deference toward,� identifying the noun to which deference is 
+  paid within the context for an act, condition, or event. Examples of usage would 
+  be <EM>He remained silent <STRONG>for her sake</STRONG>, They went on with the 
+  ceremony <STRONG>out of respect for the families</STRONG>, They dressed in robes 
+  <STRONG>because of tradition</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="59%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="12%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.9</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>COM</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="76%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Comitative Case<A name="Sec4o6o9"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. Similar to its counterpart in Uralic languages such as Finnish 
+  or Estonian, the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> translates the English �with� 
+  in its meaning of accompaniment (i.e., �along with�) as in <EM>The 
+  child went <STRONG>with the clown </STRONG>to the party</EM>. Like English �with,� 
+  the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> does not imply that the conjoined noun 
+  is necessarily engaged in the same activity or associated with the same verb 
+  as the head noun. For example, in the sentence <EM>My father was walking with 
+  a loaf of bread</EM>, the loaf of bread is not considered to be itself walking. 
+</P>
+<P align="justify">It should be noted, however, that the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> 
+  is not used to imply mutually interactive or reciprocal activity between two 
+  nouns. Thus it would not be used in translating the sentences <EM>They danced 
+  with each other</EM> or <EM>Mother wants to talk with you</EM>. These would 
+  be translated using the <FONT size="2">RECIPROCAL</FONT> valence of the verb, 
+  explained in <A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.htm#Sec5o2o4">Section 5.2.4</A>. 
+  This distinction is illustrated even more clearly by comparing the following 
+  two sentences; the first would be translated using the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT>, 
+  the second would not: <EM>This man fought with my father</EM> (e.g., alongside 
+  him during the war) versus <EM>This man fought with my father</EM> (e.g., they 
+  had a fight with each other).</P>
+<P align="justify">Note also that the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> is not 
+  used to indicate instrumentality (English �with� meaning �by 
+  means of�). Thus, it is not used to translate sentences such as <EM>I 
+  cut the meat with a knife</EM>. As previously discussed in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o3o8">Section 
+  4.3.8</A>, instrumentality is indicated by use of the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> 
+  case. Likewise, it is not used to identify the resources or material(s) consumed 
+  in undertaking an act, as in He catches his fish with worms for which the <FONT size="2">COMPOSITIVE</FONT> 
+  case is used. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="14%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.10</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="8%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CNJ</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="4%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="74%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Conjunctive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</FONT> translates English 
+  �with� in its meaning of �in conjunction with,� i.e., 
+  to indicate that the noun is engaged in the same activity or a complementary 
+  activity as the conjoined noun. It should be distinguished from the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> 
+  above, which indicates mere accompaniment. For example, in the <EM>walking with 
+  a loaf of bread</EM> example from above, it would be incorrect to use the <FONT size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</FONT> 
+  case because that would signify the bread was walking, too. To further illustrate 
+  the usage, consider the sentence <EM>I�m with the brigade</EM>. Translating 
+  �brigade� using the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> would mean 
+  that �I�ve come along (e.g., drove) with the brigade to the scene,� 
+  while using the <FONT size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</FONT> would mean �I�m 
+  a member of the brigade.� Additional examples where the <FONT size="2">CONJUNCTIVE</FONT> 
+  would be used are <EM>They skate with the best team, That teacher works well 
+  with children</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="15%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.11</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>UTL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="4%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="72%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Utilitative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun in 
+  the process of being utilized. This corresponds to the use of English �with� 
+  where it refers to actual use in progress as in <EM>A man <STRONG>with a gun</STRONG> 
+  ran into the room</EM>. It should be distinguished from the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT> 
+  (see <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o3o8">Sec. 4.3.8</A>) in that the latter indicates the implement 
+  used to accomplish an action, while the <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> identifies 
+  a noun in use, but does not imply that the noun was the implement used to accomplish 
+  a stated action. For example, compare the sentence <EM>The man <STRONG>with 
+  an umbrella</STRONG> was pushing a stroller in the rain</EM> (<FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT>) 
+  with <EM>The man pushed a stroller in the rain <STRONG>with an umbrella</STRONG></EM> 
+  (<FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT>). The first sentence implies the man was 
+  pushing a stroller with one hand while holding an open umbrella against the 
+  rain, whereas the second sentence has him using the umbrella to push the stroller. 
+  Another way to translate the <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> would be to use 
+  an English gerundial construction as in <EM>A <STRONG>gun-wielding</STRONG> 
+  man ran into the room</EM> or <EM>An <STRONG>umbrella-toting</STRONG> man pushed 
+  a stroller in the rain</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">Besides the <FONT size="2">INSTRUMENTAL</FONT>, the <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> 
+  should likewise be distinguished from the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> case 
+  above, in that the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> merely indicates accompaniment, 
+  while the <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> indicates use in progress. For example, 
+  the sentence <EM>Go sit next to the girl <STRONG>with the book</STRONG></EM>, 
+  if translated using the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT> would merely identify 
+  a girl who has a book in her visible possession, while with the <FONT size="2">UTILITATIVE</FONT> 
+  it would mean the girl is actually engaged in reading the book.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="62%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.12</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="10%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>BEN</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="2%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="72%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Benefactive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">BENEFACTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">BENEFACTIVE</FONT> identifies a noun for 
+  whose sake or benefit an action or event occurs or is done. As such, the <FONT size="2">BENEFACTIVE</FONT> 
+  is similar to the <FONT size="2">DATIVE</FONT>, except that the <FONT size="2">BENEFACTIVE</FONT> 
+  implies a strong emphasis on the fact that the noun is more than simply the 
+  recipient or target of a dative action, but rather benefits in a tangible or 
+  consequential way from the action or event. It is usually translated by English 
+  �for� in the sense of �for the sake (i.e., benefit) of.� 
+  Examples of usage are <EM>a toy <STRONG>for the children</STRONG>, We threw 
+  <STRONG>him</STRONG> a party, Go to</EM> <EM>the <STRONG>teachers</STRONG>� 
+  lounge</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="61%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="15%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.13</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="9%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>TSP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="2%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="74%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Transpositive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">TRANSPOSITIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">TRANSPOSITIVE</FONT> implies substitution 
+  of one noun for another. It translates English �for� in the sense 
+  of �on behalf of,� �in place of,� or �instead 
+  of� (i.e., �as a substitution for�). Examples of usage are 
+  <EM>The boss made the speech <STRONG>for me</STRONG>, She went up into the attic 
+  <STRONG>for her brother</STRONG></EM> (i.e., so he wouldn�t have to).</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="15%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.6.14</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CMM</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="2%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="70%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Commutative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">COMMUTATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">COMMUTATIVE</FONT> translates English 
+  �for� in the sense of �in exchange for� as in <EM>You 
+  paid too much money <STRONG>for that dress</STRONG>, She kills <STRONG>for thrills</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  4.6.15 Examples of Adverbial Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o6o15"></A><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/4-6-15.gif" width="628" height="414"> <BR>
+  <FONT color="#FFFFFF">___________________________</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-5.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-5.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT></H3>
+<P><BR>
+</P>
+<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7 THE SUBRELATIVE CASES</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec4o7"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The Subrelative cases comprise eleven cases which place a noun 
+  in a subordinate context to the main sentence, much like subordinate conjunctions 
+  in Western languages. In fact, these cases are used far more frequently with 
+  verbal clauses than with nouns, creating what are known as �case-frames� 
+  (to be discussed in <A href="Ch-5%20Verbs%20Contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 5.7</A>), 
+  the Ithkuil functional equivalent to Western subordinate clauses. The eleven 
+  Subrelative cases are the <FONT size="2">ABESSIVE, CONVERSIVE, CONCESSIVE, EXCEPTIVE, 
+  ADVERSATIVE, PROVISIONAL, POSTULATIVE, SUPPOSITIVE, DEPENDENT, COMPARATIVE</FONT>, 
+  and <FONT size="2">AVERSIVE</FONT>. Following are explanations of the function 
+  and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of the cases in use are given 
+  in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o7o12">Sec. 4.7.12</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ABE</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Abessive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ABESSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ABESSIVE</FONT> is essentially the opposite 
+  of the <FONT size="2">COMITATIVE</FONT>, translating the English �without� 
+  or �-less� in the sense of �unaccompanied by� or �not 
+  having� as in <EM>a day <STRONG>without rain</STRONG></EM> or <EM>a <STRONG>treeless</STRONG> 
+  plain</EM>. As noted in the next section below on the <FONT size="2">CONVERSIVE</FONT> 
+  case, it is <STRONG>not</STRONG> used to translate �without� when 
+  it means �unless one has,� referring to a hypothetical exception 
+  to a potential outcome as in <EM>I can�t go on without love</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CVS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Conversive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONVERSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONVERSIVE</FONT> is used in conjunction 
+  with hypothetical or potential contexts to identify a hypothetical exception 
+  to a potential outcome or an actual circumstance which alters or has altered 
+  a potential outcome. This translates two different ways into English. Where 
+  it indicates an exception to a hypothetical situation, it is translated by the 
+  conjunction �unless� in verbal contexts, and by the preposition 
+  �without� for nouns (note that �without� in this sense 
+  does not correspond to its usual <FONT size="2">ABESSIVE</FONT> usage in Sec. 
+  4.7.1 above). If applied to a real or actual situation, it is translatable by 
+  such expressions as �but for,� �if not for,� �if 
+  it wasn�t for,� or �if it wasn�t on account of.� 
+  Example of usage: <EM><STRONG>Without peace</STRONG>, this society is doomed; 
+  <STRONG>If not for the rain</STRONG>, we would have had a good time</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="16%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="13%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CON</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="68%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Concessive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONCESSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONCESSIVE</FONT> case identifies a noun, 
+  situation, or circumstance which gives rise to an expectation of a certain result 
+  which, in fact, does not occur. This can be translated by various English prepositions, 
+  conjunctions, or phrases such as �despite,� �in spite of,� 
+  �notwithstanding,� �although,� �regardless of,� 
+  �no matter what,� etc. Examples of usage: <EM><STRONG>In spite of 
+  his stupidity</STRONG>, he passed the test; <STRONG>The law notwithstanding</STRONG>, 
+  I will stand my ground; <STRONG>No matter how ignorant</STRONG> (they may be), 
+  they are welcome, <STRONG>Although foreigners</STRONG>, we will let them attend 
+  the meeting.</EM></P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>EXC</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Exceptive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">EXCEPTIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">EXCEPTIVE</FONT> indicates a noun, situation, 
+  or circumstance which is an exception, or is exempted or excluded from the main 
+  clause, translatable by English �except (for),� �but (not),� 
+  or �excluding.� Examples of usage: <EM>She loves everybody <STRONG>except 
+  clowns</STRONG>; I like all animals, <STRONG>excluding dogs</STRONG>; He eats 
+  almost anything <STRONG>but (not) spinach</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>AVS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Adversative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ADVERSATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ADVERSATIVE</FONT> indicates a noun which 
+  has been replaced by another or for which another noun has been substituted. 
+  In verbal frame adjuncts it identifies the situation which had been expected 
+  in contrast to what actually takes place. This is translatable by the English 
+  phrases �instead of� or �as opposed to,� e.g.,<EM> <STRONG>Instead 
+  of rain</STRONG>, it snowed; They hired her as a cook, <STRONG>as opposed to 
+  a maid</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PVS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Provisional Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PROVISIONAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The identifies the noun, situation, or circumstance on which 
+  the factuality of the main clause of the sentence depends, i.e., the required 
+  condition(s) which must come into existence for the situation described in the 
+  main clause to occur. This is translatable by such English phrases as �provided 
+  (that),� �on condition of,� �only in case of,� 
+  or �but only if,� e.g., <EM><STRONG>Provided [there�s] food</STRONG>, 
+  I will attend the meeting; We will fight <STRONG>only in case of war</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PTL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Postulative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">POSTULATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The operates somewhat similarly to the <FONT size="2">PROVISIONAL</FONT> 
+  above, except that the <FONT size="2">POSTULATIVE</FONT> implies a causal or 
+  consequential relationship (not merely a circumstantial one) between the pre-condition(s) 
+  and the circumstances of the main clause. Specifically, it identifies the noun, 
+  situation, or circumstance whose factuality has not yet come into existence, 
+  but, should it come into existence, will result in the consequence indicated 
+  by the main clause. This is translatable by English �if,� or �in 
+  case of.� Note that it does not translate English �if� where 
+  it means �whether� as in <EM>I don�t know if it�s warm 
+  enough</EM>, i.e., where the clause is meant only to convey uncertainty or optionality 
+  (but not a causal relationship between a potential condition and its consequences). 
+  Examples of usage: <EM><STRONG>If [there�s] snow</STRONG>, I�m not 
+  going out; <STRONG>In case of fire</STRONG>, flee; <STRONG>If friend</STRONG>, 
+  welcome them, if foe, kill �em</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.8</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>SUP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Suppositive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 5 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</FONT> identifies a noun as 
+  a hypothetical supposition being offered for comment. It is somewhat similar 
+  to the <FONT size="2">SITUATIVE</FONT> case (see <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o3o11">Section 
+  4.3.11</A> above), except that the noun is functioning purely as a supposition, 
+  not as an actual context. The <FONT size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</FONT> can be distinguished 
+  from the <FONT size="2">PROVISIONAL</FONT> and the <FONT size="2">POSTULATIVE</FONT> 
+  cases above, in that the latter two cases describe pre-conditions for a following 
+  clause where the pre-condition is either preclusive or a known possibility. 
+  The <FONT size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</FONT> presents only a hypothetical possibility 
+  whose likelihood of becoming or describing reality is either unknown or unknowable. 
+  There is no equivalent English construction which expresses this distinction. 
+  The following sentences represent approximate English translations of what would 
+  be identical Ithkuil sentences except for the three different case declensions 
+  of the word for �weather�:</P>
+<P align="justify"><FONT size="2">PROVISIONAL</FONT>: <EM>We�re packing 
+  umbrellas, <STRONG>but only in case of bad weather</STRONG></EM> (i.e., umbrellas 
+  will not be packed unless the weather is actually bad).<BR>
+  <FONT size="2">POSTULATIVE</FONT>: <EM>We�re packing umbrellas <STRONG>in 
+  case of bad weather</STRONG></EM> (i.e., the umbrellas are being packed in preparation 
+  for the possibility of bad weather).<BR>
+  <FONT size="2">SUPPOSITIVE</FONT>: <EM>We�re packing umbrellas <STRONG>supposing 
+  [there�s] bad weather</STRONG></EM> (i.e., the umbrellas are being packed 
+  even though we don�t know how the weather will be).</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.9</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>DEP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Dependent Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">DEPENDENT</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">DEPENDENT</FONT> translates the English 
+  phrase �depending on� signifying a noun as the contingency on which 
+  the reality of a main clause depends. Examples of usage would be <EM><STRONG>Depending 
+  on the rain</STRONG>, we�ll go for a picnic; She may show up, <STRONG>depending 
+  on her attitude</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">DEPENDENT</FONT> should be distinguished 
+  from the <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT> case in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o5o11">Sec. 
+  4.5.11</A>, in that the former denotes contingency, while the <FONT size="2">PREDICATIVE</FONT> 
+  denotes reliance. </P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="53%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.10</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CMP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Comparative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">COMPARATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">COMPARATIVE</FONT> identifies a noun being 
+  compared and contrasted to another. It translates such expressions as �as 
+  compared to,� �as opposed to.� With verbal case-frames (see 
+  <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 5.7</A>) it would translate as 
+  �whereas� or �while� (in its synonymous usage to �whereas�). 
+  Examples are <EM>She chose the red one <STRONG>as opposed to the blue one</STRONG>, 
+  Sam drives a van <STRONG>as compared to Joe</STRONG>, who prefers a truck</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="52%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.7.11</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>AVR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Aversive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">AVERSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 6 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">AVERSIVE</FONT> identifies a noun as a 
+  source or object of fear and/or avoidance. With nouns, it translates expressions 
+  such as �for fear of,� �in order to avoid,� or �in 
+  avoidance of.� With verb phrases (i.e., case-frames; see <A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.htm#Sec5o7">Sec. 
+  5.7</A>) , it would translate English �lest.� Examples of usage 
+  are <EM>She finished her plate <STRONG>for fear of my wrath</STRONG>, I traveled 
+  by night <STRONG>to avoid the sun</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<H3 align="justify">4.7.12 Examples of Subrelative Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o7o12"></A></H3>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-7-12a.gif" width="688" height="111"> <BR>
+  <FONT color="#FFFFFF">____________________________</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-6.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-6.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/4-7-12b.gif" width="622" height="678"></P>
+<P><BR>
+</P>
+<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8 THE SPATIAL CASES</STRONG></FONT> 
+        <A name="Sec4o8"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">As noted previously, prepositions do not exist in Ithkuil. 
+  While various non-Indo-European languages such as Finnish, Hungarian, Basque 
+  and the North Caucasian languages accomplish the equivalent of prepositional 
+  relationships using noun cases, such relationships are usually accomplished 
+  in Ithkuil via verbal formatives (e.g., a verb translatable as �to be 
+  inside of� instead of a preposition �inside of�). Nevertheless, 
+  there are twelve cases corresponding to certain types of common spatial relationships. 
+  These are the <FONT size="2">LOCATIVE, ORIENTATIVE, PROCURSIVE, ALLATIVE, ABLATIVE, 
+  PROLATIVE, PERLATIVE, PERVASIVE , PERIPHERAL, INTEGRAL, POSITIONAL</FONT>, and 
+  <FONT size="2">NAVIGATIVE</FONT>. Following are explanations of the function 
+  and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of these cases in use are provided 
+  in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o8o13">Sec. 4.8.13</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>LOC</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Locative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">LOCATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">LOCATIVE</FONT> signifies general static 
+  position in the same contextual place as the specified location, translatable 
+  by many English prepositions such as �at,� �in,� �on,� 
+  or �by,� depending on the context, e.g., <EM>in that building, by 
+  the wall, on the street, at my house</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ORI</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Orientative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ORIENTATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ORIENTATIVE</FONT> identifies the noun 
+  (usually a subcomponent or body part) which serves as the forward �end� 
+  of a spatially orientated axis aligned to a vector of motion. This is translatable 
+  into English using elements such as �-ward(s)� or �-first� 
+  in conjunction with portions of objects in a spatio-orientational context, e.g., 
+  <EM>He jumped in <STRONG>feet-first</STRONG>, The car rolled <STRONG>backward</STRONG></EM>. 
+  The <FONT size="2">ORIENTATIVE</FONT> allows for the extension of this concept 
+  to contexts which seem awkward in English translation, e.g., <EM>He walked �butt-ward� 
+  down the street</EM> (i.e., backward with his butt protruding frontwards, leading 
+  the way).</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PSV</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Procursive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PROCURSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PROCURSIVE</FONT> identifies a noun (often 
+  a subcomponent or body part) which serves as the orientational reference point, 
+  interactional surface or interface relative to the direction of interaction 
+  with, or position in space of, a second noun. This second noun usually appears 
+  in either the <FONT size="2">ALLATIVE</FONT> or <FONT size="2">POSITIONAL</FONT> 
+  case (see Sections 4.8.4 and 4.8.11 below). Examples of use would be <EM>They 
+  collided <STRONG>sideways</STRONG>, She turned <STRONG>her back</STRONG> on 
+  him, The chair �<STRONG>faced</STRONG>� the doorway</EM> (i.e., 
+  The chair stood with it�s seat and back aligned toward the doorway).</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ALL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Allative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ALLATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. When used in the context of explicit or implied directional 
+  motion, the <FONT size="2">ALLATIVE</FONT> signifies the direction of motion, 
+  translatable by �to� or �toward(s)� or the suffix �-ward(s)� 
+  in English. Note that the <FONT size="2">ALLATIVE</FONT> in no way implies that 
+  the object is intended as the final or intended destination or goal of the motion 
+  or movement, only the direction of the movement. Examples would be <EM>I wandered 
+  <STRONG>eastward</STRONG>, The little girl ran <STRONG>toward me</STRONG>, Throw 
+  the rock <STRONG>at that clown</STRONG>!, We headed <STRONG>for home</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">When used in contexts where directional motion is not implied, 
+  the <FONT size="2">ALLATIVE</FONT> signifies a directional orientation of a 
+  noun relative to another, e.g., <EM>He turned his back <STRONG>on me</STRONG>, 
+  The upstairs bedroom faces <STRONG>the yard</STRONG>, It�s alongside <STRONG>the 
+  desk</STRONG></EM> (i.e., its lateral surface is oriented toward the desk)</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ABL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Ablative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ABLATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. When used in context of explicit or implied directional motion, 
+  the <FONT size="2">ABLATIVE</FONT> signifies the general directional origin 
+  of movement away from or out of. It does not specify the actual point of origin 
+  or departure. Examples would be <EM>He came <STRONG>out of the east</STRONG>, 
+  She walked here <STRONG>from (the direction of) the river</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">When used in contexts where directional motion is not implied, 
+  the <FONT size="2">ABLATIVE</FONT> signifies a reverse directional orientation 
+  of one noun relative to another, e.g., <EM>He faced <STRONG>away from me</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PLT</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Prolative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> indicates either a position 
+  or a path of linear movement along, across, or through a one-dimensional linear 
+  medium or a two-dimensional quasi-planar surface, the position or movement being 
+  between one point and another, without implying origination at one point or 
+  destination at another, e.g., <EM>He passed <STRONG>through a tunnel</STRONG>, 
+  She�s standing <STRONG>along the highway</STRONG>, I�ll walk <STRONG>across 
+  the patio</STRONG>, He pushed his way <STRONG>through the crowd</STRONG>, The 
+  vessel traversed <STRONG>the (surface of the) ocean</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PEL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Perlative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PERLATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PERLATIVE</FONT> is identical to the <FONT size="2">PROLATIVE</FONT> 
+  above, except that the implied position or path of movement between implied 
+  points is through or within a three-dimensional volume or medium, e.g., <EM>Baboons 
+  chase each other <STRONG>through the trees</STRONG>, We escaped <STRONG>under 
+  the ocean</STRONG>, The probe explored <STRONG>the nebula</STRONG> </EM>(i.e., 
+  while passing through it)<EM>, The vessel traversed <STRONG>the (depths of the) 
+  ocean</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.8</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PRV</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Pervasive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PERVASIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PERVASIVE</FONT> signifies position or 
+  path of movement among, within, or throughout the contextual medium, e.g., <EM>among 
+  the grounds, throughout the stadium, within the crowd</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.9</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PRH</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Peripheral Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PERIPHERAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 7 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PERIPHERAL</FONT> signifies position or 
+  path of movement in a area surrounding, around, or along the periphery of a 
+  noun, e.g., <EM>around her head, on all sides of it, surrounding the yard</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.10</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>INT</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Integral Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">INTEGRAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">INTEGRAL</FONT> identifies the noun which 
+  is the native location, origin, or usual locational context for another. It 
+  should be distinguished from the <FONT size="2">ABLATIVE</FONT> above, in that 
+  the <FONT size="2">ABLATIVE</FONT> implies position or path of motion away from, 
+  whereas the <FONT size="2">INTEGRAL</FONT> merely presents a locational context 
+  as a means of description or to distinguish the noun from an otherwise similar 
+  noun. Examples of usage would be <EM>Fix the <STRONG>kitchen</STRONG> sink!</EM> 
+  (i.e. the one found in the kitchen), <EM><STRONG>Desert</STRONG> rocks are so 
+  beautiful</EM> (i.e., whether being spoken about rocks taken from the desert 
+  or rocks still present in the desert), <EM><STRONG>Northern</STRONG> women are 
+  easy-going</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.11</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PSN</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Positional Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">POSITIONAL</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">POSITIONAL</FONT> identifies a noun relative 
+  to whose position in space another noun is being described for purposes of spatial 
+  orientation. To an English-speaker, the function of this case makes greater 
+  sense once one realizes that, in Ithkuil, most one-to-one spatial relationships 
+  are described by verbs, not prepositions, e.g., �to be situated on the 
+  right,� �to move beneath,� etc. Consequently, the <FONT size="2">POSITIONAL</FONT> 
+  case can be thought of as expressing the phrase �relative to.� Examples 
+  of how it would be used are <EM>I�m standing four feet north <STRONG>of 
+  the desk</STRONG>, The one hanging above <STRONG>the boxes</STRONG> looks fresh, 
+  It lies at a 30� angle <STRONG>relative to the tree</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.8.12</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>NAV</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Navigative Case<A name="Sec4o8o12"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">NAVIGATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">NAVIGATIVE</FONT> identifies the noun 
+  relative to whose vector, arc, or trajectory of motion an act, state, or event 
+  takes place. This is particularly important, as we will see in <A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.htm#Sec10o4o3">Section 
+  10.4.3 </A> that Ithkuil modes of positional reference are tied into the vectors 
+  of movement or the configurational axes of objects in the environment such as 
+  the sun or the length of a room. Example uses would be<EM> I looked <STRONG>down 
+  the street</STRONG>, We aligned it perpendicular <STRONG>to the path of the 
+  sun</STRONG>, He crossed the room <STRONG>diagonally</STRONG></EM> (i.e., walked 
+  diagonally relative to the long axis of the room.)</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  4.8.13 Examples of Spatial Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o8o13"></A><BR>
+  <BR>
+  <IMG src="assets/4-8-13.gif" width="640" height="639"> <BR>
+  <FONT color="#FFFFFF">_________________________</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-7.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-7.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT> 
+</H3>
+<P align="justify"><BR>
+</P>
+<TABLE width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD><P><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9 THE TEMPORAL CASES</STRONG></FONT><A name="Sec4o9"></A></P></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The temporal cases deal with contexts relating to time. In 
+  many respects, Ithkuil analyzes time similarly to Western languages, particularly 
+  in the ability to spatially compartmentalize time as seen in such English phrases 
+  as �in 3 hours,� �for 5 years,� �day by day,� 
+  and �per month,� as well as in analyzing time as progressively linear 
+  using concepts such as �before,� �after,� �during,� 
+  �until,� and �ago.� The fifteen temporal cases are the 
+  <FONT size="2">CONCURSIVE, ACCESSIVE, DIFFUSIVE, PERIODIC, PROLAPSIVE, PRECURSIVE, 
+  POSTCURSIVE, ELAPSIVE, ALLAPSIVE, INTERPOLATIVE, EPISODIC, PROLIMITIVE, SIMULTANEITIVE, 
+  ASSESSIVE</FONT>, and <FONT size="2">LIMITATIVE</FONT>. Following are explanations 
+  of the function and usage of each case. Actual Ithkuil examples of these cases 
+  in use are provided in <A href="ithkuil-ch4-case.htm#Sec4o9o16">Sec. 4.9.16</A>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.1</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>CNR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Concursive Case<A name="Sec4o9o1"></A></STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">CONCURSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">CONCURSIVE</FONT> serves as a �temporal 
+  locative� signifying the beginning and ending boundaries of time during 
+  or at which an act, state, or event occurs, the whole of which being considered 
+  a single contextual situation. Examples of usage would be <EM>He prays <STRONG>during 
+  lunch</STRONG>, She studied hard <STRONG>last night</STRONG>, I won�t 
+  visit until <STRONG>then</STRONG></EM> (i.e., during that period in time). </P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><IMG src="assets/4-9-1.gif" width="257" height="53"></P>
+  <P>&nbsp;</P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.2</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ACS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Accessive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ACCESSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The is similar to the <FONT size="2">CONCURSIVE</FONT>, except 
+  that the time identified is specific to a single moment or a brief, highly delimited 
+  period seen in context as one moment, i.e., the point in time at which something 
+  occurs. Examples of usage would be <EM>Dinner will be served <STRONG>at sunset</STRONG>; 
+  <STRONG>When</STRONG> </EM>(i.e., at the moment that)<EM> you hear his voice, 
+  call in the clowns; <STRONG>Upon impact</STRONG>, both cars were accelerating</EM>.</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><IMG src="assets/4-9-2.gif" width="257" height="60"></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P></P>
+<TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.3</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>DFF</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Diffusive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">DIFFUSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">DIFFUSIVE</FONT> is yet another temporal 
+  locative similar to the <FONT size="2">CONCURSIVE</FONT>, except that the time 
+  period identified does not have explicit boundaries, only being centered on 
+  the period identified by the noun. It is best expressed by the English phrase 
+  �during the time surrounding�.� Examples of usage would be 
+  <EM>Most cars had tail fins <STRONG>in those days</STRONG>; I was abroad <STRONG>during 
+  that era</STRONG>; <STRONG>At the time of his death</STRONG>, the number of 
+  clowns was increasing; <STRONG>Over the past several seasons</STRONG>, your 
+  talent has matured</EM>.</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><IMG src="assets/4-9-3.gif" width="257" height="53"></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.4</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PER</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Periodic Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PERIODIC</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PERIODIC</FONT> identifies the span of 
+  time at some point(s) during which, an act, condition, or event occurs. This 
+  case should be distinguished from the <FONT size="2">CONCURSIVE</FONT> above, 
+  in that the periodic specifies a time frame in which separate events, repetitions, 
+  or durationally extended acts or states take place, whereas the concursive signifies 
+  a contextually single holistic event. Examples would be <EM>He wrote the novel 
+  <STRONG>in six months</STRONG>, These clowns can corrupt your child <STRONG>within 
+  a few days</STRONG>, The woman has been ill a lot <STRONG>this year</STRONG>, 
+  <STRONG>For the last several concerts</STRONG>, my voice has been deteriorating</EM>.</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><IMG src="assets/4-9-4.gif" width="257" height="59"></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="57%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.5</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PRO</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Prolapsive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PROLAPSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PROLAPSIVE</FONT> signifies the duration 
+  of an act, condition, or event, i.e., how long it takes or lasts. This case 
+  should be distinguished from the <FONT size="2">PERIODIC</FONT> above, in that 
+  the <FONT size="2">PROLAPSIVE</FONT> specifies the actual duration of the act, 
+  condition, or event, whereas the <FONT size="2">PERIODIC</FONT> merely specifies 
+  a contextual span of time at some point(s) during which, an act, condition, 
+  or event occurs. Examples would be <EM>He prayed <STRONG>through lunch</STRONG>, 
+  <STRONG>While he was dying</STRONG>, the number of clowns increased, It rained 
+  <STRONG>all night</STRONG>, It took <STRONG>three days</STRONG> for the fever 
+  to break, She sang <STRONG>for an hour</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<BLOCKQUOTE> 
+  <P><IMG src="assets/4-9-5.gif" width="257" height="54"></P>
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.6</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PCV</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Precursive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PRECURSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PRECURSIVE</FONT> identifies a point in 
+  time prior to which an act, condition, or event occurs. Examples would be <EM>This 
+  situation occurred <STRONG>before the war</STRONG>, It rained <STRONG>prior 
+  to his appearance</STRONG>, There will be a presentation <STRONG>preceding the 
+  banquet</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.7</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PCR</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Postcursive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">POSTCURSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  G vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">POSTCURSIVE</FONT> identifies a point 
+  in time after which an act, condition, or event occurs. Examples would be <EM>This 
+  situation occurred <STRONG>after the war</STRONG>, It rained <STRONG>subsequent 
+  to his appearance</STRONG>, There will be a presentation <STRONG>following the 
+  banquet</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="54%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.8</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ELP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Elapsive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ELAPSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  H vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ELAPSIVE</FONT> identifies the amount 
+  of time that has passed between the contextual present and the time of the act, 
+  condition, or event being spoken of. It corresponds to English ��ago.� 
+  Examples would be <EM><STRONG>Four years ago</STRONG> I was a student; <STRONG>Going 
+  back three generations</STRONG>, women could not even vote</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.9</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ALP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Allapsive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ALLAPSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  J vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 8 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ALLAPSIVE</FONT> identifies the amount 
+  of time that expected to pass between the contextual present and the time of 
+  a future act, condition, or event. Examples would be <EM><STRONG>Four years 
+  from now</STRONG>, I will be a student; <STRONG>Looking ahead three generations</STRONG>, 
+  clowns will rule the world; I will be home <STRONG>in three days</STRONG>; Little 
+  did he know that <STRONG>two months later</STRONG> he�d be a rich man</EM>.</P>
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+  <TBODY><TR> 
+    <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.10</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>INP</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Interpolative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">INTERPOLATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  A vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">INTERPOLATIVE</FONT> is used within the 
+  context of repetitive or iterative acts, states, and events and signifies the 
+  duration of each repetition. Examples of usage are <EM>We heard several <STRONG>five-second</STRONG> 
+  snippets of music; Between lightning bursts were intervals <STRONG>of several 
+  seconds</STRONG>; She gets recurring migraines, <STRONG>each lasting hours</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="55%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.11</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>EPS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Episodic Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">EPISODIC</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  B vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">EPISODIC</FONT> identifies a contextually 
+  recurring time-period. Examples of usage are <EM>The man talks with his mother 
+  <STRONG>every three days</STRONG>; <STRONG>Each year</STRONG>, I travel to the 
+  Clown Planet; He works <STRONG>nights</STRONG>; <STRONG>By day</STRONG>, she 
+  is an artisan; The clowns visit us <STRONG>on Sundays</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.12</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>PRL</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Prolimitive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">PROLIMITIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  C vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">PROLIMITIVE</FONT> defines a point in 
+  time which signifies a temporal limit to further contextual activity, i.e., 
+  the time by which some act, state, or event occurs. Examples of usage would 
+  be <EM><STRONG>By the time of your graduation</STRONG>, I want you out of the 
+  house; Please be on board <STRONG>by midnight</STRONG>; <STRONG>By the time 
+  of the raid</STRONG>, there was nothing left to steal</EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.13</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>SML</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Simultaneitive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">SIMULTANEITIVE</FONT> case is marked by 
+  Series D vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">SIMULTANEITIVE</FONT> identifies a noun 
+  signifying a time period simultaneous to the act, state, or event under discussion. 
+  Examples would be <EM>I was in class <STRONG>at the same time as his accident</STRONG>, 
+  I worked a side-job <STRONG>concurrent to the strike</STRONG>, She laughed <STRONG>simultaneously 
+  with my coughing fit</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.14</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>ASS</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Assessive Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">ASSESSIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  E vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">ASSESSIVE</FONT> specifies the unit of 
+  time by which a contextual ratio of measurement is created, corresponding to 
+  English �by� or �per.� Examples would be <EM>My lawyer 
+  charges <STRONG>by the minute</STRONG>, He publishes several books <STRONG>each 
+  year</STRONG>, The clown drove the fun-mobile at 90 miles <STRONG>per hour</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>
+<DIV align="justify">
+  <TABLE width="56%" border="0" cellpadding="0">
+    <TBODY><TR> 
+      <TD width="17%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>4.9.15</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+      <TD width="11%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>LIM</STRONG></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="3%"><DIV align="center"><FONT size="4"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+      <TD width="69%"><FONT size="4"><STRONG>The Limitative Case</STRONG></FONT></TD>
+    </TR>
+  </TBODY></TABLE>
+</DIV>
+<P align="justify">The <FONT size="2">LIMITATIVE</FONT> case is marked by Series 
+  F vocalic mutation of the stem along with Grade 9 mutation of the C<FONT size="1">2</FONT> 
+  radical consonant. The <FONT size="2">LIMITATIVE</FONT> signifies a event culminating 
+  an anticipatory context. It translates the English expression �in time 
+  for.� Examples of usage are <EM>He arrived <STRONG>in time for dinner</STRONG>, 
+  Be inside the Big Tent <STRONG>in time for the clowns</STRONG></EM>.</P>
+<H3 align="justify"><BR>
+  4.9.16 Examples of Temporal Cases in Use<A name="Sec4o9o16"></A></H3>
+<P><IMG src="assets/Clown5.GIF" width="71" height="87" border="0" align="top"></A><BR>
+  <FONT color="#FFFFFF">___________________________</FONT><FONT size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3">Listen!</A> 
+  <A href="Sound_Files/Ch-4-8.mp3"><IMG src="assets/Audio_icon.gif" width="19" height="16" border="0" align="absbottom"></A></FONT><BR>
+</P>
+<P><IMG src="assets/4-9-16b.gif" width="686" height="508"></P>
+<P></P>
+<P></P>
+<P align="right"><STRONG><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">Proceed 
+  to Chapter 5: Verb Morphology &gt;&gt;</A></FONT></STRONG></P>
+<P></P>
+<P></P>
+<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="1">
+  <TBODY><TR>
+    <TD width="9%" height="25" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="1"><A name="menu"></A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="index.html" target="_top">Home</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="37%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5a-verbs.html">5a 
+      Verb Morphology </A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD width="27%" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch9-syntax.html">9 
+      Syntax</A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-intro.html">Introduction</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch5b-verbs-contd.html">5b 
+      Verb Morphology (continued)</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch10-lexicosemantics.html">10 
+      Lexico-Semantics</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT size="2"></FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch1-phonology.html">1 
+      Phonology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch6-moreverbs.html">6 
+      More Verb Morphology</A></FONT></DIV></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><DIV align="left"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch11-script.html">11 
+      The Script </A></FONT></FONT></DIV></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch2-morphophonology.html">2 
+      Morpho-Phonology</A></FONT><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7a-affixes.html">7a 
+      Using Affixes </A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch12-numbers.html">12 
+      The Number System</A></FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT size="2">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch3-morphology.html">3 
+      Basic Morphology</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch7b-affixes-contd.html">7b 
+      Using Affixes (continued) </A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-lexicon.html">The 
+      Lexicon</A></FONT></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+  <TR>
+    <TD height="26" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="assets/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html">4 
+      Case Morphology </A></FONT>&nbsp;</TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ithkuil-ch8-adjuncts.html">8 
+      Adjuncts</A></FONT></TD>
+    <TD valign="top"><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="ilaksh/Ilaksh_Intro.html" target="_blank">Revised Ithkuil: <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">I</FONT>laksh</A></FONT></TD>
+  </TR>
+</TBODY></TABLE>
+<BR>
+<FONT size="-1">�2004-2009 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion 
+of the contents of this website provided you give full attribution to the author 
+and this website. </FONT> 
+<P>&nbsp;</P>
+<P><BR>
+</P>
+<P>&nbsp; </P>
+
+
+</BODY></HTML>
+\ No newline at end of file
author	uakci <uakci@uakci.eu>	2020-12-18 20:53:54 +0100
committer	uakci <uakci@uakci.eu>	2020-12-18 20:53:54 +0100
commit	7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004 (patch)
tree	f4d3ea29436ac9a7d19306b21077182737413598 /2004-en-alt/ithkuil-ch4-case-morphology.html
parent	2004-en, 2004-ru, 2011-en (diff)
download	mirror-old-7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004.tar.gz mirror-old-7334b17885e12dcbf2cf425e8a5db21d780fb004.zip